Caroline Norton

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Caroline Norton, detail of a portrait by Frank Stone, circa 1845

Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Norton (22 March 1808 – 15 June 1877) was a famous British society beauty, feminist, social reformer, and author of the early and mid nineteenth century.[1]

Contents

[edit] Youth and Marriage

Caroline was born in London, England to Thomas Sheridan and Caroline Henrietta Callander.[2] Her father was an actor, soldier, and colonial administrator, and the son of the prominent Irish playwright and Whig statesman Richard Brinsley Sheridan.[3][4] Her mother was Scottish, the daughter of a landed gentleman, James Callender of Craigforth and Lady Elizabeth MacDonnell, the sister of an Irish peer, Lord Antrim.[5] Mrs. Sheridan authored three short novels described by one her daughter's biographers as "rather stiff with the style of the eigthteenth century, but none without a certain charm and wit..."[6]

In 1817, her father died in South Africa, where he was serving as the colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope.[7] His family was left virtually penniless.[8] The Duke of York, an old friend of her grandfather's, arranged for Caroline's family to live at Hampton Court Palace in a "grace and favour" apartment, where they remained for several years.[9]

The Sheridan sisters' combined beauty and accomplishments led to them being collectively called the Three "Graces".[10] Her older sister, Helen, was a song-writer who married the 4th Baron Dufferin and Claneboye. Through her, Caroline became the aunt of the 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava, who later served as the third Governor General of Canada and eighth Viceroy of India. Her younger sister, Georgiana, considered the prettiest of the three, later became the Duchess of Somerset.

In 1827, Caroline married the Hon. George Chapple Norton, barrister, M.P. for Guildford, and the younger brother of Lord Grantley.[11][12] Norton was a jealous and possessive husband, given to violent fits of drunkenness, and the union quickly proved unhappy due to his mental and physical abuse of Caroline.[13][14][15][16] To make matters worse, Norton was unsuccessful in his chosen career as a barrister, and the couple fought bitterly over money.[17]

During the early years of her marriage, Caroline used her beauty, wit, and political connections, to establish herself as a major society hostess.[18][19][20] Caroline's unorthodox behavior and candid conversation raised more than a few eyebrows among 19th century British high-society; she made enemies and admirers in almost equal measure.[21] Among her friends she counted such literary and political luminaries as Samuel Rogers, Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Edward Trelawney, Mary Shelley, Fanny Kemble, Benjamin Disraeli, the future King Leopold I of Belgium and William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire.[22][23][24]

In spite of his jealousy and pride, Norton encouraged his wife to use her connections to advance his career.[25] It was entirely due to her influence that in 1831 he was made a Metropolitan Police Magistrate.[26]

During these years, Caroline turned to prose and poetry as a means of releasing her inner emotions. Her first book, The Sorrows of Rosalie (1829), was well received.[27][28] The Undying One (1830), a romance founded upon the legend of the Wandering Jew soon followed.[29]

[edit] Separation and Melbourne Scandal

In 1836, Caroline left her husband.[30][31] Caroline managed to subsist on her earnings as an author, but Norton claimed these as his own, arguing successfully in court that, as her husband, Caroline's earnings were legally his.[32][33] Paid nothing by her husband, her earnings confiscated, Caroline used the law to her own advantage.[34] Running up bills in her husband's name, Caroline told the creditors when they came to collect, that if they wished to be paid, they could sue her husband.[35]

Not long after their separation, Norton abducted their sons, hiding them with relatives in Scotland and later in Yorkshire, refusing to tell Caroline anything of their whereabouts.[36][37][38][39] Norton accused Caroline of being involved in an ongoing affair with her close friend, Lord Melbourne, the then Whig Prime Minister.[40][41] Initially, Norton demanded £10,000 from Melbourne, but Melbourne refused to be blackmailed, and Norton instead took the Prime Minister to court.[42][43]

Lord Melbourne wrote in a letter to Lord Holland that, "The fact is he (Norton) is a stupid brute, and she had not temper nor dissimulation enough to enable her to manage him."[44] Despite this admission, hoping to avert an even worse scandal, he pleaded with Caroline to return to Norton, insisting that "a woman should never part from her husband whilst she can remain with him."[45] Lord Melbourne relented a few days later, stating that he understood her decision to leave:

"This conduct upon his part seems perfectly unaccountable...You know that I have always counseled you to bear everything and remain to the last. I thought it for the best. I am afraid it is no longer possible. Open breaches of this kind are always to be lamented, but you have the consolation that you have done your utmost to stave this extremity off as long as possible."[46]

The trial lasted nine days, and in the end the jury threw out Norton's claim, siding with Lord Melbourne.[47] However, the resulting publicity almost brought down the government.[48] The scandal eventually died away, but not before Caroline's reputation was ruined and her friendship with Lord Melbourne destroyed.[49][50]

Norton continued to prevent Caroline from seeing her three sons, and blocked her from receiving a divorce.[51][52] According to British law in 1836, children were the legal property of their father, and there was little Caroline could do to regain custody.[53][54]

[edit] Political Activity

Caroline was soon faced with an additional tragedy; the death of her youngest son, William, in 1842.[55][56] The child, out riding alone, suffered a fall from his horse and was injured.[57][58] According to Caroline, the child’s wounds were minor, however, they were not properly attended and blood-poisoning set-in.[59] Norton, realizing that the child was near death, sent for Caroline.[60] Unfortunately, William died before she arrived in Scotland.[61][62] Caroline blamed Norton for the child's death, accusing him of neglect.[63][64] After William's death, Norton allowed Caroline to visit their sons, but he retained full custody, and all of her visits were supervised.[65]

Due to her dismal domestic situation, Caroline became passionately involved in the passage of laws promoting social justice, especially those granting rights to married and divorced women.[66][67][68][69] Her poems, A Voice from the Factories (1836), and The Child of the Islands (1845), had as their object the furtherance of her political views.

When Parliament debated the subject of divorce reform in 1855, Caroline submitted to the members a detailed account of her own marriage, and described the difficulties faced by women as the result of existing laws:

An English wife may not leave her husband's house. Not only can he sue her for restitution of "conjugal rights," but he has a right to enter the house of any friend or relation with whom she may take refuge...and carry her away by force...
If her husband take proceedings for a divorce, she is not, in the first instance, allowed to defend herself...She is not represented by attorney, nor permitted to be considered a party to the suit between him and her supposed lover, for "damages."
If an English wife be guilty of infidelity, her husband can divorce her so as to marry again; but she cannot divorce the husband, a vinculo, however profligate he may be....
Those dear children, the loss of whose pattering steps and sweet occasional voices made the silence of [my] new home intolerable as the anguish of death...what I suffered respecting those children, God knows . . . under the evil law which suffered any man, for vengeance or for interest, to take baby children from the mother.[70][71]

Primarily because of Caroline's intense campaigning, Parliament passed the Custody of Infants Act 1839 and the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857.[72][73][74] The Matrimonial Causes Act allowed married women to inherit property and take court action on their own behalf. While the Custody of Children Act granted mothers limited custodial rights over minor children.[75] Caroline Norton's efforts formed the basis of what Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon campaigned for successfully years later.[76]

Caroline's old friend, Lord Melbourne, opposed the reforms she fought for.[77] He was scolded for his opposition by Queen Victoria; the Queen wrote that he defended his actions, stating: "I don't think you should give a woman too much right...there should not be two conflicting powers...a man ought to have the right in a family."[78]

While Caroline fought to extend women's legal rights, she wasn't involved in further social activism, and had no interest in the nineteenth century women's movement with regard to issues such as women's suffrage.[79] In fact, in an article published in The Times in 1838, countering a claim that she was a "radical", Caroline stated: "The natural position of woman is inferiority to man. Amen! That is a thing of God's appointing, not of man's devising. I believe it sincerely, as part of my religion. I never pretended to the wild and ridiculous doctrine of equality."[80]

[edit] Later life

Legally unable to divorce her husband, Caroline engaged in a five-year affair with prominent Conservative politician Sidney Herbert in the early 1840s.[81] The affair ended with his marriage to another in 1846.[82]

In middle-age she befriended the author George Meredith.[83][84] She served as the inspiration for Diana Warwick, the intelligent, fiery-tempered heroine of Meredith's novel Diana of the Crossways, published in 1885.[85][86]

Caroline finally became free with the death of George Norton in 1875. She married an old friend, Scottish historical writer and politician Sir W. Stirling Maxwell in March 1877, and died suddenly just three months later.[87][88]


[edit] Her family and descendants

Her eldest son, Fletcher Norton, died of tuberculosis in Paris at the age of thirty.[89] Caroline was devastated by the loss.[90]

In 1854, her remaining son, Thomas Brinsley Norton, married a young Italian, Maria Chiara Elisa Federigo, whom he met in Naples[91] Sadly, this son also suffered from poor health, and spent much of his life as an invalid, reliant upon his mother for financial assistance.[92] Despite his ill health, he lived long enough to succeed his uncle as 4th Baron Grantley of Markenfield.[93] Lord Grantley also predeceased his mother, dying in 1877. His son, John, inherited the title and estates.[94]

The 5th Lord Grantley was a numismatist, and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, the Royal Numismatic Society and the British Numismatic Society. He assembled a large collection of coins and also grew orchids. He caused a scandal in 1879, when he ran off with another man's wife, the former Katharine McVickar, daughter of a wealthy American stockbroker.[95] The jilted husband was the 5th Lord Grantley's older cousin, Major Charles Grantley Campbell Norton.[96] Katharine's marriage to Charles was annulled, and they were wed that November, five days before the birth of their first child.[97] Despite her scandalous introduction to British society, Katharine went on to become a successful London hostess.[98]


[edit] Work

[edit] Political Pamphlets

1837 Separation of Mother and Child by the Laws of Custody of Infants Considered
1836 A Voice from the Factories
1839 A Plain Letter to the Lord Chancellor on the Infant Custody Bill
1848 Letters to the Mob
1854 English Laws for Women in the Nineteenth Century
1855 A Letter to the Queen on Lord Chancellor Cranworth's Marriage & Divorce Bill
1857 A Review of the Divorce Bill of 1856, with propositions for an amendment of the laws affecting married persons

[edit] Poems (Selection)

1829 The Sorrows of Rosalie: A Tale with Other Poems
I Do Not Love Thee
The Cold Change
1830 The Undying One and Other Poems
The Faithless Knight
1840 The Dream and Other Poems
1845 The Child of the Islands
1847 Aunt Carry's Ballads for Children
Bingen on the Rhine, John Walker & Co., undated.
1859 The Centenary Festival
1862 The Lady of La Garaye

[edit] Novels

1825 The Dandies Rout
1835 The Wife, and Woman's Reward
1851 Stuart of Dunleath
1863 Lost and Saved
1866 Old Sir Douglas

[edit] Plays

1830 The Gypsy Father
Vathek (based on the novel by William Beckford)


[edit] Further reading

  • Perkins, Jane Gray. (1909) The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , John Murray googlebooks
  • Kemble, Fanny The Records of a Girlhood N.Y.: Holt, 1879. googlebooks Retrieved March 2, 2008
  • Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. LII, London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1897. (p. 85)googlebooks Accessed March 2, 2008
  • Chedzoy, Alan A Scandalous Woman, The Story of Caroline Norton (London, 1992) [1]
  • Norton, Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Sheridan. English Laws for Women in the Nineteenth Century. London: [s.n.], 1854. (reprinted as Caroline Norton's Defense: English Laws for Women in the 19th Century. Chicago, Ill: Academy Chicago, 1982.)
  • Mitchell, L.G. (1997) Lord Melbourne, 1779-1848., Oxford University Press (p. 219-228)
  • Perkin, Joan. (1989) Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England, Routledge (p. 26-28)
  • Woodham-Smith, Cecil. (1951) Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910, McGraw-Hill Book Company (p. 220-221) http://www.archive.org/details/florencenighting00wood
  • Caine, Barbara. (1997) English Feminism, 1780-1980, Oxford University Press (p. 57, 66-70)


[edit] References

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Perkin, Joan. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England, Pages 26-28. London: Routledge, 1989
  2. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Pages 1-2, 5. London: John Murray, 1909
  3. ^ Strauss, Sylvia. Traitors to the Masculine Cause: The Men's Campaigns for Women's Rights, Page 141. Greenwood Press, 1982
  4. ^ Mitchell, L.G. Lord Melbourne, 1779-1848., Pages 219-221. Oxford University Press, 1997
  5. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Page 1. London: John Murray, 1909
  6. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Pages 5-6. London: John Murray, 1909
  7. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Pages 2-3. London: John Murray, 1909
  8. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Page 4. London: John Murray, 1909
  9. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Pages 4. London: John Murray, 1909
  10. ^ Kemble, p. 173
  11. ^ Scott-Kilvert, Diana. The Journals of Mary Shelley, 1814-1844. Volume: 2, Page 614. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987
  12. ^ Perkin, Joan. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England, Pages 26-28. London: Routledge, 1989
  13. ^ Strauss, Sylvia. Traitors to the Masculine Cause: The Men's Campaigns for Women's Rights, Page 141. Greenwood Press, 1982
  14. ^ Perkin, Joan. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England, Pages 26-28. London: Routledge, 1989
  15. ^ Woodham-Smith, Cecil Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910 Page 220. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951 http://www.archive.org/details/florencenighting00wood
  16. ^ Caine, Barbara. English Feminism, 1780-1980, page 67 Oxford University Press, 1997
  17. ^ Woodham-Smith, Cecil Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910 Page 220. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951 http://www.archive.org/details/florencenighting00wood
  18. ^ Mitchell, L.G. Lord Melbourne, 1779-1848., Pages 219-221. Oxford University Press, 1997
  19. ^ Perkin, Joan. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England, Pages 26-28. London: Routledge, 1989
  20. ^ Woodham-Smith, Cecil Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910 Page 220. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951 http://www.archive.org/details/florencenighting00wood
  21. ^ Mitchell, L.G. Lord Melbourne, 1779-1848., Pages 219-221. Oxford University Press, 1997
  22. ^ Perkin, Joan. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England, Page 85. London: Routledge, 1989
  23. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Pages 19, 26, 48, 84, 178. London: John Murray, 1909
  24. ^ Scott-Kilvert, Diana. The Journals of Mary Shelley, 1814-1844. Volume: 2, Page 614. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987
  25. ^ Woodham-Smith, Cecil Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910 Pages 220-221. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951 http://www.archive.org/details/florencenighting00wood
  26. ^ Woodham-Smith, Cecil Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910 Pages 220-221. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951 http://www.archive.org/details/florencenighting00wood
  27. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Page 21. London: John Murray, 1909
  28. ^ Scott-Kilvert, Diana. The Journals of Mary Shelley, 1814-1844. Volume: 2, Page 614. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987
  29. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Page 23-24. London: John Murray, 1909
  30. ^ Mitchell, L.G. Lord Melbourne, 1779-1848., Pages 221-223. Oxford University Press, 1997
  31. ^ Perkin, Joan. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England, Pages 26-28. London: Routledge, 1989
  32. ^ Yalom, Marilyn. A History of the Wife, Page 186 New York: Harper Perennial, 2002
  33. ^ Perkin, Joan. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England, Pages 26-28, 109. London: Routledge, 1989
  34. ^ Perkin, Joan. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England, Pages 28 & 72-73. London: Routledge, 1989
  35. ^ Perkin, Joan. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England, Pages 28 & 72-73. London: Routledge, 1989
  36. ^ Caine, Barbara. English Feminism, 1780-1980, page 67. Oxford University Press, 1997
  37. ^ Stone, Lawrence. Road to Divorce: England 1530-1987, page 178. Oxford University Press, 1990
  38. ^ Kertzer, David I. Family Life in the Nineteenth Century, 1789-1913: The History of the European family: Volume 2, Pages 125-126. Yale University Press, 2002
  39. ^ Perkin, Joan. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England, Pages 26-28, 96. London: Routledge, 1989
  40. ^ Mitchell, L.G. Lord Melbourne, 1779-1848., Pages 221-223. Oxford University Press, 1997
  41. ^ Caine, Barbara. English Feminism, 1780-1980, page 67. Oxford University Press, 1997
  42. ^ Mitchell, L.G. Lord Melbourne, 1779-1848., Pages 219-221. Oxford University Press, 1997
  43. ^ Perkin, Joan. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England, Pages 26-28. London: Routledge, 1989
  44. ^ Mitchell, L.G. Lord Melbourne, 1779-1848., Pages 221-223. Oxford University Press, 1997
  45. ^ Mitchell, L.G. Lord Melbourne, 1779-1848., Pages 221-223. Oxford University Press, 1997
  46. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Pages 83-84. London: John Murray, 1909
  47. ^ Mitchell, L.G. Lord Melbourne, 1779-1848., Pages 223-224. Oxford University Press, 1997
  48. ^ Mitchell, L.G. Lord Melbourne, 1779-1848., Pages 221-224, 226, 228. Oxford University Press, 1997
  49. ^ Mitchell, L.G. Lord Melbourne, 1779-1848., Pages 223-224, 226, 228. Oxford University Press, 1997
  50. ^ Caine, Barbara. English Feminism, 1780-1980, page 68. Oxford University Press, 1997
  51. ^ Yalom, Marilyn. A History of the Wife, Page 186 New York: Harper Perennial, 2002
  52. ^ Perkin, Joan. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England, Pages 26-28. London: Routledge, 1989
  53. ^ Yalom, Marilyn. A History of the Wife, Page 186 New York: Harper Perennial, 2002
  54. ^ Perkin, Joan. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England, Pages 26-28. London: Routledge, 1989
  55. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Pages 166. London: John Murray, 1909
  56. ^ Woodham-Smith, Cecil Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910 Pages 220-221. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951 http://www.archive.org/details/florencenighting00wood
  57. ^ Caine, Barbara. English Feminism, 1780-1980, page 67. Oxford University Press, 1997
  58. ^ Woodham-Smith, Cecil Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910 Pages 220-221. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951 http://www.archive.org/details/florencenighting00wood
  59. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Pages 166. London: John Murray, 1909
  60. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Pages 167. London: John Murray, 1909
  61. ^ Woodham-Smith, Cecil Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910 Pages 220-221. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951 http://www.archive.org/details/florencenighting00wood
  62. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Pages 167. London: John Murray, 1909
  63. ^ Woodham-Smith, Cecil Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910 Pages 220-221. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951 http://www.archive.org/details/florencenighting00wood
  64. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Pages 167. London: John Murray, 1909
  65. ^ Caine, Barbara. English Feminism, 1780-1980, page 67. Oxford University Press, 1997
  66. ^ Yalom, Marilyn. A History of the Wife, Page 186 New York: Harper Perennial, 2002
  67. ^ Kertzer, David I. Family Life in the Nineteenth Century, 1789-1913: The History of the European family: Volume 2, Pages 125-126. Yale University Press, 2002
  68. ^ Strauss, Sylvia. Traitors to the Masculine Cause: The Men's Campaigns for Women's Rights, Page 141. Greenwood Press, 1982
  69. ^ Perkin, Joan. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England, Pages 26-28. London: Routledge, 1989
  70. ^ Stone, Lawrence. Road to Divorce: England 1530-1987, page 178. Oxford University Press, 1990
  71. ^ Yalom, Marilyn. A History of the Wife, Pages 186-187 New York: Harper Perennial, 2002
  72. ^ Kertzer, David I. Family Life in the Nineteenth Century, 1789-1913: The History of the European family: Volume 2, Pages 125-126. Yale University Press, 2002
  73. ^ Stone, Lawrence. Road to Divorce: England 1530-1987, page 178. Oxford University Press, 1990
  74. ^ Perkin, Joan. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England, Pages 26-28. London: Routledge, 1989
  75. ^ Perkin, Joan. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England, Page 27. London: Routledge, 1989
  76. ^ Yalom, Marilyn. A History of the Wife, Page 186 New York: Harper Perennial, 2002
  77. ^ Mitchell, L.G. Lord Melbourne, 1779-1848., Page 226. Oxford University Press, 1997
  78. ^ Mitchell, L.G. Lord Melbourne, 1779-1848., Page 226. Oxford University Press, 1997
  79. ^ Caine, Barbara. English Feminism, 1780-1980, pages 57, 66, 68. Oxford University Press, 1997
  80. ^ Stone, Lawrence. Road to Divorce: England 1530-1987, Page 263. Oxford University Press, 1990.
  81. ^ Woodham-Smith, Cecil Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910 Page 221. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951 http://www.archive.org/details/florencenighting00wood
  82. ^ Woodham-Smith, Cecil Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910 Page 221. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951 http://www.archive.org/details/florencenighting00wood
  83. ^ Mitchell, L.G. Lord Melbourne, 1779-1848., Page 220. Oxford University Press, 1997
  84. ^ Woodham-Smith, Cecil Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910 Page 221. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951 http://www.archive.org/details/florencenighting00wood
  85. ^ Mitchell, L.G. Lord Melbourne, 1779-1848., Page 220. Oxford University Press, 1997
  86. ^ Woodham-Smith, Cecil Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910 Page 221. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951 http://www.archive.org/details/florencenighting00wood
  87. ^ Oswald Barron, F.S.A., ed. The Ancestor: A Quarterly Review of County and Family History, Heraldry and Antiquities, Page 5. Edition IX. April 1904. London: Archibald Constable & Co., 1904 http://www.archive.org/details/ancestorquarterl09londuoft
  88. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Pages 296. London: John Murray, 1909
  89. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Pages 265. London: John Murray, 1909
  90. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Pages 265. London: John Murray, 1909
  91. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Page 253. London: John Murray, 1909
  92. ^ Perkins, Jane Gray. The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton , Page 253. London: John Murray, 1909
  93. ^ Oswald Barron, F.S.A., ed. The Ancestor: A Quarterly Review of County and Family History, Heraldry and Antiquities, Page 5. Edition IX. April 1904. London: Archibald Constable & Co., 1904 http://www.archive.org/details/ancestorquarterl09londuoft
  94. ^ Gail MacColl and Carol M. Wallace. To Marry an English Lord: Or, How Anglomania Really Got Started, Pages 239 & 342. New York: Workman Publishing, 1999
  95. ^ Gail MacColl and Carol M. Wallace. To Marry an English Lord: Or, How Anglomania Really Got Started, Pages 239-240, 342. New York: Workman Publishing, 1999
  96. ^ Gail MacColl and Carol M. Wallace. To Marry an English Lord: Or, How Anglomania Really Got Started, Page 239. New York: Workman Publishing, 1999
  97. ^ Gail MacColl and Carol M. Wallace. To Marry an English Lord: Or, How Anglomania Really Got Started, Page 342. New York: Workman Publishing, 1999
  98. ^ Gail MacColl and Carol M. Wallace. To Marry an English Lord: Or, How Anglomania Really Got Started, Page 240. New York: Workman Publishing, 1999


[edit] See also

Search Wikisource Wikisource has original works written by or about: Caroline Norton
Search Wikiquote Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Caroline Norton

History of feminism

[edit] External links

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