Cape gauge
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Cape gauge is a track gauge of 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) between the inside of the rail heads and is classified as narrow gauge. It has installations of around 112,000 kilometres (70,000 mi).
The gauge 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) was first used by Norwegian engineer Carl Abraham Pihl and the first line was opened in 1862.
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[edit] Nomenclature
Cape gauge is named after the Cape Colony in what is now South Africa, which adopted this gauge in 1873.[1][2] Starting in 1873, the Cape Government Railways oversaw a rapid expansion of its railway network and, as its lines began to penetrate neighbouring states, the Cape gauge went on to become the standard for the southern African region.[3] [4]
It is sometimes alternatively known as CAP gauge, after C.A.Pihl.[5]
In Australia 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) is called Narrow Gauge and Cape Gauge is unheard of.[citation needed]
[edit] Worldwide usage
[edit] Installations by country
Worldwide, 112,000 km (70,000 mi) of track use Cape gauge:
- Africa
- (Lines in Southern Africa mostlylink up)
- Angola - some converted from 610 mm (2 ft) and 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in).
- Botswana
- DR Congo some converted from 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) and 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in).
- Malawi
- Mozambique
- Namibia converted from 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in).
- Nigeria
- Sierra Leone
- South Africa
- South Sudan
- Sudan
- Tanzania, from Dar es Salaam to Zambia (Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority)
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
- Americas
- Ecuador
- United States
- Trackage in most coal mines[6]
- San Francisco cable car system
- Asia
- Indonesia 5,961 km (3,704 mi)[7]
- Japan 20,182 km (12,541 mi)[8]
- Russia - Sakhalin Island - as of 2010[update] in the process of conversion to 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 5⁄6 in) (Russian gauge)
- Taiwan 1,097 km (682 mi) (Taiwan Railway Administration)
- Philippines - 1,140 km (710 mi) ( Philippine National Railways)
- Oceania
- Australia 15,160 km (9,420 mi)
- Queensland 8,313 km (5,165 mi)
- South Australia the isolated Port Lincoln network and The Pichi Richi
- Tasmania 632 km (393 mi)
- Western Australia
- New Zealand 3,900 km (2,400 mi)
- Australia 15,160 km (9,420 mi)
- Europe
- Estonia
- Tallinn tram 38 km (24 mi)
- Estonia
- Isle of Man
[edit] Former installations
- Australia
- Norway
- Several main lines were built in the 19th century by the Norwegian engineer Carl Abraham Pihl with 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in), and were later rebuilt to standard gauge.
- Eastern Canada
- New Brunswick Railway — standard gauged in the 1880s.
- Newfoundland Railway — abandoned in 1988 and operated as a narrow gauge line until the very end.
- Prince Edward Island Railway — standard gauged in the 1920s following a car ferry connection with the mainland North America system before being abandoned in 1989.
- China
- South Manchuria Railway — originally built to 5 ft (1,524 mm) Russian gauge as part of the Chinese Eastern Railway, it was converted by advancing Japanese troops during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 to use Japanese 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge rolling stock, and then re-gauged to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge after the war by the new South Manchuria Railway Company.[9]
- Panama
- Panamá Province
- Panama Tramways Company (1913–1917) and the Panama Electric Company (1917–1941).[10]
- Panamá Province
- Japan
- Ōu Main Line
- Tazawako Line
- Kintetsu Nagoya Line, Suzuka Line, Shima Line,and Tawaramoto Line
- Tenjin Ōmuta Line and Kaizuka Line
- Shin-Keisei Line
- Keiō Line – Re-gauged to 1372 mm (4 ft 6 in, same as streetcar in Tokyo) in 1927.
- Sweden
- Most of the lines in and into Blekinge were built using Cape gauge. They have all been closed or regauged since then.
- United States
- California
- Oregon
- Portland – all urban streetcar lines until 1950 (abandonment of the last lines of the old system), but not interurban lines
[edit] Table listing
| Country/region | Notes |
|---|---|
| Angola | Transport in Angola, Benguela railway |
| Australia | Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, Tasmania |
| Botswana | |
| Canada | western New Brunswick until 1880s, all of the Newfoundland Railway until abandonment in September 1988 and the Prince Edward Island Railway until 1930, standard gauge until abandonment in December 1989, see Narrow gauge railways in Canada |
| Republic of the Congo | |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | |
| Costa Rica | Rail transport in Costa Rica |
| Ecuador | |
| Estonia | Tramway/ streetcar in Tallinn |
| Ghana | |
| Haiti | One of two track gauges known to be used in Haiti. |
| Honduras | |
| Hong Kong | Hong Kong Tramways |
| Indonesia | |
| Japan | Most common JR lines. First rail gauge used. |
| Malawi | |
| Mozambique | |
| Namibia | |
| New Zealand | New Zealand Railways Corporation - standardised at 1067 mm by Julius Vogel in 1870 |
| Nicaragua | now lifted |
| Nigeria | |
| Norway | The 1,067 mm gauge was first used by C A Pihl on a the Røros Line in 1861. The nickname CAP-gauge is from his initials and not from the use of the gauge in the Cape Province in South Africa. Some lines built in the 19th century to 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) were later rebuilt to normal gauge. The Setesdal Line, a heritage railway line of about eight km remains at 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in). |
| Philippines | Philippine National Railways |
| Russia | Sakhalin Island |
| South Africa | About 20500 route-km officially-defined as 1065 mm gauge[11] [12]. Except for Gautrain which is 1435 mm gauge and two limited 610 mm narrow gauge systems. |
| Sudan | |
| Swaziland | |
| Sweden | Several during the 19th century, all but one are now closed. The only one still operating is Roslagsbanan. |
| Taiwan | Taiwan Railway Administration system |
| Tanzania | TAZARA only |
| United States | Former Los Angeles Railway, the former San Diego Electric Railway (until gauge conversion to standard gauge in 1898), former Portland, Oregon urban streetcar lines (until closure in 1950), Tacoma Washington, Denver Colorado, and the San Francisco cable car system. Commonly used in underground coal mines.[13] |
| Zambia | |
| Zimbabwe | National Railways of Zimbabwe |
[edit] See also
- Carl Abraham Pihl gauge controversy
- Medium gauge railways, by gauge and country
- Cape Government Railways
[edit] References
- ^ Ransom, P.J.G. (1996). Narrow Gauge Steam. Oxford Publishing Co.. p. 107. ISBN 0860935337.
- ^ Griffiths, Ieuan Ll; Rowland, Susan (1994). The Atlas of African Affairs. Routledge. p. 168. ISBN 0415054885.
- ^ Burman, Jose (1984), Early Railways at the Cape, Cape Town: Human & Rousseau, ISBN 0 7981 1760 5
- ^ Davenport, D.E. A Railway Sketch of South Africa. 1882. Cape Town.
- ^ Bergh, Trond (2001). "Backwardness for ever: Norwegian railway engineers and the narrow gauge, light railway system". EBHA Conference 2001: Business and Knowledge A1: Knowledge as platform for strategy: page 15.
- ^ Stoek, H. H.; Fleming, J. R.; Hoskin, A. J. (July 1922). A Study of Coal Mine Haulage in Illinois. 132. University of Illinois. pp. 102–103. http://www.archive.org/stream/studyofcoalmineh00stoerich/studyofcoalmineh00stoerich_djvu.txt. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
- ^ "CIA World Factbook, Indonesia". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html.
- ^ "CIA World Factbook, Japan". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html.
- ^ Railway and Locomotive Engineering, vol. 26 (1913), pp. 91-92
- ^ Morrison, Allen (1 February 2008). "The Tramways of Colombia / Panama". http://www.tramz.com/co/pa/pa.html. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
- ^ Spoornet (Transnet's predecessor), Manual for Track Maintenance, July 2000, http://www.spoornet.co.za/SpoornetWebContentSAP/documents/track_maintenance.pdf
- ^ Transnet Annual Report 2010, Operational Review, http://www.overendstudio.co.za/online_reports/transnet_ar2011/op_freight.php
- ^ H. H. Stoek, J. R. Fleming, A. J. Hoskin, A Study of Coal Mine Haulage in Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 132, University of Illinois, July 1922, pages 102-103.
[edit] External links
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