Burger King franchises

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Burger King
Type Private
Industry Restaurants
Predecessor(s) Insta-Burger King
Founded Insta-Burger King: July 28, 1953 in Jacksonville, Florida
Current company: 1954 in Miami, Florida
Founder(s) Insta-Burger King: Kieth J. Kramer and Matthew Burns
Current company: David Edgerton and James McLamore
Headquarters 5505 Blue Lagoon Drive,
Miami-Dade Co, Florida, U.S.
Area served Global
Key people Alexandre Behring (Chairman)[1]
Bernard Hees (CEO)[1]
Ben K. Wells (CFO)[2]
Products Fast Food
(hamburgers • chicken • french fries • soft drinks • milkshakes • salads • desserts • breakfast)
Revenue decrease US$2.5 billion (FY 2010)[3]
Operating income decrease US$332.9 million (FY 2010)[3]
Net income decrease US$186.8 million (FY 2010)[3]
Total assets increase US$2.75 billion (FY 2010)[3]
Total equity increase US$1.13 billion (FY 2010)[3]
Employees 38,840 (2010)[3]
Parent 3G Capital
Website burgerking.com
This box:
See also: List of countries with Burger King franchises

The majority of the locations of international fast-food restaurant chain Burger King are privately owned, or franchised. While the majority of franchises own single locations, several have grown into major corporations in their own right. At the end of its fiscal year 2008, Burger King reported that there are more than 11,550 outlets in 71 countries; 66% are in the United States and 90% are privately owned and operated. The company locations employ more than 37,000 people who serve approximately 11.4 million customers daily.

Since its inception in 1952, Burger King has used several variations of franchising to expand its operations. In the United States, the company originally relied on a regional franchise model with owners having exclusive expansion rights in a defined geographic territory. This model proved to be problematic as it led to issues of food quality, procedures and image management. A 1970s attempt by one of its largest franchises to take over the chain led to a restructuring of its franchising system, tossing the old method in favor of a restricted, per store licensing model. The 1978 restructuring, led by a new director of operations, firmly placed the mantel of franchise oversight on the shoulders of the company.

While Burger King still utilizes it revamped franchising system in the United States, outside of North America its international locations licenses are still sold on a regional basis with franchises owning exclusive development rights for the region or country. These regional franchises are known as master franchises, and are responsible for opening new restaurants, licensing new third party operators, and performing standards oversight of all restaurant locations in these countries; The largest example of a master franchise is Hungry Jack's, which oversees over 300 restaurants in Australia.

Contents

[edit] History

The company known today as Burger King itself began as a franchise; the predecessor of Burger King was founded in 1953 in Jacksonville, Florida as Insta-Burger King. The original founders and owners, Kieth J. Kramer and his wife's uncle Matthew Burns, opened their first stores around a piece of equipment known as the Insta-Broiler. The Insta-Broiler oven proved so successful at cooking burgers, they required all of their franchises to carry the device.[4] The rights to open stores in Miami, Florida belonged to two businessmen named James McLamore and David R. Edgerton. In 1954, McLamore and Edgarton were operating several locations with in the Miami-Dade area and growing at a fast clip when they decided to replace the Insta-Broiler with a mechanized gas grill they called a flame broiler. Even though the company had rapidly expanded throughout the state until its operations totaled more than 40 locations in 1955, the original Insta-Burger King ran into financial difficulties and the pair of McLamore and Edgarton purchased the national rights to the chain and rechristened the company as Burger King of Miami.[5]

When McLamore and Edgarton's Burger King Corporation began a full franchising system in 1961, it relied on a regional franchising model where franchisees would purchase the right to open stores within a defined geographic region. These franchise agreements granted the company very little oversight control over its franchisees and resulted in issues of product quality control, store image and design and operations procedures.[6][7]

In 1967, after eight years of private operation, the Pillsbury Company acquired the Burger King brand and its parent company Burger King Corporation. At the time of the purchase, the chain had grown to 274 restaurants in the United States. Pillsbury continued to grow the company utilizing the existing franchise system despite its flaws. The power of its independent franchises came to a head in 1973 when Chart House, owner of 350 restaurants and one of its largest franchise groups, attempted to purchase the chain from Pillsbury for $100 million (USD) which Pillsbury declined. When Chart House's bid failed, its owners Billy and Jimmy Trotter put forth a second plan that would require Pillsbury and Chart House spin off their respective holdings and merge the two entities into a separate company. Again Pillsbury declined the proposed divestiture. After the failed attempts to acquire the company, the relationship with Chart House and the Trotters soured; when Chart House purchased several restaurants in Boston and Houston in 1979, Burger King sued the selling franchisees for failing to comply with the right of first refusal clause in their contracts. Burger King won the case, successfully preventing the sale. The two parties did eventually reach a settlement where Chart House kept the Houston locations in their portfolio.[6] Chart House eventually spun off its Burger King holdings and refocused on its higher end chains; its Burger King holding company, DiversiFoods, was eventually acquired by Pillsbury $390 million (USD) in 1984 and folded into Burger King's operations.[8][9]

The regional licensing model remained in place until 1978 when the company hired McDonald's executive Donald N. Smith to help revamp the company. Smith initiated a restructuring of all future franchising agreements, disallowing new owners from living more than an hours drive from their restaurants, preventing corporations from owning franchises and prohibiting franchisees from operating other chains. This new policy effectively limited the size of franchisees and prevented larger franchises from challenging Burger King as Chart House had.[7] Smith also altered the way company company dealt with new properties by making the company the primary owner of new locations and rent or lease the restaurants to its franchises. This policy would allow the company to take over the operations of failing stores or evict those owners who would not conform to the company guidelines and policies.[6] However, by 1988 Burger King parent Pillsbury had relaxed many of Smith's changes, scaled back on construction of new locations and stalling growth.[10] When Pillsbury was acquired in 1989 by Grand Metropolitan PLC, the company fell further into decline, a pattern which continued under Grand Met successor Diageo. This institutionalized neglect further hurt the standing of the brand, in turn causing significant financial damage to Burger King's franchises.[11]

By 2001 and nearly eighteen years of stagnant growth, many of its franchises were in some sort of financial distress. The lack of growth severely impacted Burger King's largest franchise, the nearly 400-store AmeriKing; the company, which until this point had been struggling under a nearly $300 million debt load and been shedding stores across the US, was forced to enter Chapter 11 bankruptcy.[12] The failure of AmeriKing deeply affected the value of the company, and put negotiations between Diaego and the TPC Capital-lead group on hold. The developments eventually forced Diaego to lower the total selling price by almost three-quarters of a billion dollars.[13] After the sale, newly appointed CEO Bradley Blum initiated a program to help the roughly 20% of its franchises, including its four largest, who were in financial distress, bankruptcy or had ceased operations altogether.[14] Partnering with the California-based Trinity Capital, LLC, the company established the Franchisee Financial Restructuring Initiative, a program to address the financial issues facing BK's financially distressed franchisees. The initiative was designed to assist franchisees in restructuring their businesses in order to meet financial obligations, focus on restaurant operational excellence, reinvest in their operations and return to profitability.[15]

Individual owners also took advantage of the AmeriKing failure; one of the BK regional owners, Miami-based Al Cabrera, purchased 130 stores located primarily in the Chicago and the upper mid-west, from the failed company for a bargain basement price of $16 million, or approximately 88% of their original value. The new company, which started out as Core Value Partners and eventually became Heartland Foods, also purchased 120 additional stores from distressed owners and completely revamped them. The resulting purchases made Mr. Cabrerra BKB's largest minority franchisee and Heartland one of Burger King's top franchises.[16] By 2006, the company was valued at over $150 million, and was sold to New York-based GSO Capital Partners.[17] Other purchasers included a three-way group of NFL athletes Kevin Faulk, Marcus Allen and Michael Strahan who collectively purchased 17 stores in the cities of Norfolk and Richmond, Virginia;[18] and Cincinnati-based franchisee Dave Devoy, who purchased 32 AmeriKing stores. After investing in new decor, equipment and staff retraining, many of the formerly failing stores have shown growth upwards of 20%.[11]

[edit] Relations

See also: Burger King legal issues, cases of note section
King Buck Double
The Burger King Buck Double sandwich, one object of a disagreement between Burger King and its franchises over food pricing.

In the United States, approximately 90% of Burger King's franchises have banded together to form the Burger King National Franchise Association (BKNFA or NFA). The 900-member group is based in Atlanta, Georgia, and is designed to provide what the group calls Franchisee Relations Advocacy. It acts as a corporate negotiator that mediates with corporate-franchise disputes, as a government lobbying group to deal with issues that effect the fast-food industry as a whole, and it provides group health, property and casualty insurance.[19] In 2001, the group announced a plan to purchase Burger King from then-parent Diageo after the company put forth a plan to float approximately 20% of BKC on the NYSE. The NFA believed that any money raised from the issue would not be put into helping bolster the then flagging BK, but would instead end up being used to help Diageo bolster its liquor brands. The deal collapsed when the NFA was unable to put together an acceptable financing package.[20][21]

Although the majority of the restaurant locations are privately held by individual owners and its financial dependence on those owners,[notes 1] Burger King's relationship with its franchises has not always been harmonious. Occasional spats between the two have caused numerous issues, and in several instances the company's and its licensees' relations have degenerated into precedent-setting court cases.[22]

In a 2005 dispute with its the NFA over issues including brand development and advertising, Burger King severed its relations with the group. Claiming that the NFA was resisting structural changes that BK was making in regards to pricing, hours and its new gift card program, CEO John Chindsey claimed many instances of the NFA's non-cooperation and affirmative disruption of efforts to improve the Burger King system. were the reason for the break. The company also announced that it would be diverting a $1 million (USD) NFA advertising subsidy into the company's own advertising fund. In a response, the NFA chairman Daniel Fitzpatrick responded in a letter to Burger King's parent stating that to sever relations with the ... NFA is extremely regrettable" and based on "an erroneous set of facts, innuendo and rumor. and claimed that the company owed the NFA $1.7 million in total subsidy funds.[23] The two sides settled their differences in April 2006 when Burger King agreed to pay the disputed subsidy funds to the group. Additionally, Burger King announced that it would honor an October 2004 deal in regards to compensation for the operation of the annual Burger King/franchise convention.[24]

[edit] Franchisees of note

[edit] Army and Air Force Exchange Service

AAFES Burger King location
Army and Air Force Exchange Service location in the Baghdad's Green Zone
Main article: Army and Air Force Exchange Service

The Army and Air Force Exchange Service (AAFES) is a specialty retailer that operates military retail stores on US Army and Air Force bases and installations across the world. Burger King was the first restaurant chain to be opened on US military facilities with a location at the US Naval base at Pearl Harbor,[25] however naval facilities are covered by the Navy Exchange Service Command (NEXCOM). The AAFES opened its first Burger King franchise 1984 at the American military facilities in Ansbach, Germany.[26] The location was the first restaurant opened under a five-year agreement, with a fifteen-year extension, in which the AAFES agreed it would open 185 locations globally.[25] Since that time the AAFES has opened nearly 200 locations in all theaters of operations of the two services.[26] Almost all of the AAFES-operated Burger King restaurants are found on army posts and air force bases; however some locations, such as the one located at the Baghdad International Airport, are within territories under US military jurisdiction.[27]

The AAFES group was given Burger King's first Award of Excellence in 2002 for the company what it called "its [AAFES] ceaseless efforts to support U.S. servicemen and women deployed to locations around the world in support of the war on terrorism."[28] As the end of Burger King's 2010 fiscal year, AAFES is the fourth largest US franchisee of the chain with 132 restaurants globally.[notes 2]

[edit] Carrols Corporation

Main article: Carrols Restaurant Group

Carrols Corporation is the largest global franchisee of Burger King. Its parent company is Carrols Restaurant Group, at publicly traded corporation (NASDAQ: TAST).[29] It has held this position since 2002 with the bankruptcy of Chicago-based AmeriKing Inc, which had 367 US locations at its peak.[12]

Carrols Corporation was founded in 1960 as a franchisee of the Tastee Freeze Company's Carrols Restaurants division by Herb Slotnick under the name Carrols Drive-In Restaurants of New York, and by 1968 the company had grown to the point where it purchased the chain from Tastee Freeze. By 1974 Carrols owned and operated over 150 Carrols Club restaurants in the Northeast United States and abroad. In 1975 the company entered into a franchise agreement with Burger King and converted its existing Carrols restaurants in the US into BK locations, closed those stores that were not able to be updated and sold off its international operations.[30][31]

As the end of Burger King's 2010 fiscal year, Carrols is the largest US franchisee of the chain with 309 restaurants in New York, Ohio, and ten other states.[notes 2]

[edit] Hana International

Main article: Olayan Group
An Egyptian Burger King location
A Olyan Group owned Burger King restaurant located in Egypt.

Hana International, is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Saudi Arabia-based Olayan Group along and its partner Kuwait-based MH Alshaya Group, is the exclusive master franchisee for the Middle East and North Africa, excluding Israel and Turkey. Hana also operates two holding companies, the Olayan Food Services Company in Saudi Arabia and First Food Services Company in the UAE as well as an operations support/training center in Riyadh.[32][33]

Hana first began operating Burger King restaurants in the region after its parent company Olayan completed its franchise agreement in 1991. Its first location opened in Riyadh in December, 1992, and expanded across the Middle East opening stores in the neighboring countries of Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and Lebanon in 2001. By 2007, the company had grown to over 180 locations in a half dozen countries, all located in Southwest Asia, when it signed an additional franchise agreement to open locations in North Africa, with the first location in Cairo, Egypt.[33]

Hana currently owns and operates or sub-licenses over 200 restaurants on the Arabian peninsula, Jordan, Lebanon and Egypt.[32][33] To accommodate the tenets of the majority Islamic population's faith in its markets, all of the locations operated and overseen by Hana feature halal meats and do not feature pork based products, additionally hamburgers are called beefburgers, avoiding the term ham and its association with pork.[34][35]


[edit] Hungry Jack's

Main article: Hungry Jack's
A Hungry Jack's sign
A sign Hungry Jack's restaurant located in Sydney.

Hungry Jack's, often colloquially abbreviated to HJ's, is the exclusive Australian master fast food franchisee of Burger King Corporation. Its parent company is Hungry Jack's Pty Ltd which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Competitive Foods Australia, a privately held company owned by Jack Cowin.

When Burger King decided to expand its operations into Australia, it found that its business name was already trademarked by a man running a small takeaway food shop in Adelaide. Thus, BK was forced to change the name when it decided to open stores in the country – the only time this has happened in its corporate history. Burger King provided the Australian franchisee, Jack Cowin, with a list of possible alternative names that the Australian Burger King restaurants could be branded as. The names were derived from pre-existing trademarks already registered by Burger King and its then corporate parent Pillsbury. Cowin selected the Hungry Jack brand name, one of Pillsbury's US pancake mixture products, and slightly changing the name to the possessive form, Hungry Jack's. Accordingly, the first Australian franchise of the Burger King, established in Perth in 1971, was branded as Hungry Jack's.[22]

Hungry Jack's currently owns and operates or sub-licenses all of the Hungry Jack's restaurants in Australia. As the master franchise for the continent, the company is responsible for licensing new operators, opening its own stores and performing standards oversight of franchised locations in Australia. As the end of Burger King's 2010 fiscal year, Hungry Jack's is the largest Asian/Pacific franchisee of the chain with 276 restaurants directly owned by parent company Hungry Jack's Pty and 67 more third party licensees.[notes 3]

[edit] See also

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[edit] Notes

  1. ^ 2010 10-K SEC Filing, p. 23, "Our operating results substantially depend upon our franchisees’ sales volumes, restaurant profitability, and financial viability." 
  2. ^ a b 2010 10-K SEC Filing, p. 8, "list of the five largest franchisees in terms of restaurant count in the United States and Canada as of 30 June 2010" 
  3. ^ 2010 10-K SEC Filing, p. 8, "Australia is the largest market in APAC, with 340 restaurants as of 30 June 2010" 

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b Brandau, Mark (28 March 2011). "BK’s Chidsey to resign in April". Nation's Restaurant news. http://www.nrn.com/article/bk’s-chidsey-resign-april. Retrieved 26 June 2011. 
  2. ^ Cordal, Ina Paiva; Walker, Elaine (28 October 2010). "Burger King Ousts top staff". Miami Herald. http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/10/28/1895378/burger-king-ousts-top-staff.html. Retrieved 19 January 2011. 
  3. ^ a b c d e f 2010 10-K SEC Filing, Burger King Corporation, 30 June 2010, pp. 38-40, http://services.corporate-ir.net/SEC.Enhanced/SecCapsule.aspx?c=87140&fid=7105569, retrieved 18 January 2011 
  4. ^ Smith, Andrew F. (30 August 2006). Encyclopedia of junk food and fast food (1st ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 27–28. ISBN 0313335273. http://books.google.com/?id=mYc4aw7tnekC&pg=PA172&lpg=PA172&dq=In+1952,+Matthew+Burns+of+Long+Beach,+California,+invited+his+stepson,+Keith+G.+Cramer. Retrieved 14 June 2009. 
  5. ^ Jakle, John A.; Sculle, Keith A. (27 March 2002). Fast Food (1st ed.). JHU Press. pp. 116–119. ISBN 080186920X. http://books.google.com/?id=0nYcgnWKWXgC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 15 June 2009. 
  6. ^ a b c FundingUniverse.com. "History of Burger King Corporation". Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/burger-king. Retrieved 24 October 2007. 
  7. ^ a b Reiter, Ester (March 1996). Making Fast Food: From the Frying Pan Into the Fryer, 2nd edition. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0773513876. http://books.google.com/?id=oBj-sPpJDQcC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=donald+smith+burger+king. Retrieved 6 April 2008. "Burger King's early franchising arrangements proved to be troublesome" 
  8. ^ Telberg, Rick (9 September 1985). "How Pillsbury 'stole' DiversiFoods for just $390 million". Nation's Restaurant News. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_v19/ai_3930610/. Retrieved 24 August 2007. 
  9. ^ "DiversiFoods Net". New York Times. 12 December 1984. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071030031352/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A02EFDA1238F931A25751C1A962948260. Retrieved 24 August 2007. 
  10. ^ Berg, Eric N. (4 November 1988). "Burger King's Angry Franchises". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE0DD1530F937A25752C1A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print. Retrieved 6 June 2008. "The franchisees complain that, in recent years, the chain's growth has come almost entirely from the franchisees, not from the corporation." 
  11. ^ a b Reese, Shelly (4 February 2005). "It was broken, and new owner's fixing it" (reprint). the Cincinnati Enquirer. http://www.boj.com/articles/franchise/burger_king_fixed.htm. Retrieved 12 April 2008. 
  12. ^ a b Napolitano, Jo (22 December 2002). "A Fighter for Burgers and Fries". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E5D81E3DF931A15751C1A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 6 June 2008. "The AmeriKing bankruptcy has added uncertainty to the prospects for Burger King, which relies heavily on franchise owners of its restaurants." 
  13. ^ Berman, Phyllis (15 April 2003). "Burger King's Flame-Broiled Future". Forbes Magazine. http://www.forbes.com/2003/04/15/cz_pb_0415burger.html. Retrieved 4 June 2006. "The all-cash deal was originally pegged at $2.2 billion but got negotiated down to just $1.5 billion." 
  14. ^ Walker, Elaine (3 January 2002). "Burger King bolstering its many weak franchisees". Knight-Ridder. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-81297863.html. Retrieved 4 June 2008. 
  15. ^ "Burger King Launches Franchisee Financial Restructuring Initiative" (Press release). Burger King Corporation. 3 February 2003. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071030014102/http://www.bison.com/press/pr2-3-03bk.html. Retrieved 4 June 2008. 
  16. ^ "BK franchisee-led group buys 131 AmeriKing units". Nations Restaurant News. BNet.com. 15 December 2003. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_50_37/ai_111507745. Retrieved 12 April 2008. 
  17. ^ "Major Burger King Franchisee To Sell 240 Restaurants". Miami Herald. 17 December 2006. http://franchise.business-opportunities.biz/2006/12/29/major-burger-king-franchisee-to-sell-240-restaurants/. Retrieved 12 April 2008. 
  18. ^ Reed, Keith (17 August 2007). "Faulk joins other black athletes to buy Burger King franchises". the Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2007/08/17/faulk_joins_other_black_athletes_to_buy_burger_king_franchises/. Retrieved 12 April 2008. 
  19. ^ NFA publication (4 December 20074). "Top 10 Reasons to Belong to the NFA" (PDF). Burger King National Franchise Association. http://www.nfabk.org/pdf_doc/NFA%20Top%20Ten.pdf. Retrieved 16 March 2008. 
  20. ^ Osborne, Alistar (21 March 2001). "Burger King chief quits for UK post". The Daily Telegraph. UK. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2000/06/23/cndia23.xml. Retrieved 23 March 2008. "Dennis Malamatinas abruptly quit yesterday as Burger King's chief executive as Diageo announced plans to float the fast-food business on the New York Stock Exchange, valuing it at £2 billion or more." 
  21. ^ Cave, Andrew (21 March 2001). "Franchisees seek to buy Burger King". The Daily Telegraph. UK. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2000/07/21/cnbur21.xml. Retrieved 23 March 2008. "Burger King's army of American franchisees want to buy the business in a bid to thwart the chain's planned flotation by its parent company, Diageo." 
  22. ^ a b "Burger King Re-flags Australian Stores". Restaurant Business News. AllBusiness.com. 30 May 2003. http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/eating-drinking-places/4275422-1.html. Retrieved 29 September 2007. 
  23. ^ "Burger King breaks with franchise group". QSR Magazine. 21 October 2005. http://www.qsrmagazine.com/articles/news/print.phtml?id=4744. Retrieved 17 March 2008. 
  24. ^ "Burger King To Pay Debt". Miami Herald. 28 April 2006. http://franchise.business-opportunities.biz/2006/04/28/burger-king-to-pay-debt/. Retrieved 23 March 2008. "The new CEO of Burger King agreed to pay its debts to its franchisee organization." 
  25. ^ a b Edwards, Joe (18 June 1984). "Burger King clinches landmark military deal; signs agreement to build 185 units over next 5 years". Nation's Restaurant News. BNet.com. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_v18/ai_3313012/. Retrieved 8 February 2011. 
  26. ^ a b The Army and Air Force Exchange Services and Burger King Corporation Partner to Serve the Great American Burger(TM) for Free to Troops Overseas on The Fourth of July. . HispanicBusiness.com (Burger King Corporation). 3 July 2003. http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/news/2003/7/3/the_army_and_air_force_exchange.htm. Retrieved 13 July 2009. 
  27. ^ Vantran, K.L. (18 January 2004). "Shopping in Combat Zones". American Forces Press Service. http://usmilitary.about.com/cs/wars/a/deployedbx2.htm. Retrieved 7 February 2011. 
  28. ^ "Burger King Corporation Honors The Army And Air Force Exchange Services With Award Of Excellence". QSR Magazine. 17 June 2002. http://www.qsrmagazine.com/news/burger-king-corporation-honors-army-and-air-force-exchange-services-award-excellence. Retrieved 7 February 2011. 
  29. ^ Bramhall, Joe. "Carrols Restaurant Group, Inc". Hoovers. http://www.hoovers.com/carrols/--ID__57303--/free-co-profile.xhtml. Retrieved 9 March 2008. 
  30. ^ Carrols publication (2001). "Carrols Corp. History". Carrols Restaurant Group. http://www.carrols.com/html/History.htm#. Retrieved 9 March 2008. 
  31. ^ Roadside Burger Blog (22 November 2007). "Club Burger at Carrols, Helsinki, Finland". http://burgerjoints.blogspot.com/2007/11/club-burger-at-carrols-helsinki-finland.html. Retrieved 9 March 2008. 
  32. ^ a b "Burger King to expand in North African markets". Business Intelligence. 1 April 2007. http://bi-me.com/main.php?id=8769&t=1&c=34&cg=. Retrieved 11 April 2008. "The agreement gives Hana the exclusive right to develop the Burger King brand in Egypt and other North African countries." 
  33. ^ a b c "Burger King in the Middle East" (Press release). Olayan Group. http://www.olayan.com/group.asp?groupid=11. Retrieved 10 March 2008. "The Olayan Group and the Burger King Corporation have been partners in Saudi Arabia and the Arab Middle East since the early 1990s." 
  34. ^ "Prima-Agri to Produce Halal Beef for Regional Fast Food Chains". The Halal Journal. 10 October 2006. http://www.halaljournal.com/article/244/prima-agri-to-produce-halal-beef-for-regional-fast-food-chains. Retrieved 1 October 2007. 
  35. ^ "Burger King UAE launches the king of all burgers across the UAE" (Press release). Olayan Group. 2 May 2004. http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20040802080316. Retrieved 1 October 2007. 

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