Bull Run River (Oregon)

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Coordinates: 45°26′46″N 122°14′48″W / 45.44611°N 122.24667°W / 45.44611; -122.24667
Bull Run River
Bull Run River at defunct power station
Name origin: Possibly after cattle that escaped and ran wild along the river between 1849 and 1855[1]
Country  United States
State Oregon
County Clackamas County, Multnomah County
Source Mount Hood National Forest
 - location near Bull Run Lake, Clackamas County, Oregon
 - elevation 4,259 ft (1,298 m) [2]
 - coordinates 45°26′09″N 121°48′39″W / 45.43583°N 121.81083°W / 45.43583; -121.81083 [3]
Mouth Sandy River
 - location Dodge Park, Clackamas County, Oregon
 - elevation 243 ft (74 m) [3]
 - coordinates 45°26′46″N 122°14′48″W / 45.44611°N 122.24667°W / 45.44611; -122.24667 [3]
Length 25 mi (40 km) [4][5]
Basin 107 sq mi (277 km2) [6]
Discharge for Mount Hood National Forest, 14.8 miles (23.8 km) from the mouth
 - average 404 cu ft/s (11 m3/s) [7]
 - max 15,800 cu ft/s (447 m3/s)
 - min 30 cu ft/s (1 m3/s)
Bull Run River watershed
Location of the mouth of the Bull Run River in Oregon

The Bull Run River is a major tributary of the Sandy River in the U.S. state of Oregon. About 25 miles (40 km) long, it rises near Bull Run Lake and flows northwest and then southwest for the remainder of its course. It is the primary source of drinking water for the city of Portland, Oregon.

Contents

[edit] Course

The Bull Run River begins on the flanks of Hiyo Mountain in the Mount Hood Wilderness. Originating in Clackamas County north of National Forest Development Road 18 (Lolo Pass Road), its headwater streams flow into Bull Run Lake. Flowing northwest out of the lake, the river immediately enters Multnomah County and continues generally northwest for about 5 miles (8 km). Along this stretch, it receives Blazed Alder Creek from the left and Log Creek and Falls Creek, both from the right, before turning southwest and entering Bull Run River Reservoir 1 at river mile (RM) 15 or river kilometer (RK) 24. Also entering the reservoir are Fir Creek from the left, North Fork Bull Run River from the right, then Deer, Cougar, and Bear creeks, all from the right. The Bull Run River exits the reservoir via a spillway 11 miles (18 km) from the river mouth.[4][5]

Entering Bull Run River Reservoir 2, the river receives Camp Creek from the left, re-enters Clackamas County, and receives South Fork Bull Run River from the left. The river exits the reservoir via a spillway at about RM 6 (RK 10). It receives the Little Sandy River from the left and at about RM 2 (RK 3) turns northwest, passes under Southeast Bull Run Road near the unincorporated community of Bull Run, which is on the river's right, and the defunct powerhouse of the Bull Run Hydroelectric Project, which is on the left. It then receives Laughing Water Creek from the right and enters the Sandy River at Dodge Park, about 18.5 miles (29.8 km) miles from the larger river's confluence with the Columbia River.[4][5]

[edit] Discharge

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Portland Water Bureau operate a stream gauge at RM 4.7 (RK 7.6), which is 1.8 miles (2.9 km) downstream from Bull Run Reservoir 2 and the water-system intake. Measurements are for the river only and do not include water diverted upstream of the gauge to the city water supply or to a former power plant. The maximum flow at this station was 24,800 cubic feet per second (700 m3/s) on December 22, 1964, and the minimum flow was 1.1 cubic feet per second (0.031 m3/s) on Oct. 4, 1974. The drainage area above this gauge is 107 square miles (280 km2).[6]

Since 1966, the USGS has monitored the flow of the Bull Run River at a stream gauge 14.8 miles (23.8 km) from the mouth. The average flow between then and 2008 was 404 cubic feet per second (11.4 m3/s). This is from a drainage area of 47.90 square miles (124.06 km2). The maximum flow recorded during this period was 15,800 cubic feet per second (450 m3/s) on November 5, 1999. The minimum was 30 cubic feet per second (0.85 m3/s) on October 28–31, 1987.[7]

[edit] Geology

Columbia River basalts, 10 to 20 million years old, that underlie much of the Bull Run watershed are exposed near the bottoms of steep canyons along the river and its tributaries. In the western half of the watershed, the Rhododendron formation, rich in sediments, overlies the basalt, and later volcanic flows of basalt and andesite overlie both older formations. Areas of thick talus occur in the eastern part of the watershed at elevations higher than 2,500 feet (760 m) above sea level, and north-facing slopes above 2,600 feet (790 m) show evidence of glaciation. Over many centuries, streams in the watershed have carved canyons through the Rhododendron formation to the level of the basalt. Since basalt resists erosion, water traveling over it remains relatively free of sediments. Less than 2 percent of the watershed is at high risk for landslides.[8][9]

The Bull Run River's three reservoirs—Bull Run Lake, Bull Run Reservoir 1, and Bull Run Reservoir 2—are oligotrophic and do not sustain many life forms.[10][11] Bull Run Lake, a natural body of water modified by the Portland Water Bureau, is in a steep-sided cirque blocked at its lower end by a series of lava flows topped by debris from a glacial moraine. Small streams flow into the lake from ridges above it, and water exits the lake mainly by seeping through porous rock to form the Bull Run River about 0.5 miles (0.80 km) downstream.[10] Evidence suggests that over the past several thousand years, although forest fires in the area and volcanic activity on Mount Hood or Mount St. Helens have caused temporary changes in the lake's limnological condition, it "has always returned to conditions similar to those seen at present."[10] Turbidity is sometimes a problem in Reservoirs 1 and 2 when unstable soils sandwiched between layers of lava erode into tributaries, especially the North and South forks.[11]

[edit] History

[edit] First peoples

Archeological evidence suggests that Native Americans (Indians) lived along the lower Columbia River as early as 10,000 years ago.[12] The area near what later became The Dalles, on the Columbia east of the mouth of the Sandy River, eventually became an important trading center. The Indians established villages on floodplains and traveled seasonally to gather huckleberries and other food on upland meadows, to fish for salmon, and to hunt elk and deer. Although no direct evidence exists that these lower-Columbia Indians traveled up the Sandy, it is likely that they did.[12] Traces of these people include petroglyphs carved into the rocks of the Columbia River Gorge. Within the past few thousand years, Indians created trails across the Cascade Range around Mount Hood. In the 19th century, this trail network linked the trading center at Wascopam, near The Dalles, to settlements in the Willamette Valley. One popular trail crossed over Lolo Pass, near the headwaters of the Bull Run River, and another, which later became the Barlow Road, met the Lolo Pass trail roughly where the Zigzag and Salmon rivers enter the Sandy.[12] Indians from villages along the Columbia, Clackamas, and other rivers also traveled by water to the lower Sandy River area to fish for salmon and to gather berries, nuts and roots.[12] The Klickitat tribe referred to Bull Run Lake as Gohabedikt, meaning "Loon Lake".[13]

[edit] Explorers, settlers, and waterworks

Before the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1805, few Europeans or European-Americans had visited the Sandy River basin. One of the first documented visits to the upper Sandy occurred in 1838, when Daniel Lee drove cattle from the Willamette Valley to Wascopam via the Indian trail over Lolo Pass. By 1840, pioneers were using the trail to cross the Cascades, and the Barlow Road, following another old trail, opened in 1846. One of its branches ran along the Devil's Backbone, a ridge separating the Sandy and Little Sandy basins. A few of these newcomers settled along the Sandy River.[14]

In 1886, the Portland Water Committee, predecessor of the Portland Water Bureau, began a search for a superior drinking-water source. The committee, led by Henry Failing, commissioned Isaac W. Smith, an engineer and surveyor, to inspect any viable water supply in the region. Smith chose the Bull Run River, and a five-month survey trip led him to conclude that a gravity-flow system could deliver clean water from Bull Run to Portland.[15] In 1892, U.S. President Benjamin Harrison signed a proclamation creating a protected area, the Bull Run Reserve, in the watershed. By 1895 Portland had built a diversion dam on the Bull Run River, and completed its first conduit to carry Bull Run water to the city.[16] At about the same time as the Smith survey, a small farming community, at first named Unavilla but re-named Bull Run in 1895, grew up near the confluence of the Bull Run and Sandy rivers.[14] Meanwhile, improvements to the Barlow Road encouraged population growth along the lower Sandy and the establishment of cities like Gresham and Sandy. Even so, by 1900 much of the upper Sandy basin was still remote, wild, and accessible mainly by trails.[14]

Portland built a second conduit from Bull Run to Portland in 1911, constructed a 10-foot (3.0 m) high dam at the outlet to Bull Run Lake in 1915, replaced the original diversion dam with the 20-foot (6.1 m) high Headworks Dam (Dam 2) in 1922, and built the 200-foot (61 m) high Ben Morrow Dam (Dam 1) in 1929. After 1895, water diverted to Portland decreased the flow on the lower 6 miles (9.7 km) of the river, and after 1922 the Headworks Dam blocked all migratory fish passage to the upper river and its tributaries.[14]

[edit] Hydroelectric projects

The lower Bull Run River changed dramatically in 1906, when the Mount Hood Railway and Power Company (MHR&P) began work on the Bull Run Hydroelectric Project. The project included a powerhouse on the Bull Run River at RM 1.5 (RK 2.4), and a diversion dam on the Little Sandy River, 1.7 miles (2.7 km) from its confluence with the Bull Run River. Water from the Little Sandy Dam diverted much of the Little Sandy's flow through a wooden flume about 3.2 miles (5.1 km) long to a 140-acre (0.57 km2) reservoir called Roslyn Lake and from there to the powerhouse.[17]

To begin the project, the MHR&P needed access to the powerhouse site. At the time, it took three hours by stagecoach to reach Bull Run from an electric railway depot in Boring. Roads in the area had to be planked to be usable during heavy rains. Access improved in mid-1911, when the company finished construction on a 22-mile (35 km) railway line between the Montavilla neighborhood in east Portland and Bull Run.[14][18] In 1912, the year the powerhouse began generating electricity, the MHR&P merged with the Portland Railway, Light and Power Company, (PRL&P), which later modified the line for use by electric trolleys.[18]

In 1913, the PRL&P, (the predecessor of Portland General Electric), expanded the hydroelectric project by building Marmot Dam at RM 30 (RK 48) on the Sandy River, from which it diverted water through canals and tunnels, the longest of which was 4,690 feet (1,430 m), to the Little Sandy River upstream of the Little Sandy Dam.[17] This increased the maximum flow along the flume to Roslyn Lake from about 200 cubic feet per second (5.7 m3/s) to about 800 cubic feet per second (23 m3/s) and, since the combined flow entered the lower Bull Run River after leaving the powerhouse, the system altered the flows of three rivers.[17] In 1999, close to a century after the start of the project, PGE announced that it would remove the Marmot and Little Sandy dams and related equipment and close the 22-megawatt powerhouse because of costs associated with maintenance and fish protection.[19] Marmot Dam was demolished in 2007 and the Little Sandy Dam in 2008, restoring natural flows to the Sandy and Little Sandy.[19]

In 1982, work on the Portland Hydroelectric Project, unrelated to the Bull Run Hydroelectric Project, began generating electricity at powerhouses below the dams at Reservoirs 1 and 2 on the Bull Run River.[20] The City sells electricity from a 24-megawatt plant at Dam 1 and a 12-megawatt plant at Dam 2 to PGE,[21] which operates and maintains the equipment.[20] Part of the income from the project goes to the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife to offset the loss of fish habitat caused when the City built the original Dam 2 (Headworks Dam) in the 1920s.[20]

[edit] Logging

Extensive timber cutting in the Sandy River basin began by the mid-19 century in response to demand for wood from the Portland metropolitan area. Logging intensified in the lower basin through the 20th century as sawmills became established in Sandy, Boring, Brightwood and other settlements in the region, and railroad spurs extended into the forests.[22] In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt signed into law the Bull Run Trespass Act to forbid activities such as camping and livestock grazing in the Bull Run Reserve.[23] Except for activity related to the waterworks, the protected area changed little until the 1950s, when the United States Forest Service began to advocate logging in the Reserve.[24] After the U.S. Congress passed the Multiple Use – Sustained Yield Act of 1960 stressing timber production in the national forests,[25] the Forest Service in the 1960s and 1970s built about 170 miles (270 km) of forest roads in the watershed.[26] Before the road-building and heavy logging, "The watershed [had] remained almost inviolable for nearly 60 years, its runoff protected by a largely unbroken expanse of centuries-old trees," according to a member of the Bull Run Advisory Committee, a scientific panel commissioned by the City of Portland in 1977 to review issues related to Bull Run.[24]

In 1973, Joseph Miller, Jr., a retired Portland physician, sued the Forest Service, claiming that its logging violated the Bull Run Trespass Act. In 1976, U.S. District Judge James M. Burns agreed, and logging was halted. Shortly thereafter, Congress rescinded the Bull Run Trespass Act and replaced it with the Bull Run Watershed Management Act of 1977, which created the Bull Run Watershed Management Unit (BRWMU) (replacing the Bull Run Reserve) and legalized further Bull Run logging unless it could be shown to reduce water quality.[23] Logging and the debate about logging continued. In 1994 about 75 percent of the BRWMU was made into a reserve for protecting the Northern Spotted Owl and other species dependent on old-growth forests.[23] In February 1996, runoff from unusually heavy rains in the watershed washed so much eroded soil into the Bull Run storage reservoirs that the City had to shut down the Bull Run supply and switch during the crisis to its emergency supply from a well field along the Columbia River.[24] Later in 1996, Congress passed the Oregon Resources Conservation Act, which prohibited logging on all Forest Service lands within the Bull Run water-supply drainage and another 3,500 acres (14 km2) of land that drained to the lower Bull Run River.[23] In 2001, the Little Sandy Act extended the prohibitions to the entire BRWMU and public lands along the Little Sandy River.[25]

Between 1958 and 1993, when the last timber-cutting took place in the BRWMU, about 14,500 acres (59 km2), roughly 22 percent of the water-supply drainage, were logged.[23] Since then, to reduce erosion from the outmoded logging infrastructure, the Forest Service and the water bureau have been decommissioning parts of the Bull Run forest-road network, which had grown to 346 miles (557 km).[27] By autumn 2008, they were dismantling 63 miles (101 km) of roads, had closed another 78 miles (126 km), and were removing 245 culverts.[27]

[edit] Watershed

The Bull Run watershed, part of the drainage basin of the Columbia River, covers more than 107 square miles (280 km2) in the Mount Hood National Forest in Multnomah and Clackamas counties in northwest Oregon.[6] The confluence of the Bull Run and Sandy rivers at Dodge Park, about 20 miles (32 km) east of downtown Portland, marks its western (downstream) end, while its eastern end is adjacent to and northwest of Mount Hood. It is a sub-watershed of the Lower Columbia–Sandy Watershed.

The Bull Run watershed, the main source of Portland's drinking water, is largely restricted to uses related to water collection, storage, and treatment, and to forest management. The city's drinking-water protection area consists of the 102 square miles (260 km2) of the watershed upstream of the water-supply intake at river mile (RM) 6.2 or river kilometer (RK) 10. The protection area is part of a larger restricted zone, the BRWMU, which covers 143 square miles (370 km2).[8] It lies mostly within Multnomah and Clackamas counties but extends in places along its eastern edge into Hood River County.[28][29] As of 2010, the Forest Service manages 95 percent of the BRWMU on land owned by the federal government; the Portland Water Bureau manages the 4 percent that is owned by the City of Portland, and the Bureau of Land Management manages the remaining 1 percent, which is on federal land.[30] Small portions of the watershed along the lower main stem or along tributaries that are partly outside the BRWMU and that enter the main stem below the drinking-water intake are owned by the City of Portland or other local governments or are privately owned.[31]

Watersheds bordering the Bull Run River drainage basin are those of the West Fork Hood River to the east and northeast, the Sandy River to the south and west, and the Columbia River to the north. Small streams, each with a subwatershed bordering the Bull Run watershed, flow north from the ridge between the Bull Run and Columbia rivers. These include Eagle, Tanner, Moffett, McCord, Horsetail, Oneonta, Multnomah, and Bridle Veil creeks, which plunge over one or more waterfalls as they enter the Columbia Gorge.[5]

[edit] Climate

The climate along the Bull Run River is typical of the western Oregon Cascades foothills. Annual precipitation ranges from 80 inches (2,000 mm) near the intake for the Portland water supply to as much as 170 inches (4,300 mm) near the headwaters.[8] Summers are dry, and winters, especially November through January, are wet. At low elevations, most of the precipitation arrives in the form of rain, but at higher elevations 25 to 30 percent of the moisture arrives as snow.[32] Fog drip may add significantly to total precipitation in the vicinity of Bull Run Lake.[33] Accumulated snow is rare at elevations up to 2,000 feet (610 m) above sea level but sometimes reaches 6 to 10 feet (1.8 to 3.0 m) above 4,000 feet (1,200 m).[32] Melting snow adds to streamflow in April and May, and dry soil inhibits streamflow in August.[34] Generally, temperatures are mild. Lows in January range from just below freezing to about 25 °F (−4 °C), while July highs are usually about 80 °F (27 °C).[32]

[edit] Infrastructure

Although most of the watershed is generally closed to the public, the protected area includes forest roads, buildings, three dams and reservoirs, two hydroelectric power stations, and other infrastructure used by government employees who manage the forest and the water supply system. The raw water intake (Headworks) at Bull Run is located just below the Headworks Dam (Dam 2).[8] This is where water is diverted from the river for chlorination and then routed into distribution conduits for delivery to Portland.[35] About 23 percent of the watershed's annual runoff is diverted to the city's water supply.[36]

The main roads within the BRWMU include Forest Road 10, which runs along the north side of the river between the community of Bull Run and Bull Run Lake, where it crosses the river and runs along Blazed Alder Creek, then between Hiyu Mountain and Blazed Alder Butte to meet Forest Road 18 (Lolo Pass Road). Branching off Forest Road 10 downstream of Reservoir 2, Forest Road 12 and Forest Road 14 form a loop that covers terrain south of the river and as far east as Goodfellow Lakes, near the source of the Little Sandy River. Downstream of the BRWMU, Bull Run Road, open to the public, crosses the river between the community of Bull Run and Dodge Park.[5]

[edit] Flora and fauna

Northern Spotted Owl

Douglas-fir is the dominant tree species in the basin below 3,400 feet (1,000 m) above sea level, where Western Redcedar thrives in moist areas and Western Hemlock also grows. Douglas-fir and Noble Fir are the dominant species at higher elevations, and Pacific Silver Fir is the climax species. Mature trees, which cover about 54 percent of the watershed, are mostly more than 500 years old and have diameters exceeding 21 inches (53 cm). Trees between 9 inches (23 cm) and 21 inches (53 cm) in diameter cover about 34 percent of the basin, while younger, smaller trees dominate the remaining 12 percent.[37]

More than 250 wildlife species, including Peregrine Falcon, Bald Eagle and Northern Spotted Owl are thought to frequent the watershed. Migratory birds such as loons use the basin for feeding and nesting as they travel along the Pacific Flyway. Native fish species include Chinook and Coho Salmon, Steelhead Trout, Cutthroat Trout, Pacific Lamprey, and Rainbow Trout. Many amphibian and reptile species thrive near streams and ponds. Roosevelt Elk, American Black Bear, Coyote, Cougar, Black-tailed Deer, North American River Otter, American Mink, and North American Beaver are among the mammals found in the watershed.[38]

[edit] Recreation

Swimming hole at Dodge Park on the Sandy River, slightly above the confluence with the Bull Run River

Adjacent to the confluence of the Bull Run and Sandy rivers, 14-acre (5.7 ha) Dodge Park offers tree-shaded picnic areas, a swimming hole, a sandy beach, and a boat ramp for launching rafts, kayaks, and driftboats on the Sandy River. The Portland Water Bureau owns and maintains the park, established in the early 1900s.[39] Originally called Bull Run Park, it was renamed for Frank Dodge, superintendent of the water bureau from 1897 to 1914. During his tenure, the Mount Hood Railway and Power Company built a steam locomotive line from Montavilla in east Portland to the community of Bull Run to haul construction materials for the Bull Run powerhouse. Acquiring the line in 1912, the Portland Railway, Light and Power Company used it for an electric trolley that carried passengers to the park, later served by a highway, through 1930. The water bureau estimates that at least 30,000 people visited the park in 1926.[40] As of 2010, the bureau has plans to restore and improve the park as time and money allow.[41]

Although most of the Bull Run River watershed is closed to the public, whitewater enthusiasts sometimes run the lower 2.5-mile (4.0 km) stretch from the Bull Run Road bridge to the Sandy River. The put-in place for the run is just below the powerhouse, and the take-out is at Dodge Park. The run features a permanent slalom course near the put-in, six class 3 rapids in the first 2 miles (3 km), and a short stretch of class 2 water at the end of the run.[42]

Fishing is limited to the lower reaches of the river. Hatchery Chinook salmon and summer and winter Steelhead are sometimes caught near the confluence with the Sandy River, and catch-and-release fishing for wild trout is allowed from the mouth of the river to the edge of the Bull Run watershed reserve.[43]

Access to the Bull Run Watershed Management Unit is generally limited to government employees and guests on official business, and security guards keep watch on its three gated entrances.[44] However, the water bureau offers public tours in the summer and fall,[45] and hikers may use the Pacific Crest Trail, which runs along the eastern edge of the watershed near Mount Hood.[46] The bureau has been averaging about 85 group tours a year, and the normal fee is $10 per person.[44]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ McArthur, p. 123
  2. ^ Source elevation derived from Google Earth search using GNIS source coordinates.
  3. ^ a b c "Bull Run River". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). United States Geological Survey. November 28, 1980. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1138921. Retrieved July 7, 2009. 
  4. ^ a b c United States Geological Survey (USGS). "United States Geological Survey Topographic Map". TopoQuest. http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=45.50103&lon=-122.00588&datum=nad83&zoom=4&map=auto&coord=d&mode=zoomin&size=m. Retrieved July 8, 2009.  The maps, which include river mile (RM) markers for the lower 15 miles (24 km) of the river, cover the following quadrants from mouth to source: Bull Run, Brightwood, Multnomah Falls, Tanner Butte, Hickman Butte, Bull Run Lake
  5. ^ a b c d e DeLorme Mapping. Oregon Atlas and Gazetteer [map], 2008 edition. ISBN 0-89933-347-8. Section 23–24 and 29–30.
  6. ^ a b c "USGS 14140000 Bull Run River near Bull Run (River Only), OR". United States Geological Survey. 2009. http://waterdata.usgs.gov/usa/nwis/uv?14140000. Retrieved October 22, 2009. 
  7. ^ a b "Water-data report 2008: Bull Run River Near Multnomah Falls, OR" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2008/pdfs/14138850.2008.pdf. Retrieved July 7, 2009. 
  8. ^ a b c d "Source Water Assessment Report". City of Portland Water Bureau. 2006. http://www.portlandonline.com/WATER/index.cfm?a=28215&c=29817. Retrieved August 29, 2009. 
  9. ^ "Geology". City of Portland Water Bureau. 2009. http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=44913&. Retrieved August 30, 2009. 
  10. ^ a b c Johnson, pp. 48–49
  11. ^ a b Johnson, pp. 160–61
  12. ^ a b c d Taylor, pp. 13–14
  13. ^ Snyder and Brownell, p. 7
  14. ^ a b c d e Taylor, pp. 14–15
  15. ^ Short, pp. 11–34
  16. ^ Taylor, pp. 20–21
  17. ^ a b c Taylor, pp. 21–22
  18. ^ a b "Dodge Park History". Portland Water Bureau. http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=47496&a=196685. Retrieved January 17, 2010. 
  19. ^ a b "Sandy River". Portland General Electric. http://www.portlandgeneral.com/community_environment/initiatives/protecting_fish/sandy_river/default.aspx. Retrieved January 17, 2010. 
  20. ^ a b c "Bureau of Hydroelectric Power". City of Portland. http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.CFM?&c=39294. Retrieved January 21, 2010. 
  21. ^ Short, pp. 109–14
  22. ^ Taylor, pp. 16–19
  23. ^ a b c d e U.S. Forest Service and Portland Water Bureau (July 2007). "Report to the community regarding a new Bull Run watershed management unit agreement" (PDF). Portland Water Bureau. http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=148202. Retrieved September 26, 2009. 
  24. ^ a b c Larson, Douglas (May-June 2009). "The Battle of Bull Run". American Scientist 97 (3): 182. doi:10.1511/2009.78.182. http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/num2/the-battle-of-bull-run/1. Retrieved January 19, 2010. 
  25. ^ a b "Logging in the Bull Run". Portland Water Bureau. http://www.portlandonline.com/WATER/index.cfm?a=163215&c=44944. Retrieved January 19, 2010. 
  26. ^ Taylor, pp. 16–19
  27. ^ a b Brugger, Joe (September 1, 2008). "Removing roads key to keeping Portland's water source clean". The Oregonian (Oregon Live LLC). http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2008/09/removing_roads_key_to_keeping.html. Retrieved January 11, 2009. 
  28. ^ United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Forest Visitor Map, Mt. Hood National Forest [map], 1987 edition.
  29. ^ Short, p. 88
  30. ^ "Location and Natural Features". Portland Water Bureau. 2009. http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=29923. Retrieved August 29, 2009. 
  31. ^ "Map of Bull Run Management Unit". Portland Water Bureau. http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=29923&a=222220. Retrieved October 19, 2009. 
  32. ^ a b c "Environmental Assessment: Bull Run Watershed Road Decommissioning" (PDF). United States Forest Service. 2006. http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/mthood/projects/bull-run-roads/dc_ea4.pdf. Retrieved September 8, 2009. 
  33. ^ Snyder and Brownell, p. 1
  34. ^ VanRheenen, p. 36
  35. ^ "Bull Run Lake and Bull Run River". Portland Water Bureau. 2009. http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=30223&. Retrieved September 30, 2009. 
  36. ^ "Rain, snow and streamflow". Portland Water Bureau. 2009. http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=29923&a=119905. Retrieved September 30, 2009. 
  37. ^ "Vegetation: Forest cover types in the Bull Run watershed". Portland Water Bureau. 2009. http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=44944&a=161569. Retrieved September 26, 2009. 
  38. ^ "Fish and wildlife". Portland Water Bureau. 2009. http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=29923&a=119584. Retrieved September 26, 2009. 
  39. ^ "Dodge Park". City of Portland. 2009. http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=47496. Retrieved August 28, 2009. 
  40. ^ "Dodge Park History". City of Portland. 2009. http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=47496&a=196685. Retrieved August 28, 2009. 
  41. ^ "Park Improvement Master Plan". City of Portland. 2009. http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=47496&a=196643. Retrieved August 28, 2009. 
  42. ^ Giordano, p. 237
  43. ^ Sheehan, p. 118
  44. ^ a b McLaren, John (October 2009). "Scenic Landscape Filters Bull Run Water". The Southeast Examiner. http://news.mywebpal.com/news_tool_v2.cfm?pnpid=667&show=archivedetails&ArchiveID=1424926&om=1. Retrieved December 13, 2009. 
  45. ^ "Bull Run Watershed Field Trips and Tours". Portland Water Bureau. 2009. http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=29609. Retrieved October 16, 2009. 
  46. ^ Portland Utility Review Board, et al. (June 16, 2006). "Bull Run Management Unit Fire Plan". Portland Water Bureau. http://www.portlandonline.com/omf/index.cfm?a=121065&c=34619. Retrieved October 16, 2009. 

[edit] Works cited

[edit] External links

v • d • e
Portland, Oregon, watersheds
Major Two stream channels join below land covered with trees and shrubs and protected by a stone wall. The wall, about 6 feet (1.8 m) high, extends across the right-hand stream channel, which plunges over the wall. Downstream, the combined channels are about 30 feet (9.1 m) wide and turbulent.
Minor
Drinking water
Bull Run River · Portland Water Bureau
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Run_River_(Oregon)"