Central Bureau of Investigation

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Central Bureau of Investigation
केंद्रीय अन्वेषण ब्यूरो
Kendriya Anveshan Bureau
Common name Central Bureau of Investigation
Abbreviation CBI
Cbi logo.svg
Seal of the Central Bureau of Investigation
Motto Industry, Impartiality, Integrity
Agency overview
Formed 1 April 1963
Preceding agency Special Police Establishment (SPE) (1941)
Employees Sanctioned: 6590
Actual: 5666
Vacant: 924 (14%)
as on 31 December 2011[1]
Annual budget INR303.79 crore (US$52 million) (2011-2012)[1]
Legal personality Governmental: Government agency
Jurisdictional structure
Federal agency India
Governing body Government of India
General nature
Operational structure
Headquarters New Delhi, India
Agency executive Ranjit Sinha, Director
Parent agency Department of Personnel and Training
Child agency Interpol National Central Bureau India branch
Regions
Facilities
Branchs 52
Website
cbi.nic.in
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this information

The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is a premier investigating police agency in India, and is an elite force which plays a major role in preservation of values in public life and in ensuring the health of the national economy. It is a governmental agency under Government of India. The services of its investigating officers are irrefutably sought for by all major criminal probes in the country. The CBI is the official Interpol unit for India.

The agency was established in 1941 as the Special Police Establishment, and was tasked with simple domestic security outlining. The Central Bureau of Investigation was later established on 1 April 1963. Its motto is "Industry, Impartiality, Integrity".

The agency headquarters is a state-of-the-art building located in the capital, New Delhi. The agency has other field offices located in major cities throughout India, such as Mumbai. The CBI is controlled by the Department of Personnel and Training in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension of the Union Government, which is usually headed by a Union Minister who reports directly to the Prime Minister. While analogous in structure to the FBI, the CBI's powers and functions are severely limited to specific crimes based on Acts (mainly the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946). The current CBI Director is Ranjit Sinha.

Contents

History[edit]

Special Police Establishment (SPE)[edit]

The Central Bureau of Investigation traces its origin to the Special Police Establishment (SPE) (Hindi: विशेष पुलिस संस्थापन Vishesh Police Sansthapan), which was set up in 1941 by the government. The functions of the SPE were to investigate cases of bribery and corruption in transactions with the War & Supply Department of India, which was set up during the course of World War II, with its headquarters at Lahore. The Superintendent of War Department and SPE was Khan Bahadur Qurban Ali Khan who later on became the Governor of North West Frontier Province on the creation of Pakistan. The first legal advisor of War Department was Rai Sahib Karam Chand Jain. Even after the end of the War, the need for a Central Government agency to investigate cases of bribery and corruption by Central Government employees was felt. Rai Sahib Karam Chand Jain continued to remain the Legal Advisor when this department was later transferred to the Home Department under the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act that was brought into force in 1946.

The scope of SPE was enlarged to cover all departments of the Govt. of India. The jurisdiction of the SPE extended to all the Union Territories and could also be extended to the States with the consent of the State Government concerned. Sardar Patel, the first Deputy Prime Minister of free India and in charge of the Home Department, took special interest in weeding out corruption from the erstwhile princely states like Jodhpur, Rewa, Tonk etc. Sardar Patel directed the Legal Advisor Karam Chand Jain to monitor the criminal proceedings against the Dewans/ Chief Ministers of these states.

The DSPE acquired its popular current name, Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), through a Home Ministry resolution dated 1.4.1963. In due course, with the setting up of a large number of public sector undertakings, the employees of these undertakings were also brought under CBI purview. Similarly, with the nationalisation of the banks in 1969, the Public Sector Banks and their employees also came within the ambit of the CBI.

CBI takes shape[edit]

As the CBI established a reputation of being India's premier investigative agency with adequate resources to deal with complicated cases, demands were made on it to take up investigation of cases of more conventional crime such as murder, kidnapping, terrorism, etc. Apart from this, the Supreme Court and even the various High Courts of the country also started entrusting such cases for investigation to the CBI on petitions filed by aggrieved parties. Taking into account the fact that several cases falling under this category were being taken up for investigation by the CBI, it was therefore decided in 1987 to constitute two investigation divisions in the CBI, namely, Anti-Corruption Division and Special Crimes Division, the latter dealing with cases of conventional crime, besides economic offences. The CBI reports to the central Indian government and not to the individual states.

D. P. Kohli[edit]

DP Kohli the founder Director of CBI

The founding director of the CBI was D. P. Kohli, who held office from 1 April 1963 to 31 May 1968. Before this, he was Inspector General of Police of the Special Police Establishment, a position he held from 1955 to 1963. Before that, he held responsible positions in police procedure in Madhya Bharat, Uttar Pradesh and in localized central government patterns. He was Chief of Police in Madhya Bharat before joining the SPE. For his distinguished services, Kohli was awarded 'Padma Bhushan' in 1967.

Kohli was a visionary who saw in the Special Police Establishment the potential of growing into the national investigative agency. He nurtured the organisation during his long stint as Inspector General and as director and laid the solid foundation on which the agency grew over the decades to become what it is today.

Organisational and rank structure[edit]

Further information: CBI Organisational Chart and List of police ranks in India

The CBI is headed by a main director, an IPS Officer of the rank of Director General of Police or Commissioner of Police (State). Director is selected based on the procedure laid down by CVC Act 2003, and has a total tenure of two completed years. The other ranks in the CBI are Special Director, Additional Director, Joint Director, Deputy Inspector General of Police, Senior Superintendent of Police, Superintendent of Police, Additional Superintendent of Police, Deputy Superintendent of Police, Sub-Inspector, Assistant Sub-Inspector, Head Constable, Senior Constable and Constable.

The CBI is dependent upon five different ministries of the Government of India for its functioning:[2]-

  1. the Ministry of Home Affairs for cadre clearance
  2. the DoPT for administration to whom it reports for day-to-day working, allocation of funds and induction of officers
  3. the Union Public Service Commission for officers above the rank of Deputy SP
  4. the Law and Justice Ministry for appointing and paying salaries to the public prosecutors
  5. the Central Vigilance Commission for all anti-corruption cases

Selection committee[edit]

As per CVC Act 2003, the committee is empowered to recommend a panel of officers for the post of the Director of CBI. The committee consists of:

The final selection is made by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet from the panel recommended by selection committee.[3][4]

Infrastructure[edit]

The CBI is headquartered in a new INR186 crore (US$32 million) state-of-the-art building in New Delhi, which houses in an 11-storey building all branches of the premier investigating agency.[5]

This building is spread in around 7,000 metres² and equipped with modern communication systems, advanced systems for maintaining records, fitted storage space and computerised access control along with a provision of add-on facility for new technology. Interrogation rooms, lock-ups, dormitories and conference halls are also provided at various floors. The CBI headquarters offer to its staff a large cafeteria which can accommodate 500 persons, separate gyms for men and women, a terrace garden and a double level basement parking for about 470 vehicles. An advanced fire-fighting system, as well as power back-up is provided. Besides, there is a well designed Press Briefing Room and Media Lounge.[5]

CBI Academy at Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, started functioning in 1996. The Academy is situated towards east of Delhi, in Ghaziabad district of Uttar Pradesh[6] at a distance of around 40 km from New Delhi Railway Station and about 65 km from Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi. It is spread over of 107,000 metres² (26.5 acres) of lush green fields and plantations consisting of the Administrative, Academic, Hostel and Residential Blocks. Prior to that, a small Training Centre was functional at Lok Nayak Bhawan, New Delhi only for conducting short term in-service courses. CBI then, was dependent on State Police Training Institutions and NPA, Hyderabad for training basic courses of Dy.SsP, SIs and constables.

This Academy now caters to the training needs of all ranks of CBI. Training facilities for certain specialised courses are also made available to the officials of State Police, Central Police Organisations (CPO), Vigilance organisations of public sector undertakings, banks and government departments and Indian Armed Forces.

Jurisdiction powers, privileges and liabilities[edit]

The legal powers of investigation of CBI are derived from the DSPE Act 1946. This Act confers concurrent and coextensive powers, duties, privileges and liabilities on the members of Delhi Special Police Establishment (CBI) with Police Officers of the Union Territories. The Central Government may extend to any area, besides Union Territories, the powers and jurisdiction of members of the CBI for investigation subject to the consent of the Government of the concerned State. While exercising such powers, members of the CBI of or above the rank of Sub Inspector shall be deemed to be officers in charge of Police Stations of respective jurisdictions. The CBI can investigate only such of the offenses as are notified by the Central Government under the DSPE Act.

Jurisdiction of CBI vis-a-vis State Police[edit]

Law and Order is a State subject and the basic jurisdiction to investigate crime lies with State Police. Besides, due to limited resources, CBI would not be able to investigate crimes of all kind. CBI may investigate:

  • Cases which are essentially against Central Govt. employees or concerning affairs of the Central Govt. and the employees of the Central Public Sector Undertakings and Public Sector Banks.
  • Cases in which the financial interests of the Central Government are involved.
  • Cases relating to the breaches of Central Laws with the enforcement of which the Government of India is mainly concerned.
  • Big cases of fraud, cheating, embezzlement and the like relating to companies in which large funds are involved and similar other cases when committed by organised gangs or professional criminals having ramifications in several States.
  • Cases having interstate and international ramifications and involving several official agencies where, from all angles, it is considered necessary that a single investigating agency should be in charge of the investigation.

Power and jurisdiction of High Courts and Supreme Court[edit]

Notwithstanding above limitations, the High Courts and the Supreme Court of India have the power and jurisdiction to order a CBI investigation into a cognizable offense alleged to have been committed within the territory of a State without the consent of that State. This matter was settled by a five judge constitutional bench of Supreme Court of India (in Civil Appeal 6249, 6250 of 2001) on 17 Feb 2010. The bench said:

Being the protectors of civil liberties of the citizens, this Court and the High Courts have not only the power and jurisdiction but also an obligation to protect the fundamental rights, guaranteed by Part III in general and under Article 21 of the Constitution in particular, zealously and vigilantly.
—A five judge constitutional bench of Supreme Court of India, [7]

At the same time, the court clarified that this extraordinary power must be exercised sparingly, cautiously and in exceptional situations.[7][8]

Directors (1963 – present)[edit]

Name[9] Period
D. P. Kohli 1963–68
F. V. Arul 1968–71
D Sen 1971–77
S N Mathur 1977
C V Narsimhan 1977
John Lobo 1977–79
R D Singh 1979–80
J S Bajwa 1980–85
M G Katre 1985–89
A P Mukherjee 1989–90
R Sekhar 1990
Vijay Karan 1990–92
S K Datta 1992–93
K V R Rao 1993–96
Joginder Singh 1996–97
R C Sharma 1997–98
D. R. Karthikeyan 1998
T N Mishra 1998–99
Dr. R K Raghavan 4 Jan 1999 – 30 Apr 2001
P C Sharma 30 Apr 2001 – 6 Dec 2003
U S Misra 6 Dec 2003 – 6 Dec 2005
Vijay Shanker Tiwari 12 Dec 2005 – 31 Jul 2008
Ashwani Kumar 2 Aug 2008 – 30 Nov 2010
Amar Pratap Singh 30 Nov 2010 – 30 Nov 2012
Ranjit Sinha 30 Nov 2012 - present

Right to Information (RTI)[edit]

Main article: Right to Information Act

CBI is exempted from the purview of the Right to Information Act. This exemption was granted by the government on 9 June 2011 (along with National Investigating Agency (NIA), Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation and the National Intelligence Grid (Natgrid)) on the basis that the CBI handles cases related to national security. However, this move was criticized by Central Information Commission as well as various RTI activists saying this blanket exemption is not in the letter and spirit of RTI Act.[10] The validity of the exemption was upheld by Madras High Court.

Criticism[edit]

Corruption in CBI[edit]

Because of its intensely political overtones,[11] it has been exposed by its former bigwigs like Joginder Singh and BR Lall who were Director and Joint Director respectively, to be engaging in nepotism, mal-prosecution and outright corruption. In his book, Who Owns CBI, BR Lall, an honest and upright CBI officer details the modus operandi of manipulating and derailing investigation[12] This organisation has become synonymous with corruption[13][14] as information obtained under the RTI Act has revealed.[15] RTI activist Krishnanand Tripathi has alleged harassment from CBI in order to save itself from exposure through RTI.[16]

Political interference in cases[edit]

Normally, cases assigned to the CBI are sensitive and of national importance. It is a usual practice for the respective state police departments, to initially register any case coming under its jurisdiction, and if necessary, through mediation by the central government, the cases may be transferred to the CBI. The CBI handles many high-profile cases, and is never far from controversy. The CBI has come under severe criticism recently for its mishandling of several scams.[17][18][19] The CBI has also been criticized for going slow against prominent politicians like P. V. Narasimha Rao, Jayalalithaa, Lalu Prasad Yadav, Mayawati and Mulayam Singh Yadav which either lead to their acquittal or their non-prosecution.[20]

Bofors scandal[edit]

Main article: Bofors scandal

In January 2006, it was found that CBI had quietly unfrozen bank accounts of Italian businessman Ottavio Quattrocchi, one of the prime accused in the Bofors scandal of 1986 which had tainted the Rajiv Gandhi government.[21] The CBI was responsible for the inquiry into the Bofors Case. Associates of then prime minister Rajiv Gandhi were linked to alleged pay-offs made in the mid-1980s by the Swedish arms firm AB Bofors, with US$40 million in kickbacks moved from Britain and Panama to secret Swiss banks. The 410 howitzer field guns purchased in the US$1,300 million arms sale were reported to be inferior to those offered by a French competitor.

The CBI, which unfroze INR21 crore (US$3.6 million) in a London bank in accounts held by Bofors scam accused Quattrocchi and his wife Maria in 2006, has facilitated his travel across the globe by asking Interpol to take him off the “wanted” list on 29 April 2009. Following a communication from the CBI, Interpol withdrew the Red Corner Notice against Quattrocchi.[22] The development, that came barely three weeks before the end of the Manmohan Singh government’s tenure, brought the issue of the Bofors scandal back to centre stage. It is often suspected that ruling governments interfere with the work of the CBI, and the handling of the Bofors investigation by CBI under Congress governments has created a new synonym for CBI. After letting off the Bofors accused, Oppositions have never tired to call it the 'Congress Bureau of Investigation'.[23][24]

Hawala scandal[edit]

Main article: Hawala scandal

In 1991 an arrest linked to militants in Kashmir led to a raid on hawala brokers, revealing evidence of large-scale payments to national politicians. The Jain Hawala Case has shown that corruption has now taken the front seat in India. Former Union ministers Ajit Kumar Panja, P Shiv Shankar, former Uttar Pradesh governor Motilal Vora, Bharatiya Janata Party leader Yashwant Sinha, accused in the case, were discharged by Special Judge V B Gupta in the INR650 million Jain hawala case in New Delhi. The judge said there was no prima facie evidence against the accused which could be converted into legal evidence. With this, 20 accused in the hawala case have been discharged by the Delhi high court and the trial court. These include Bharatiya Janata Party president L K Advani and former Union ministers V C Shukla, Arjun Singh, Madhavrao Scindia, N D Tiwari and R K Dhawan and former Delhi chief minister Madan Lal Khurana.In 1997, a bench of the then CJI, the late J.S. Verma, listed about two dozen guidelines, which, had they been implemented properly, would have ensured independence and autonomy of the investigating agency. Sixteen years later, successive governments have managed to circumvent the guidelines, issued as part of the famous judgment in the Jain hawala case, and continue to treat the CBI as just another wing of the government.The prosecution that followed was partly prompted by a public interest petition (see Vineet Narain), and yet the court cases of the Hawala scandal eventually all collapsed without convictions. In concluding the Vineet Narayan & Othrs v Union of lndia AIR 1996 SC 3386, the Supreme Court of India directed that the Central Vigilance Commission should be given a supervisory role over the CBI.[25]

Priyadarshini Mattoo murder case[edit]

Main article: Priyadarshini Mattoo

The CBI has been under a cloud owing to its handling of the Priyadarshini Mattoo case, in which Santosh Kumar Singh, the alleged murderer of a 22-year-old law student was acquitted for what the case judge called "deliberate inaction" by the investigating team. The accused was the son of a high-ranking officer in the Indian Police Service, due to which the case had been shifted from the regular police force to the CBI. However, the 1999 judgment commented on how "the influence of the father of the accused has been there".

Embarrassed by the judgment, the-then CBI Director, R K Raghavan, requested two Special Directors, P C Sharma and Gopal Achari, to study the judgement. Subsequently the CBI appealed the verdict in Delhi High court in 2000, after which the High Court issued a bailable warrant against the accused. The case was again prominent in 2006 after much media coverage and public bashing (this was mainly due to a similar acquittal in another high-profile case, though not handled by the CBI). The CBI filed an application for early hearing in July 2006. The High Court subsequently found Santosh Kumar Singh guilty of rape and murder and awarded a death sentence for the same in October 2006.[citation needed]

Sister Abhaya murder case[edit]

Sister Abhaya murder case concerns a nun, who was found dead in a water well in Saint Pius X convent hostel in Kottayam, Kerala on 27 March 1992. Altogether there were five CBI inquiries into the murder case so far without any tangible results.

Sohrabuddin case[edit]

CBI has been accused of acting for the ruling party Congress (UPA) to trap its opposition party mainly BJP. CBI, which is dealing with the Sohrabuddin case in Gujarat. Geeta Johri, who is investigating the case, claimed that the CBI is pressuring her to falsely implicate former Gujarat Minister Amit Shah in the case.[26]

Sant Singh Chatwal case[edit]

Sant Singh Chatwal was an accused in the CBI’s records for 14 years. CBI had filed two chargesheets naming him as accused; sent Letters Rogatory abroad; even sent a probe team to the US and put Chatwal and his wife behind bars from 2 to 5 February 1997. On 30 May 2007 and 10 August 2008, former CBI Directors Vijay Shankar and Ashwani Kumar respectively signed orders saying there was no need to challenge the discharge of Sant Singh Chatwal and his co-accused. This was done in spite of advice of a string of investigators – including a Special Director and Joint Director – and it was decided not to appeal his discharge.

This, in effect, closed the case of bank fraud in which Chatwal had been embroiled for over a decade. Along with four others, Chatwal was charged with being part of a “criminal conspiracy” to defraud the Bank of India’s New York branch to the tune INR28.32 crore (US$4.9 million). In all, four chargesheets were filed by the CBI, with Chatwal named as accused in two. The trials in the other two cases are still in progress. RTI applicant Krishnanand Tripathi was denied access to public information concerning the closed cases. CIC later ordered the CBI to disclose the information. But as CBI has recently been exempted from RTI act and it is unclear if this information will be disclosed or not. Sant Singh Chatwal has been awarded with Padma Bhushan despite these cases.[27][28][29]

Malankara Varghese murder case[edit]

The Malankara Varghese murder case concerns the death of T. M. Varghese also known as Malankara Varghese, a member of Malankara Orthodox Church's managing committee and a timber merchant in 5 December 2002.On 9 May 2010 charged Father Varghese Thekkekara, a priest and manager of the Angamali diocese in the rival Jacobite Syrian Christian Church (a part of the Syriac Orthodox Church) with conspiracy in the murder of Malankara Varghese and named him as the prime accused. Till date, the prime accused has not been arrested, CBI was highly criticised for this by Kerala High Court and Media.[30]

Bhopal gas tragedy[edit]

The public perceived that the CBI was very ineffective in trying the Bhopal gas tragedy case. The former CBI joint director B. R. Lall has now confessed that he was asked to remain soft on extraditing the Union Carbide CEO Warren Anderson,[31] and dropped charges, including culpable homicide, against those accused in this case, who received two-year sentences.[32]

2G Spectrum Scam[edit]

Main article: 2G spectrum scam

2G spectrum was allotted by UPA government at throwaway prices to companies through corrupt and illegal means. Supreme Court of India pulled up the CBI many times for its tardy progress in the investigations.[33][34] It was only after the SC decided to monitor its investigations,[35][36][37] the CBI moved faster and arrests of high-profile persons were made.

Indian coal allocation scam[edit]

Main article: Indian coal allocation scam

It is a political scandal concerning the Indian government's allocation of the nation's coal deposits to private companies by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh causing a loss of INR 10673.03 billion (US$200 billion) to Government. CBI director Ranjit Sinha submitted an affidavit in the Supreme Court stating that the coal scam status report prepared by the investigating agency was shared with the law minister Ashwani Kumar (from Indian National Congress) “as desired by him”, joint secretary-level officers from the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) and the coal ministry before presenting it to the court[38] CBI stated to SC that 20% if its original report was changed by UPA Government.[39]

Ranjit Sinha said SC that CBI is part of government and hence not autonomous. Additional Solicitor-General Harin Raval resigned.[40] SC said that it will liberate CBI from political interference to make CBI credible, impartial and independent.[41] Supreme Court in a scathing fashion criticized CBI, as a “caged parrot”[42] of its masters, for behaving like puppets of politicians.[42] And in an unusual turn of events, the CBI Director Ranjit Sinha has even accepted the accusations by the apex Court.[43]

Convictions[edit]

CBI has a high conviction rate.

Year Conviction Rate
2011 67%[1]
2010 70.8%[44]
2009 Not Available
2008 66.2%[45]
2007 67.7%[46]

In popular culture[edit]

  • Shankar Nag plays the role of a CBI officer in movie CBI Shankar.
  • Akshay Kumar starrer Special 26 is inspired by a real-life heist on March 19, 1987 where a group posing as CBI officers executed an income tax raid on the Opera House branch of Tribhovandas Bhimji Zaveri in Mumbai.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "cbi_annual_report_2011". p. 62. Archived from the original on 2012-05-03. Retrieved 14 February 2013. 
  2. ^ "CBI chief Ranjit Sinha's roadmap to unshackle agency from five govt entities". India Today. 10 May 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-19. 
  3. ^ a b "CVC Act". CVC. Retrieved 30 April 2012. 
  4. ^ "Parl panel agrees on appointment of CBI head". 1 December 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  5. ^ a b "PM inaugurates new CBI headquarters building". Indian Express. 2011-04-30. Retrieved 2013-04-26. 
  6. ^ "Welcome to CBI Academy School of eLearning". cbiacademy.gov.in. 
  7. ^ a b "Supreme Court judgement on power of courts to order CBI probe". indiankanoon.org. Retrieved 11 July 2012. 
  8. ^ "Courts can order CBI probe without states' consent: SC". The Economic Times. 17 February 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2012. 
  9. ^ "CBI history and former directors". CBI. Retrieved 22 December 2011. 
  10. ^ "Central Information Commission slams CBI's proposed exemption from RTI". 3 July 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2012. 
  11. ^ Venky Vembu (Mar 21, 2013). "CBI’s on-off raids: How ‘Congress Bureau of Investigation’ works". firstpost.com. Retrieved 2013-04-26. 
  12. ^ Mohan, Vishwa (27 November 2006). "Origin of Hawala funds were not traced". India Times. 
  13. ^ "CBI Arrests Own Cop in Bribery Case". The Outlook India. 17 September 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012. 
  14. ^ "Adarsh Scam: CBI Arrests Own Lawyer, Ex-Cong MLC". 6 March 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012. 
  15. ^ Saikat Datta (21 September 2009). "Grease on the Lens". outlookindia.com. Retrieved 9 October 2010. 
  16. ^ Anshuman G Dutta (4 June 2011). "CBI is harassing me". mid-day.com. Retrieved 14 June 2011. 
  17. ^ "CBI has long history of listening to its political master’s voice". The Sunday Guardian. Retrieved 1 February 2012. 
  18. ^ "Restoring Public Confidence in CBI". outlook india. 30 December 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2012. 
  19. ^ "The Congress Bureau of Investigation: Big stick politics. Will it ever end?". Open The Magazine. 6 April 2013. Retrieved 22 Apr 2013. 
  20. ^ "CBI ineffective in dealing with political cases". The Guardian. 26 Jan 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-19. 
  21. ^ "Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) – India". 
  22. ^ "Bofors scam: Quattrocchi off CBI's wanted list". The Times of India (NEW DELHI). 28 Apr 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2011. 
  23. ^ "CBI is Congress Bureau of Investigation: BJP". Rediff.com. 26 July 2010<!- – 18:07 IST -->. Retrieved 22 December 2011. 
  24. ^ "CBI is now Congress Bureau of Investigation: Amar". The Indian Express. 11 Feb 2009 at 1613 hrs IST. Retrieved 22 December 2011. 
  25. ^ "Vineet Narain Case, Directions of the Court". 2 November 2006. 
  26. ^ J. Venkatesan (29 August 2010). "CBI putting pressure on me: Geeta Johri". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 October 2010. 
  27. ^ Ritu Sarin (30 January 2010). "For his Padma, Chatwal should thank two directors of the CBI". The Indian Express. Retrieved 14 June 2011. 
  28. ^ "CIC tells CBI to release Chatwal discharge reports". The Times of India. 12 May 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2011. 
  29. ^ "CIC Judgment for disclosure of information by CBI". 11 May 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2011. 
  30. ^ "Malankara Varghese murder: HC questions CBI". The New Indian Express. 1 June 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010. 
  31. ^ "Was told to go soft on Warren Anderson: Former CBI official". NDTV. 
  32. ^ "UCIL | The Indian Sub-continent Times". Theistimes.com. Retrieved 2013-04-26. 
  33. ^ Last Updated: 14 December 20:18 pm IST (15 January 2010). "SC pulls up CBI for tardy spectrum probe". Thestatesman.co.in. Retrieved 14 December 2011. 
  34. ^ "2G spectrum scam: Supreme Court pulls up CBI | India News | Indian Current Affairs | News Today India | News | Latest News | News Today". International Reporter. 29 October 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2011. 
  35. ^ "2G spectrum scam: Don't let anyone influence you, says Supreme Court to CBI". Ndtv.com. 16 December 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2011. 
  36. ^ "Supreme Court decides to monitor 2G scam probe: Investigations News – India Today". Indiatoday. intoday.in. 16 December 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2011. 
  37. ^ "SC to monitor CBI probe into 2G spectrum scam – India News – IBNLive". Ibnlive.in.com. Retrieved 14 December 2011. 
  38. ^ Liz Mathew (2013-04-26). "Coal scam report shared with law minister: CBI". Livemint. Retrieved 2013-05-09.  Text "  Sahil Makkar " ignored (help)
  39. ^ "Full disclosure: CBI lists all changes made by Law Min, babus in Coalgate report?". Firstpost India. Retrieved 9 May 2013. 
  40. ^ http://www.firstpost.com/politics/coalgate-how-long-can-pm-hold-on-to-ashwani-kumar-741993.html
  41. ^ J. Venkatesan (2013-04-30). "We should liberate CBI from interference, says Supreme Court". The Hindu. Retrieved 2013-05-09. 
  42. ^ a b "CBI has become a caged parrot with many masters. What a sordid story, says Supreme Court : India, News - India Today". Indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 2013-05-09. 
  43. ^ PTI (2013-05-05). "Whatever SC says is correct: CBI chief". The Hindu. Retrieved 2013-05-09. 
  44. ^ "CBI annual report 2010". cbi.gov.in. 
  45. ^ "CBI annual report 2008". cbi.gov.in. 
  46. ^ "CBI annual report 2007". cbi.gov.in. 

External links[edit]

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