Bush dog
| Bush dog[1] | |
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| Conservation status | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Canidae |
| Genus: | Speothos |
| Species: | S. venaticus |
| Binomial name | |
| Speothos venaticus (Lund, 1842) |
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| Subspecies | |
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| Bush dog range | |
The bush dog (Speothos venaticus) is a canid found in Central and South America, including Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Peru , Ecuador, the Guianas, Paraguay, northeast Argentina (Misiones province) and Brazil (from the Amazon rainforest to the state of Amazonas).[1][2] In spite of its extensive range, it is very rare;[2] it was first identified by scientists as fossils in Brazilian caves and believed by them to be extinct. It is the only living species in its genus, Speothos.[1]
In Brazil it is called cachorro-vinagre ("vinegar dog") or cachorro-do-mato ("bush dog"). In Spanish-speaking countries it is called perro vinagre ("vinegar dog"), zorro vinagre ("vinegar fox"), perro de agua ("water dog"), or perro de monte ("bush dog").
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[edit] Description and habits
The bush dog (Speothos venaticus) has soft long brownish-tan fur, with a lighter reddish tinge on the head, neck and back and a bushy tail, while the underside is dark, sometimes with a lighter throat patch. Adults typically have 55–75 cm (22–30 in) of head and body, plus 13 cm (5 in) of tail, a shoulder height of 20–30 cm (8–12 in) and weigh 5–8 kg (11–18 lb).[3] Legs and snout are short relative to body length: the typical height is only 25–30 cm (10–12 in). The teeth are adapted for its carnivorous habits, and uniquely for an American canid, the dental formula is
| Dentition |
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| 3.1.4.2 |
| 3.1.4.2 |
for a total of 40 teeth. The bush dog is one of three canid species with trenchant heel dentition, a unicuspid talonid on the lower carnassial molar that increases the cutting blade length.
It is a carnivore and hunts during the day, preferably in wet savannahs and tropical and equatorial forests. Its typical prey is the paca (Cuniculus paca), a large rodent. Although it can hunt alone on occasion, the bush dog is usually found in small packs. However, some larger packs, up to 10–12 individuals, have formed and in these cases the dogs can bring down much larger prey, even a 250 kg (550 lb) tapir.[4] The bush dog appears to be the most gregarious of the South American canid species. Bush dogs have skin growing between their toes, which allow them to swim more efficiently.[5] It uses hollow logs and cavities (e.g. armadillo burrows) for shelter. Pack-mates keep in contact with frequent whines, perhaps because visibility is poor in the undergrowth where the animal typically hunts.[6]
The gestation period is 64 days, and a litter can have up to six dark grey pups. Lactation lasts approximately 8 weeks. The bush dog is sexually mature at 1 year and lives for about 10 years.
[edit] Subspecies
There are three recognised subspecies:[1]
- Speothos venaticus panamensis (Panama)
- Speothos venaticus venaticus (Ecuador and Colombia (west of the Andes), Northern Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana, Northern and central Brazil and endangerd in Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina)
- Speothos venaticus wingei (Southeast Brazil)
[edit] See also
- Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), one of its closest relatives.
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d Wozencraft, W. Christopher (16 November 2005). "Order Carnivora (pp. 532-628)". In Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000836.
- ^ a b c DeMatteo, K., Michalski, F. & Leite-Pitman, M. R. P. (2011). "Speothos venaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/20468. Retrieved 18 January 2012. Database entry includes justification for why this species is near threatened
- ^ [1] (2011).
- ^ [2] (2011).
- ^ David Attenborough (November 20, 2002) (16:9 Stereo). The Life of Mammals, Episode 5: Meat Eaters (Documentary). United Kingdom: BBC/Discovery Channel. Event occurs at. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_Mammals. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
- ^ Macdonald, D. (1984). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 31. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
[edit] Bibliography
- Nicole Duplaix and Noel Simon, World Guide to Mammals. Mandarin Publishers Ltd (1976).
- Flower WH. 1880. On the bush-dog (Icticyon venaticus Lund). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1880: 70–76.
[edit] External links
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Wikispecies has information related to: Speothos |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Speothos venaticus |
- ARKive - images and movies of the bush dog (Speothos venaticus)
- Detailed Speothos Venaticus PDF article at the Canids Specialist Group (CSG) site (2004)
- Another webpage at Animal Diversity Web
- ITIS database
- Skeletal morphology data from UT Austin
- From Lioncrusher's domain – carnivore info
- Cachorro-do-mato-vinagre (in Portuguese)
- Cachorro-vinagre (in Portuguese)
"Bush-dog". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
