Jump to content

2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference

Coordinates: 55°51′40″N 04°17′17″W / 55.86111°N 4.28806°W / 55.86111; -4.28806
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from CMA3 (climate conference))

2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference
Date31 October – 13 November 2021 (2021-10-31 – 2021-11-13)
LocationSEC Centre, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
Coordinates55°51′40″N 04°17′17″W / 55.86111°N 4.28806°W / 55.86111; -4.28806
Also known asCOP26 (UNFCCC)
CMP16 (Kyoto Protocol)
CMA3 (Paris Agreement)
Organised byUnited Kingdom and Italy
PresidentAlok Sharma
Previous event← Madrid 2019
Next event→ Sharm El Sheikh 2022
Websiteukcop26.org Edit this at Wikidata

The 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference, more commonly referred to as COP26, was the 26th United Nations Climate Change conference, held at the SEC Centre in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, from 31 October to 13 November 2021. The president of the conference was UK cabinet minister Alok Sharma.[1][2] Delayed for a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic,[3] it was the 26th Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the third meeting of the parties to the 2015 Paris Agreement (designated CMA1, CMA2, CMA3), and the 16th meeting of the parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP16).

The conference was the first since the Paris Agreement of COP21 that expected parties to make enhanced commitments towards mitigating climate change; the Paris Agreement requires parties to carry out a process colloquially known as the 'ratchet mechanism' every five years to provide improved national pledges.[4] The result of COP26 was the Glasgow Climate Pact, negotiated through consensus of the representatives of the 197 attending parties. Owing to late interventions from India and China that weakened a move to end coal power and fossil fuel subsidies, the conference ended with the adoption of a less stringent resolution than some anticipated.[5][6] Nevertheless, the pact was the first climate deal to explicitly commit to reducing the use of coal. It included wording that encouraged more urgent greenhouse gas emissions cuts and promised more climate finance for developing countries to adapt to climate impacts.[7]

In the midst of the conference, on 6 November 2021, a march against inadequate action at the conference, as well as for other climate change-related issues, became the largest protest in Glasgow since anti-Iraq War marches in 2003.[8] Additional rallies took place in 100 other countries.

Background

[edit]

Presidency

[edit]
Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte (left) and UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson (right) in London at the launch of COP26 in February 2020, prior to it being postponed a year
Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennet and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi at COP26

The United Kingdom holds the presidency of COP26 until the start of COP27.[9] Initially, the Minister of State for Energy and Clean Growth, Claire Perry, was appointed as president of the conference, but she was removed on 31 January 2020, several months after she had stepped down as an MP.[10][11] Former Prime Minister David Cameron and former Foreign Secretary William Hague declined to take the role.[12] On 13 February 2020, Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Secretary Alok Sharma was appointed.[13] On 8 January 2021, Sharma was succeeded by Kwasi Kwarteng as Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Secretary and moved to the Cabinet Office, in order to focus on the presidency full-time.[14]

Nigel Topping, the former CEO of climate change action organization We Mean Business, was appointed the UK Government's High Level Climate Action Champion for COP26.[15][16]

Italy partnered with the UK in leading COP26. For the most part, their role was in preparatory work such as the hosting of a pre-COP session and an event for young people called Youth4Climate 2020: Driving Ambition. These events took place between 28 September and 2 October 2020 in Milan.[17]

Postponement

[edit]

Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, in April 2020 the conference was postponed to 31 October – 12 November 2021.[3][18] Both host countries, Italy and the UK, were heavily affected by the pandemic, and the venue of the conference, the SEC Centre in Glasgow, was converted in May 2020 into a temporary hospital for COVID-19 patients in Scotland.[19]

Convention Secretary Patricia Espinosa tweeted that "in light of the ongoing, worldwide effects of COVID-19, holding an ambitious, inclusive, COP26 in November 2020 is not possible."[20] She also indicated that economies restarting would be an opportunity to "shape the 21st-century economy in ways that are clean, green, healthy, just, safe and more resilient."[20] The rearranged date was announced in May 2020.[2] Earlier in 2021, the UK and Italy hosted summits of the G7 and G20, respectively.[21]

Independent observers noted that though not directly related, the postponement gave the international community time to respond to the outcome of the United States presidential election, held in November 2020.[22][23] President Donald Trump had withdrawn the United States from the Paris Agreement, although this could not take effect until the day after the election; while his Democratic challengers pledged to immediately rejoin and increase ambition to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.[24] Joe Biden did so upon being elected as president.[25] At the conference, Biden apologized for Trump's withdrawal from the agreement.[26]

Sponsors

[edit]

Previous summits have been sponsored by fossil fuel companies. To reduce this influence, the UK government decided that sponsors "have to have real commitments in place to help them reach net zero in the near future".[27] The first principal partners included three British energy companies and a banking and insurance company.[28]

Location and participation

[edit]
From left to right: Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, Estonian Prime Minister Kaja Kallas, Tanzanian President Samia Suluhu and Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon at COP26

Before the summit councils in and around Glasgow pledged to plant 18 million trees during the following decade: the Clyde Climate Forest (CCF) is projected to increase tree coverage in the urban areas of the Greater Glasgow region to 20%.[29]

In September 2021, the conference was urged by Climate Action Network to ensure attendees would be able to attend in spite of travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. In the months before the conference, the British government had restrictions on travel from certain countries in place, and COVID passports were required in certain venues. Critics suggested unequal deployment of COVID-19 vaccines worldwide could exclude the participation of representatives of poorer countries most affected by climate change.[30][31][32] The UK subsequently relaxed travel rules for delegations.[33] Only four Pacific Islands nations sent delegations due to COVID-19 travel restrictions, with most island nations compelled to send smaller teams than they otherwise would have.[34][35] Organizers have in place numerous COVID-19 rules for attendees, dependent on vaccination status.[36]

On 4 June 2021, a nighttime light projection onto the Tolbooth Steeple was installed, under the Climate Clock initiative. The projected Deadline and Lifeline statistics count the time window before 1.5 °C warming would become inevitable, and the percentage of global energy delivered through renewables, respectively.[37] The Scottish Events Campus (SEC), known as the Blue Zone, temporarily became United Nations territory: the other main venue is the Green Zone at Glasgow Science Centre.[38]

The summit was described as receiving "the cleanest electricity in the UK", as 70% was supplied from low-carbon nuclear power from plants in Torness and Hunterston B, while the rest mostly came from wind power.[39]

Medical cover

[edit]

The provision of medical services for the event was provided by BASICS Scotland, Amvale Medical and the Scottish Ambulance Service. The medical centre was visited by both Scottish National Clinical Director Jason Leitch and Scottish Health Secretary Humza Yousaf during the conference.[40][41]

Attendees

[edit]
US President Joe Biden at the opening ceremony
Indonesian attendees in traditional dress, on the first day of the conference
IAEA Director General Rafael Mariano Grossi meeting with CEO and Special Representative of the UNSG for Sustainable Energy for all and Co-Chair on UN Energy Damilola Ogunbiyi

Twenty-five thousand delegates from nearly 200 countries were expected to attend,[42][43] and around 120 heads of state came.[44] Among the attendees were UN secretary-general António Guterres, United States president Joe Biden, Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau, Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte, Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen, French president Emmanuel Macron, German chancellor Angela Merkel, Spanish prime minister Pedro Sánchez, Indian prime minister Narendra Modi, Indonesian president Joko Widodo, Israeli prime minister Naftali Bennett, Japanese prime minister Fumio Kishida, Nigerian president Muhammadu Buhari, Polish prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki, Swedish prime minister Stefan Löfven, and Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky[45][46] Former United States president Barack Obama[47][48] and English broadcaster and natural historian David Attenborough, who was named COP26 People's Advocate, spoke at the summit.[49]

Australian prime minister Scott Morrison spoke.[50] Czech prime minister Andrej Babiš denounced the proposed European Union Fit for 55 laws, part of the European Green Deal, saying that the bloc "can achieve nothing without the participation of the largest polluters such as China or the USA".[51]

Prince Charles addressed the opening ceremony in person.[52] Queen Elizabeth, having been advised to rest by doctors, addressed the conference by video message.[53] Bill Gates called for a "green industrial revolution" to beat the climate crisis.[54]

The fossil fuel industry was the largest delegation at the conference, with 503 people accredited.[55]

Non-attendees

[edit]

In October 2021, China's leader Xi Jinping announced he would not be attending the conference in person[56] and instead delivered a written address as the organizers did not provide an opportunity for a video address.[57] With greenhouse gas emissions by China being the world's largest, Reuters said this made it less likely the conference would result in a significant climate deal.[58] However, a Chinese delegation led by climate change envoy Xie Zhenhua did attend.[59] The 2021 global energy crisis intensified pressures on China ahead of the summit.[60][61] The prime ministers or heads of state of South Africa, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Malaysia and Vatican City also did not attend the meeting.[62][63][64][65]

Russian president Vladimir Putin said his non-attendance was due to concerns relating to the COVID-19 pandemic.[66] Iranian president Ebrahim Raisi did not attend;[62] a formal request had been made by Struan Stevenson and Iranian exiles of the National Council of Resistance of Iran to the Scotland police, to arrest Raisi for crimes against humanity if he attended based on the legal concept of universal jurisdiction.[67][68] Saudi crown prince Mohammed bin Salman also did not attend the summit.[69] Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro, who faced international condemnation over rising deforestation of the Amazon rainforest,[70] also decided not to attend the summit personally.[71]

The non-attendance of both Putin and Xi received criticism from U.S. president Joe Biden[72][73] and former American president Barack Obama.[74]

Myanmar and Afghanistan were entirely absent; both countries had their UN-recognized governments ousted militarily in 2021.[75] The Myanmar military junta was blocked from entry to the summit.[76] Six exiled Afghan climate experts had their applications rejected by the UNFCCC.[77] Additionally, the island nation of Kiribati did not send participants, while fellow island nations Vanuatu and Samoa registered but did not send a delegation.[78]

Ratchet mechanism

[edit]

Under the Paris Agreement, countries submitted pledges called nationally determined contributions, to limit their greenhouse gas emissions. Under the framework of the Paris Agreement, each country is expected to submit enhanced nationally determined contributions every five years, to ratchet up the ambition to mitigate climate change.[79] When the Paris Agreement was signed at COP21, the conference of 2020 was set to be the first ratcheting up. Even though the 2020 conference was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, dozens of countries still had not updated their pledges by early October 2021.[80] Collective progress towards implementation of the Paris Agreement in mitigation, adaptation and finance flows and means of implementation and support will be measured by global stocktakes, the first of which is due to be completed in 2023.[81]

Outcomes

[edit]
Main article: Glasgow Climate Pact

On 13 November 2021, the participating 197 countries agreed to a new deal, known as the Glasgow Climate Pact, aimed at staving off dangerous climate change.[82]

The pact "Reaffirms the Paris Agreement temperature goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels" and "Recognizes that limiting global warming to 1.5 °C requires rapid, deep and sustained reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, including reducing global carbon dioxide emissions by 45 per cent by 2030 relative to the 2010 level and to net zero around midcentury, as well as deep reductions in other greenhouse gases."[83] However, achieving the target is not ensured, as with existing pledges the emissions in the year 2030 will be 14% higher than in 2010.[84]

The final agreement explicitly mentions coal, which is the single biggest contributor to climate change. Previous COP agreements have not mentioned coal, oil or gas, or even fossil fuels in general, as a driver, or major cause of climate change, making the Glasgow Climate Pact the first ever climate deal to explicitly plan to reduce unabated coal power. The wording in the agreement refers to an intention to "phase down" use of unabated coal power, rather than to phase it out.[85] From this wording it implicitly follows that utilizing coal power with "abation" (net-zero emission), e.g. by neutralizing the resulting carbon dioxide via the CO2-to-stone process, need not be reduced. However, this carbon capture and storage is too expensive for most coal fired power stations.[86]

Over 140 countries pledged to reach net-zero emissions. This includes 90% of global GDP.[87]

Indonesian President Joko Widodo promised to end and reverse deforestation in Indonesia by 2030

More than 100 countries, including Brazil, pledged to reverse deforestation by 2030.[88]

The final text of the Glasgow Climate Pact include a call to: "accelerating efforts towards... phase-out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies".[83] 34 countries with several banks and financial agencies pledged to stop international funding for "unabated fossil fuel energy sector by the end of 2022, except in limited and clearly defined circumstances that are consistent with a 1.5°C warming limit and the goals of the Paris Agreement" and increase financing of more sustainable projects,[89] including Canada—the main provider of such finances, France, Germany, Italy and Spain—the biggest financers in European Union.[90]

More than 40 countries pledged to move away from coal.[91]

The United States and China reached an agreement about cooperation on measures to stop climate change, including lowering methane emissions, phasing out the use of coal, and forest conservation.[92]

39 countries and institutions signed the Glasgow Statement, an international agreement to shift international public finance away from fossil fuels towards clean energy. If implemented properly, the Glasgow Statement will shift $28 billion per year from fossil fuels to clean energy.[89][93]

India promised to draw half of its energy requirement from renewable sources by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2070.[94]

Governments of 24 developed countries and a group of major car manufacturers such as GM, Ford, Volvo, BYD Auto, Jaguar Land Rover, and Mercedes-Benz have committed to "work towards all sales of new cars and vans being zero emission globally by 2040, and by no later than 2035 in leading markets".[95][96] Major car manufacturing nations like China, the US, Japan, Germany, and South Korea, as well as Toyota, Volkswagen, Nissan-Renault-Mitsubishi, Stellantis, Honda, and Hyundai had not signed up to the pledge.[97]

New pledges for financial help for climate change mitigation and adaptation were announced.[98]

Climate Action Tracker on 9 November 2021, described the results as follows: the global temperature will rise by 2.7 °C by the end of the century with current policies. The temperature will rise by 2.4 °C if only the pledges for 2030 are implemented, by 2.1 °C if the long-term targets are also achieved and by 1.8 °C if all the announced targets are fully achieved.[99]

The Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ) announced that financial institutions controlling $130 trillion were now signed up to 'net zero' emissions pledges by 2050.[100]

Negotiations

[edit]

The world leaders' summit was on 1 and 2 November, with each leader giving a national statement.[101]

An important goal of the conference organizers is to keep a 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) temperature rise within reach.[102] According to the BBC, negotiators who may be key to the dealmaking include Xie Zhenhua, Ayman Shasly, Sheikh Hasina and Teresa Ribera.[103]

China said it aims to peak CO2 emissions before 2030 and to become carbon neutral by 2060.[104] It was asked to set a clear earlier date as this would have a very large "positive impact" on the Paris Agreement targets.[105][104][106] Officials later said the 2030 target was something to "strive to" and not something to be ensured.[107]

Deforestation

[edit]
Brazil, home to 60% of the Amazon rainforest, promised to halt and reverse deforestation by 2030.[108] (National Confederation of Industry virtual cast from Brasilia on 3 September 2021)

Leaders of more than 100 countries with around 85% of the world's forests, including Canada, Russia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United States,[109] agreed to end deforestation by 2030, improving on a similar 2014 agreement by now including Brazil,[110] Indonesia,[111] businesses[112] and more financial resources.[113] Signatories of the 2014 agreement, the New York Declaration on Forests, pledged to half deforestation by 2020 and end it by 2030; however, in the 2014–2020 period deforestation increased.[109]

Indonesia's environment minister Siti Nurbaya Bakar stated that "forcing Indonesia to zero deforestation in 2030 is clearly inappropriate and unfair".[114]

Article 6

[edit]

Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, which describes rules for an international carbon market (such as for trees in the deforestation agreement[112]) and other forms of international cooperation, is being discussed as it is the last piece of the rulebook remaining to be finalized.[115] Although the parties have agreed in principle to avoid double counting of emission reduction across more than one country's greenhouse gas inventory, exactly how much double counting will actually occur remains unclear.[115] Carrying forward pre-2020 Kyoto carbon credits will be discussed, but is highly unlikely to be agreed.[116] Therefore, Article 6 rules could make a big difference to future emissions.[116]

Finance

[edit]

Climate finance for adaptation and mitigation was one of the principal topics of negotiation.[117] Poor countries want more money for adaptation, whereas donors prefer to finance mitigation as that has a chance of making a profit.[118] Appointed to the role of Climate Finance Adviser was Mark Carney, former Governor of the Bank of England.[119] The Paris agreement included US$100 billion annually in finance by 2020 for developing countries.[120] However, wealthy countries failed to live up to that promise, with members of the OECD behind in their commitments and unlikely to reach the agreed amount before 2023.[121] A group of large finance companies committed to net zero portfolios and loan books by 2050.[122] Scotland became the first country to contribute to a loss and damage fund.[123]

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen and US President Joe Biden at COP26

Coal

[edit]

South Africa is set to receive $8.5 billion to end its reliance on coal, details are sparse regarding capping mines, exports and local community support for the workers in the industry.[124][125] Countries including Chile, Poland, Ukraine, South Korea, Indonesia and Vietnam also agreed to phase out coal in the 2030s for major economies, and the 2040s for poorer nations.[126] These nations include some of the world's most intensive users of coal.[127] However, they do not include the world's largest users of the fuel, China, India, and the United States of America.[127] Japan is to invest $100 million in the transformation of fossil-fired plants into ones based on ammonia and hydrogen fuel.[128]

Methane

[edit]

The US and many other countries agreed to limit methane emissions.[129] More than 80 countries signed up to a global methane pledge, agreeing to cut emissions by 30% by the end of the decade. The US and European leaders say tackling the potent greenhouse gas is crucial to keeping warming limited to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F).[130] Australia, China, Russia, India and Iran did not sign the deal, but it is hoped more countries will join later.[113]

Russia demanded sanction relief on green investment projects for energy companies such as Gazprom. Russia's climate envoy Ruslan Edelgeriyev accused Western countries of hypocrisy for urging Russia "to reduce methane leakages and yet we have Gazprom under sanctions".[131]

Net-zero targets

[edit]

Many attendees committed to net-zero carbon emissions, with India and Japan making specific commitments at the conference. India, the third-largest emitter of carbon dioxide by jurisdiction, set the latest target date planning to be net-zero by 2070. Japan is to offer up to $10 billion in additional funding to support decarbonization in Asia.[132][133][134] Earlier in October, China—the largest emitter of carbon dioxide by jurisdiction—had committed to net-zero carbon emissions by 2060,[135] and it was believed by the British government that India would issue a similar commitment.[136] However, this was the first time that a date for carbon neutrality had been given as part of India's climate policy.[137] Green hydrogen has emerged as one of the major areas where companies can collaborate to help decarbonize hard to abate industries.[138]

Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida and Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison at COP26

Adaptation

[edit]

Big city mayors concerned about climate—the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group—such as Istanbul Mayor Ekrem İmamoğlu,[139] called for more urban climate adaptation, especially in low-income countries.[140]

Socioeconomic transformation

[edit]

Agriculture

[edit]

45 countries, including the UK, U.S., Japan, Germany, India, Indonesia, Morocco, Vietnam, Philippines, Gabon, Ethiopia, Ghana and Uruguay, pledged to give more than $4 billion for transition to sustainable agriculture. The organization "Slow Food" expressed concern about the effectivity of the spendings, as they concentrate on technological solutions and reforestation in place of "a holistic agroecology that transforms food from a mass-produced commodity into part of a sustainable system that works within natural boundaries".[141]

Transportation

[edit]
Avanti West Coast Class 390 in COP26 Climate livery departs from London Euston.

The conference placed electric vehicles and pledges for vehicle electrification at the centre, including the electric OX truck,[142] while, according to activists, better investment and political will for sustainable transport modes have not been forced through with the focus not being on public transport and cycling.[143]

Fossil fuels

[edit]

A draft text published on 10 November asked governments to accelerate phase-outs and desubsidization of fossil fuels, the largest source of (anthropogenic) global greenhouse gas emissions,[144][145][146] but was opposed by several countries with large fossil fuels based economic sectors.[147][148][149]

Reception

[edit]

Beforehand and at the outset

[edit]

Business leaders and politicians including Jeff Bezos, Prince Charles, Boris Johnson, Joe Biden and Angela Merkel who travelled to Glasgow in private airplanes were accused of hypocrisy by commentators and campaigners. Event planners, however, insisted that the conference would be carbon-neutral.[150] Around 400 private jets arrived at Glasgow for the talks.[151]

In October 2021, the BBC reported that a huge leak of documents revealed that Saudi Arabia, Japan and Australia were among countries asking the UN to play down the need to move rapidly away from fossil fuels. It also showed that some wealthy nations (including Switzerland and Australia) were questioning paying more to poorer states to move to greener technologies. The BBC reported that the lobbying raised questions for the COP26 climate summit.[152] The Australian government has been criticized for hosting a fossil fuel company at the summit, not enhancing its ambitions closer to its capacities, not pledging to reduce methane emissions and not pledging to phase out coal.[153][154][155][156][157]

In an interview shortly before the conference, Greta Thunberg, asked how optimistic she was that the conference could achieve anything, responded "Nothing has changed from previous years really. The leaders will say 'we'll do this and we'll do this, and we will put our forces together and achieve this', and then they will do nothing. Maybe some symbolic things and creative accounting and things that don't really have a big impact. We can have as many COPs as we want, but nothing real will come out of it."[158] Queen Elizabeth II voiced concerns in a private conversation overheard via a hot mic, saying: "It's really irritating when they talk, but they don't do."[58]

COP26 feedback from experts like Edmond Fernandes, Fatemeh Rezaei[159] stated that a public health in all policies approach, built on a singular agenda to strengthen risk reduction initiatives, reduce the disease burden and also equip health systems to handle surge capacities will be critical for sustainability.[160]

Protests

[edit]
Enough blah blah blah sign
A sign at a Fridays for Future protest in Milan, Italy, on 1 October 2021 (basta means 'enough')

By 1 November, at the outset of the conference, the climate change activist Greta Thunberg criticized the summit at a protest in Glasgow with members from the organization Fridays for Future, saying "This COP26 is so far just like the previous COPs and that has led us nowhere. They have led us nowhere."[161][162]

On 5 November, a Fridays for Future protest at which Thunberg spoke gathered thousands of people, largely schoolchildren. Attendees supported more immediate and far-reaching action on climate change. Glasgow City Council and most neighbouring councils stated that students would not be punished if parents informed their schools of the absence.[163] On 6 November—the Global Day of Action for Climate Justice—around 100,000 people joined a march in Glasgow, according to BBC News, with coaches and group cycle rides organized for participants to travel from around the United Kingdom. The protests were the largest in Glasgow since anti-Iraq War marches in 2003. A London march drew 10,000 people according to police and 20,000 according to organizers.[8][164] The Times anticipated that total participants would number over two million.[165] An additional 100 marches took place elsewhere in the country, with a total of 300 protests across 100 countries, according to The Guardian.[164] On 8 November, Fridays for Future activists including Dominika Lasota and Nicole Becker held a protest prior to a speech by former US president Barack Obama, arguing that he had failed to fulfill his promise to provide US$100 billion in climate funding to developing countries. The protestors held banners stating, "Show us the money".[166]

Vanessa Nakate and indigenous activists gave speeches at Glasgow. Issues highlighted by protesters included putting corporate interests at the forefront and politicians' failure to address the climate emergency with the required urgency as well as its underlying causes. Kahnawake Mohawk people, ecology scientists, vegan activists, trade unionists and socialists were present at marches.[8][164]

Event organisation

[edit]
Protesters in Glasgow on 3 October
Protesters in Melbourne, Australia, on 6 November, the Global Day of Action for Climate Justice

One intended participant, the Israeli energy minister Karine Elharrar, was unable to attend on 1 November due to wheelchair accessibility issues.[167][168]

The sustainability of the COP26 menu was criticized by the animal and climate justice group Animal Rebellion, with almost 60% of the menu being meat and dairy based, and dishes labelled as high-carbon being served at food stands.[169] The head of catering at COP26, Lorna Wilson, said that staff had been "working towards" a catering strategy of 95% food from the UK and 5% from abroad. Wilson said the menu was 40% plant-based and 60% vegetarian overall. The event eliminated single-use cups and plastics.[170]

There was concern about the inclusion and influence of large delegations of industries, particularly big polluting companies, and financial organizations involved in the causes of greenhouse gas emissions at the conference.[171][55]

Further criticism

[edit]

Further criticisms[who?] of the results include that it needs not only commitments but also clear directions for mitigation and adaptation and robust mechanisms put in place for the relevant parties to be held accountable to their commitments.[172] CNBC, BBC, Axios and CBS News found that financial firms are not prevented from making private investments in fossil fuels,[173][174] that there is a lack of focus on and transparency of the quality—rather than quantity or amounts—of pledges,[173] that ending deforestation by 2030 is too late,[175] that countries need to publish comprehensive policy-plans on how they will achieve their targets,[174] and that the pledges are not mandatory, with no punishment mechanisms getting established at the conference[176] and apparent content with a "self-regulation" approach for relevant organizations. According to critics, such issues could turn the conference into a "greenwashing" event of empty promises.[173][177][178]

There is a criticism about the lack of people from most affected people and areas.[179] Kaossara Sani became one of the persons who came from this place and sent her criticism by sending her manifesto to Forbes about what happened in Sahel and her criticism to COP26.[180]

Academicians and practitioners on the field have floated several missing links of COP26 particularly the approach to climate change, disasters and public health consequences stemming from the meeting and how the neglect of healthcare will impact the Asia Pacific Region as a whole.[181]

Misinformation

[edit]

According to the Institute for Strategic Dialogue and a network of journalism organizations, the COP meeting became a target for climate misinformation, prominently "narratives of delay".[182]

Results

[edit]

On 9 November, Climate Action Tracker reported that the global human civilization is on track for a 2.7 °C temperature increase in the Earth system by the end of the century with current policies. The temperature will rise by 2.4 °C if the pledges for 2030 will be implemented, by 2.1 °C if the long-term targets will be implemented also and by 1.8 °C if in addition all the targets in discussion will be fully implemented. Current targets for 2030 remain "totally inadequate". Coal and natural gas consumption are the main cause for the gap between pledges and policies. They assessed pledges by 40 countries that account for 85% of pledged net-zero emissions cuts and found that only polities responsible for 6% of global greenhouse gas emissions—EU, UK, Chile and Costa Rica—have pledged a set of targets that they rated to be "acceptable" for comprehensiveness and for having a published detailed official policy‑plan that describes the steps and ways by which these targets could be realized.[99][183][184][185]

On 10 November, it was reported that the United States and China agreed on a framework to reduce carbon emissions by cooperating on measures to lower the use of methane, phase out the use of coal and increased protection of forests.[92]

On 11 November, the Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDC), a group of 22 countries including China and India, asked for the commitment to mitigation to be entirely removed from the draft text, as they apparently argue that developing countries should not be held to the same deadlines as wealthier nations.[186] The request was criticized as illogical and self-defeating as it would end up harming people in developing countries the most[186] and an article in the Daily Beast described the request as an attempt by China to sabotage the draft commitment.[187] China was responsible for around 27% of the world's current GHG emissions in 2019.[188][189][190]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "UK to host 2020 UN climate summit, COP26". The Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  2. ^ a b "New dates agreed for COP26 United Nations Climate Change Conference" (Press release). UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy; Alok Sharma. 28 May 2020. Archived from the original on 31 May 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  3. ^ a b Dennis, Brady; Mooney, Chris (1 April 2020). "Amid pandemic, U.N. cancels global climate conference". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  4. ^ Fedson, Nick (21 August 2019). "The Importance of COP26". The Energy Compass. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  5. ^ "Cop26 ends in climate agreement despite India watering down coal resolution". The Guardian. 13 November 2021. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  6. ^ Hook, Leslie; Hodgson, Camilla; Pickard, Jim (13 November 2021). "India and China weaken pledge to phase out coal as COP26 ends". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  7. ^ Shasi, Anula (13 November 2021). "COP26 keeps 1.5C alive and finalises Paris Agreement". ukcop26.org. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  8. ^ a b c "COP26: Thousands march for Glasgow's biggest protest". BBC News. 6 November 2021. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  9. ^ Harvey, Fiona (15 November 2021). "Climate leaders call for pressure on stubborn nations before Cop27". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  10. ^ Shukman, David (31 January 2020). "Climate change: UK sacks its UN conference president". BBC News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  11. ^ Merrick, Jane (February 2020). "Climate change summit chief sacked by PM ahead of Cabinet reshuffle". i. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  12. ^ Harvey, Fiona (7 February 2020). "UK unprepared for COP 26 conference, warn climate leaders". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  13. ^ Harvey, Fiona (13 February 2020). "Alok Sharma appointed chair of COP26 climate conference in reshuffle". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  14. ^ Harrabin, Roger (8 January 2021). "COP26: Alok Sharma leaves business job to focus on climate role". BBC News. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  15. ^ "Nigel Topping appointed UK High Level Climate Action Champion". UN Climate Change Conference (COP26). 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  16. ^ Topping, Nigel (18 December 2019). "Getting ready for the decade of delivery". We Mean Business Coalition. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  17. ^ "Towards COP26: Pre-COP and Youth Event: "Youth4Climate: Driving Ambition"". Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare [Ministry of the Environment and the Protection of the Territory and the Sea]. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  18. ^ "UN Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC COP 26)". SDG Knowledge Hub. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  19. ^ "Construction of NHS Louisa Jordan complete" (Press release). Scottish Government. 19 April 2020. Archived from the original on 12 October 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  20. ^ a b Espinosa C., Patricia [@PEspinosaC] (1 April 2020). "The Bureau decided to also postpone #COP26 , in a date to be set after the #COP26 presidency consults with all Parties. The Bureau assessed that in light of the ongoing, worldwide effects of #COVIDー19, holding an ambitious, inclusive COP26 in November 2020 is no possible" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2020 – via Twitter.
  21. ^ Murray, James S (29 May 2020). "COP26: Delayed Glasgow Climate Summit confirmed for November 2021". businessgreen.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  22. ^ Gustin, Georgina (1 April 2020). "COP's Postponement Until 2021 Gives World Leaders Time to Respond to U.S. Election". InsideClimate News. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  23. ^ Farand, Chloé; Doyle, Alister (1 April 2020). "Cop26 climate talks postponed to 2021 amid coronavirus pandemic". Climate Home News. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  24. ^ Viser, Matt; Kim, Seung Min; Linskey, Annie (8 November 2020). "Biden plans immediate flurry of executive orders to reverse Trump policies". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  25. ^ "Biden returns US to Paris climate accord hours after becoming president". The Guardian. 20 January 2021. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  26. ^ "Biden apologizes for Trump's pulling the U.S. out of Paris climate accord". au.news.yahoo.com. November 2021. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  27. ^ Frost, Rosie (20 August 2020). "COP26 may refuse sponsorship from big polluters". Euronews. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  28. ^ "First sponsors for COP26 announced with one year to go until the climate summit" (Press release). UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy; Alok Sharma. 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  29. ^ "Glasgow to plant 18m trees as city readies for Cop26 climate summit". The Guardian. 1 June 2021. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  30. ^ "Cop26 will be 'rich nations stitch-up' if poorer countries kept away by Covid". The Guardian. 7 September 2021. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  31. ^ "COP26: Fresh concerns that unequal vaccine access may jeopardise key UN climate talks". Sky News. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  32. ^ "Cop26 will be whitest and most privileged ever, warn campaigners". The Guardian. 30 October 2021. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  33. ^ "COP26: Covid travel rules relaxed for overseas delegates". BBC News. 9 August 2021. Archived from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  34. ^ "'Thin' Pacific island teams at COP26 spark fears of inequity". Associated Press. 28 October 2021. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  35. ^ "COP26: What do the poorest countries want from climate summit?". BBC News. 1 November 2021. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  36. ^ "What are the Covid rules at Cop26 and why did maskless PM sit next to Attenborough?". The Independent. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  37. ^ Paul English, Christina O'Neill (4 June 2021). "Historic clock in Glasgow to become daily reminder of climate crisis". GlasgowLive. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  38. ^ "COP26: Climate summit venue becomes UN territory". BBC News. 29 October 2021. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  39. ^ "COP26 and southern Scotland receive cleanest power in the U.K. -- ANS / Nuclear Newswire". ans.org. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  40. ^ O'Meara, Pat [@PatOMearaSAS] (9 November 2021). "While at #COP26 the @scotgovhealth Health Secretary Humza Yousaf and the National Clinical Director Jason Leitch called in to see our staff supporting our response to the conference" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022 – via Twitter.
  41. ^ Scot Gov Health [@scotgovhealth] (10 November 2021). "Health Secretary Humza Yousaf met with ambulance staff and doctors who have been providing support at #COP26. He visited the medical centre in the Blue Zone to thank them for their work to keep everyone safe at #COP26, and during the #coronavirus pandemic" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022 – via Twitter.
  42. ^ Harvey, Fiona (11 October 2021). "What is Cop26 and why does it matter? The complete guide". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  43. ^ "COP26: What is the Glasgow climate conference and why is it important?". BBC News. 25 October 2021. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  44. ^ "COP26: Boris Johnson addresses world leaders at Glasgow summit". BBC News. 1 November 2021. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  45. ^ Tanaka, Miya. "Japan PM Kishida pledges $10 bil. to aid Asia's zero emission path". Kyodo News. Edinburgh, Scotland. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  46. ^ Adyatama, Egi (1 November 2021). Bhwana, Petir Garda (ed.). "President Jokowi Arrives in Glasgow for COP26 Climate Summit". Tempo. Translated by Nugraha, Ricky Mohammad. Jakarta. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  47. ^ "COP26: Obama tells young people to stay angry on climate fight". BBC News. 8 November 2021. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  48. ^ Sengupta, Somini (8 November 2021). "Obama, in Climate Speech Focused on Youth, Has Words for Republicans, Too". The New York Times. Glasgow. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  49. ^ Victor, Daniel (1 November 2021). "David Attenborough urges summit participants to help 'rewrite our story.'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  50. ^ Murphy, Katharine (1 November 2021). "Scott Morrison tells Cop26 Australia will exceed 2030 target in bid to fend off criticism". The Guardian. Glasgow. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  51. ^ "Andrej Babiš: It is absolutely crucial for individual states to choose their own energy mix to achieve carbon neutrality". Government of the Czech Republic. 1 November 2021. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  52. ^ "COP26: Charles to say 'war-like footing' needed". BBC News. 1 November 2021. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  53. ^ "COP26: Act now for our children, Queen urges climate summit". BBC News. 1 November 2021. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  54. ^ Feinberg, Andrew (3 November 2021). "Bill Gates calls for 'Green industrial revolution' to beat climate crisis". The Independent. Washington, DC. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  55. ^ a b "COP26: Fossil fuel industry has largest delegation at climate summit". BBC News. 8 November 2021. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  56. ^ "China's revised climate pledge 'casts shadow' over Glasgow summit". Al Jazeera. 29 October 2021. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  57. ^ "REFILE-China says Xi was given no option for video address to COP26". ca.finance.yahoo.com. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  58. ^ a b Faulconbridge, Guy (15 October 2021). "China's Xi will not attend COP26 in person, UK PM Johnson told". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  59. ^ Edward, Debi (1 November 2021). "Is COP26 doomed to fail without China's Xi Jinping?". ITV News. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  60. ^ "China's Energy Crisis Complicates Its Plans for Climate Announcements Ahead of COP26". The Wall Street Journal. 26 October 2021. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  61. ^ "China and India cast pall over climate ambitions ahead of COP26". Financial Times. 28 October 2021. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  62. ^ a b "Factbox: COP26 in Glasgow: Who is going and who is not?". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  63. ^ "Which world leaders are attending COP26 and who has snubbed Glasgow climate conference?". Daily Record. 27 October 2021. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  64. ^ "Vatican statement signals pope won't attend COP26 climate conference". Reuters. 8 October 2021. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  65. ^ "Move to address climate change". The Star. Archived from the original on 12 October 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  66. ^ McKeever, Vicky (13 October 2021). "Putin says he may not attend climate summit COP26 over Covid fears". CNBC. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  67. ^ "COP26: Calls to ban Iran's President Ebrahim Raisi from Scotland". The Herald. 13 October 2021. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  68. ^ "Iranian exiles file rights abuse claim in UK against Raisi". france 24. 13 October 2021. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  69. ^ "Saudi Arabia's climate plan relies on more oil". E&E News. 8 November 2021. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  70. ^ "Brazil brings big green plans to COP26. But its track record is dismal". CNN. 1 November 2021. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  71. ^ "COP26: President Bolsonaro's no-show is no embarrassment, says Brazil's lead negotiator". Sky News. 9 November 2021. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  72. ^ "Biden Rebukes Russia, China Leaders After Apologizing for American Inaction". US News. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  73. ^ "COP26: Biden attacks China and Russia leaders for missing summit". BBC. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  74. ^ "Obama faults Russia, China for 'lack of urgency' on climate". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  75. ^ "No one from Afghanistan, Myanmar will address world leaders at United Nations". France 24. 27 September 2021. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  76. ^ "Myanmar's junta blocked from attending global climate summit". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  77. ^ "Afghans have Cop26 delegate applications rejected days before event". The Guardian. 30 October 2021. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  78. ^ "Analysis: Which countries have sent the most delegates to COP26?". Carbon Brief. 3 November 2021. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  79. ^ "The Paris Agreement". unfccc.int. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  80. ^ Bashir, Nada (2 October 2021). "John Kerry says emissions cuts are 'do-able' as ministers wrap last meeting ahead of COP26". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  81. ^ "Global Stocktake". unfccc.int. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  82. ^ Dewan, Angela. "COP26 climate agreement reached in Glasgow with unprecedented reference to fossil fuels". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  83. ^ a b Glasgow Climate Pact (PDF). Glasgow: The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  84. ^ Masood, Ehsan; Tollefson, Jeff (14 November 2021). "'COP26 hasn't solved the problem': scientists react to UN climate deal". Nature. 599 (7885): 355–356. Bibcode:2021Natur.599..355M. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03431-4. PMID 34782787. S2CID 244132496.
  85. ^ Shalima, Halim (13 November 2021). "COP26: New global climate deal struck in Glasgow". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  86. ^ "Is carbon capture too expensive? – Analysis". IEA. 17 February 2021. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  87. ^ "New Glasgow Climate Pact offers some 'breakthroughs' but also 'deep disappointment'". France 24. 14 November 2021. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  88. ^ "COP26: World leaders promise to end deforestation by 2030". BBC News. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  89. ^ a b "Statement on international public support for the clean energy transition". UN climate change conference UK 2021. United Nations Climate Change, UK government. 4 November 2021. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  90. ^ Wilkinson, Daniel (16 November 2021). "COP26 Is Over – What's Next for Forests, Coal, and Fossil Fuel Finance?". Humans Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  91. ^ Plumer, Brad; Friedman, Lisa (4 November 2021). "Over 40 Countries Pledge at U.N. Climate Summit to End Use of Coal Power". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  92. ^ a b "U.S. and China unveil deal to ramp up cooperation on climate change". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  93. ^ "Report: Countries could shift almost USD 28 billion/year from fossil fuels to jump-start the energy transition—if they follow through on their pledges". International Institute for Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  94. ^ "India pledges net-zero emissions by 2070 — but also wants to expand coal mining". NPR. 3 November 2021. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  95. ^ "COP26: Deal to end car emissions by 2040 idles as motor giants refuse to sign". Financial Times. 8 November 2021. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  96. ^ "COP26: Every carmaker that pledged to stop selling fossil-fuel vehicles by 2040". CarExpert. 11 November 2021. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  97. ^ "COP26: Germany fails to sign up to 2040 combustion engine phaseout". Deutsche Welle. 10 November 2021. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  98. ^ Rannard, Georgina (10 November 2021). "COP26: World headed for 2.4C warming despite climate summit - report". BBC. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  99. ^ a b "Glasgow's 2030 credibility gap: net zero's lip service to climate action". climateactiontracker.org. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  100. ^ "As the dust settles on COP26, what did it deliver for the world's forests?". Global Witness. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  101. ^ "The World Leaders Summit at COP 26". unfccc.int. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  102. ^ "COP26 Goals". UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) at the SEC – Glasgow 2021. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  103. ^ "Climate change: Five dealmakers who will influence the outcome at COP26". BBC News. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  104. ^ a b "China's new climate plan falls short of Cop26 global heating goal, experts say". The Guardian. 28 October 2021. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  105. ^ Friedman, Lisa (10 November 2021). "What Happened at COP26 on Wednesday: China and U.S. Say They'll 'Enhance' Climate Ambition". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  106. ^ Abnett, Kate (26 October 2021). "EU, China climate chiefs to meet face-to-face ahead of COP26 talks". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  107. ^ "Caution on carbon as 'China realises key role of coal'". 13 December 2021. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  108. ^ "COP26 deforestation: Brazil backtracks on forests pledge before conference is even over". i. 10 November 2021. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  109. ^ a b "COP26: World leaders promise to end deforestation by 2030". BBC News. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  110. ^ "COP26: Don't Be Fooled by Bolsonaro's Pledges". Human Rights Watch. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  111. ^ "Hot air: Scepticism over Indonesia's COP26 deforestation pledges". Al Jazeera. 9 November 2021. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  112. ^ a b "The world should prove its love for forests by putting carbon prices on them". The Economist. 2 November 2021. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  113. ^ a b "COP26 climate change summit: So far, so good-ish". BBC News. 3 November 2021. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  114. ^ "Indonesia walks back zero-deforestation pledge at COP26". France 24. 4 November 2021. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  115. ^ a b Kizzier, Kelley; Levin, Kelly; Rambharos, Mandy (2 December 2019). "What You Need to Know About Article 6 of the Paris Agreement". Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  116. ^ a b Yadav, Kanchan (6 August 2021). "Resolution to Article 6 of Paris accord high on market's list before COP26". spglobal.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  117. ^ "Briefing for ministerial discussions on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement". Carbon Market Watch. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  118. ^ "COP26: Time to sober up". BBC News. 7 November 2021. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  119. ^ "Mark Carney to drive finance action for UK climate talks". gov.uk. 16 January 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  120. ^ "NDCs, climate finance and 1.5C: your Cop26 jargon buster". The Guardian. 11 October 2021. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  121. ^ "COP26: What do the poorest countries want from climate summit?". BBC News. 3 November 2021. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  122. ^ "What is happening at COP26?". The Economist. 3 November 2021. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  123. ^ "COP26: UK pledges £290m to help poorer countries cope with climate change". BBC News. 8 November 2021. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  124. ^ "COP26: South Africa hails deal to end reliance on coal". BBC News. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  125. ^ "COP26 latest: Europe to invest €1bn in clean technologies such as green hydrogen". Financial Times. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  126. ^ "COP26: 190 nations and organisations pledge to quit coal". BBC News. 4 November 2021. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  127. ^ a b Vetter, David. "'The End Of Coal': COP26 Forges New Global Agreement To Retire Dirtiest Fossil Fuel". Forbes. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  128. ^ "COP26: Japan to invest $100 mil to convert fossil-fired plants to ammonia, hydrogen based". S&P Global. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  129. ^ "Biden to unveil pledge to slash global methane emissions by 30%". The Guardian. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  130. ^ "COP26: US and EU announce 'game-changing' methane plan". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  131. ^ "Russia to Lobby for Sanctions Relief on Climate Projects at COP26 – Bloomberg". The Moscow Times. 22 October 2021. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  132. ^ "COP26: India and Japan pledge carbon neutrality, China's top leader Xi stays home". Deutsche Welle. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  133. ^ Vittozzi, Katerina (1 November 2021). "COP26: India has given a distant net-zero target and is now asking the world for cash". Sky News. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  134. ^ "COP26: India PM Narendra Modi pledges net zero by 2070". BBC News. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  135. ^ "Climate change: China unlikely to move its net zero carbon emissions target by COP26, UN climate chief says". Sky News. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  136. ^ Webster, Ben; Burgess, Kaya; Philp, Catherine (1 November 2020). "Cop26: India puts off net zero to 2070 and deals blow to climate hopes". The Times. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  137. ^ Vaughan, Adam (2 November 2021). "COP26: Why India's 2070 net zero pledge is better news than it sounds". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  138. ^ "COP26: Key developments related to the hydrogen market". H2Bulletin. 5 November 2021. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  139. ^ Lepeska, David (8 November 2021). "There's still time for Turkey to improve its spotty climate record". The National. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  140. ^ "Cop26: mayors release action agenda to accelerate global response". Smart Cities World. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  141. ^ Rosane, Olivia (8 November 2021). "45 Countries Pledge Over $4 Billion to Support Sustainable Agriculture, But Is It Enough?". Ecowatch. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  142. ^ "Ox BEV displayed at COP26 climate conference". New Power Progress. 10 November 2021. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  143. ^ "'What if we just gave up cars?': Cop26 leaders urged to dream big". The Guardian. 10 November 2021. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  144. ^ "Greenhouse gases' effect on climate - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". eia.gov. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  145. ^ "Climate Change Information Sheet 22". unfccc.int. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  146. ^ "Climate Change: Causation Archives". EarthCharts. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021. In 2015 global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were about 47 GtCO2e, or 50GtCO2e including emissions from Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF). The majority of emissions (75% of total emissions) consist of CO2, and most of these are generated by burning of fuels (62% of total emissions).
  147. ^ Kottasová, Ivana; Cassidy, Amy. "Young people call for fossil fuel non-proliferation treaty as delegates spar over coal, oil and gas". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  148. ^ Kottasová, Ivana; Dewan, Angela; Regan, Helen. "New draft of COP26 agreement includes unprecedented but weakened reference to fossil fuels". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  149. ^ Abnett, Kate; Piper, Elizabeth; Jessop, Simon (12 November 2021). "COP26 draft deal treads fine line to spur climate action". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  150. ^ Beals, Rachel (2 November 2021). "Climate hotshots in hot seat over private jets and other habits expanding carbon footprint at COP26". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  151. ^ "'Eco-hypocrite': Leaders, businessmen arrive in fuel-guzzling private jets at COP26". WION. November 2021. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  152. ^ "COP26: Document leak reveals nations lobbying to change key climate report". BBC News. 23 October 2021. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  153. ^ Morton, Adam (5 November 2021). "Australian government refuses to join 40 nations phasing out coal, saying it won't 'wipe out industries'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  154. ^ Funnell, Dominica (4 November 2021). "Australia dodges pledge to phase out coal by 2030s". SkyNews. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  155. ^ Crellin, Zac (3 November 2022). "Inside Australia's COP26 'propaganda' pavilion, which went viral for touting fossil fuel companies". The New Daily. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  156. ^ Morton, Adam (2 November 2021). "Australia puts fossil fuel company front and centre at Cop26". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  157. ^ Johnson, Paul (4 November 2021). "Coalition member hits out at PM over Macron, climate change on Q+A". ABC News. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  158. ^ Hattenstone, Simon (25 September 2021). "Interview: The transformation of Greta Thunberg". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  159. ^ "Fatemeh Rezaei". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  160. ^ Fernandes, Edmond; Rezaei, Fatemeh (20 December 2021). "Climate Actions, COP 26 and Implications on Public Health for Asia Pacific Region". Epidemiology International. 6 (4): 1–2. ISSN 2455-7048.
  161. ^ Lukpat, Alyssa; Santora, Marc (1 November 2021). "Greta Thunberg joins a protest in Glasgow". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  162. ^ "COP26: Thunberg tells Glasgow protest politicians are pretending". BBC News. 1 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  163. ^ "COP26: Greta Thunberg tells protest that COP26 has been a 'failure'". BBC News. 5 November 2021. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  164. ^ a b c Brooks, Libby; Lakhani, Nina; Watts, Jonathan; Taylor, Matthew; Strzyżyńska, Weronika (6 November 2021). "'The time for change is now': demonstrators around the world demand action on climate crisis". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  165. ^ Horne, Marc (26 October 2021). "Extinction Rebellion, demos and disruption — Cop26 security challenges". The Times. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  166. ^ Collins, Katie (8 November 2021). "'Show us the money!' Young activists react to Barack Obama at COP26". CNET. Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  167. ^ "Disabled Israeli minister left out of inaccessible climate conference". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  168. ^ "COP26: Boris Johnson apologises to minister over wheelchair access". BBC News. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  169. ^ "The COP26 menu is 'like serving cigarettes at a lung cancer conference'". The Big Issue. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  170. ^ "How green was the COP26 climate summit?". BBC News. 13 November 2021. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  171. ^ "COP26: Lobbying threat to global climate action". Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com). 5 November 2021. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  172. ^ Specia, Megan; Castle, Stephen (5 November 2021). "Young Activists Want Action as Protesters Rally at COP26". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  173. ^ a b c Meredith, Sam (3 November 2021). "Flagship finance pledges at COP26 criticized for 'missing the point' on fossil fuels". CNBC. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  174. ^ a b "Climate change: What do scientists want from COP26 this week?". BBC News. 9 November 2021. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  175. ^ "COP26 pledge will see nations commit to ending deforestation by 2030". CBS News. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  176. ^ Garfinkel, Noah (4 November 2021). "The major climate pledges made at COP26 so far". Axios. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  177. ^ "'COP26 is a failure': Thunberg leads youth from around the globe in Glasgow protests". ABC News. 5 November 2021. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  178. ^ Nguyen, Le Dong Hai. "California's carbon-offset disaster reveals why COP26 was a big disappointment". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  179. ^ de Ferrer, Marthe (1 November 2021). "The missing voices of the most affected: Who isn't at COP26?". euronews. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  180. ^ Vetter, David (2 November 2021). "'Oppose This Climate Slavery': A Manifesto To COP26 From A West African Climate Activist". Forbes. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  181. ^ "Climate Actions, COP 26 and Implications on Public Health for Asia Pacific Region". scholar.google.com. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  182. ^ King, Jennie. "Deny, Deceive, Delay: Documenting and Responding to Climate Disinformation at COP26 and Beyond". ISD. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  183. ^ Stockwell, Claire; Geiges, Andreas; Ramalope, Deborah; Gidden, Matthew; Hare, Bill; de Villafranca Casas, Maria José; Moisio, Mia; Hans, Frederic; Mooldijk, Silke; Höhne, Niklas; Fekete, Hanna (9 November 2021). Glasgow's one degree 2030 credibility gap: net zero's lip service to climate action (PDF). Berlin, Germany and Cologne, Germany: Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021. Open access icon
  184. ^ Harvey, Fiona (9 November 2021). "Cop26: world on track for disastrous heating of more than 2.4C, says key report". The Guardian. London, United Kingdom. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  185. ^ Hare, Bill; Höhne, Niklas (9 November 2021). "Cop26 is creating false hope for a 1.5C rise — the stark reality is very different". The Guardian. London, United Kingdom. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  186. ^ a b Dewan, Angela (11 November 2021). "China and India among 22 nations calling for key section on emissions be ditched from COP26 agreement". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  187. ^ Ross, Jamie. "China Is Sabotaging Big Climate Pledge at COP26 Conference, Says Report". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  188. ^ "CO2 Emissions: All Countries - 2015–2020 - Climate TRACE". climatetrace.org – all countries. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  189. ^ Schonhardt, Sara. "China's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Exceed Those of All Other Developed Countries Combined". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  190. ^ "China's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Exceeded the Developed World for the First Time in 2019". Rhodium Group. Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2021_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference&oldid=1249538672"