Cephalometric analysis
Cephalometric analysis is the study of the dental and skeletal relationships in the head.[1] It is frequently used by dentists, often orthodontists in particular, as a treatment planning tool.[2]
Two of the more popular methods of analysis used in orthodontology are the Steiner analysis, named after Cecil C. Steiner, and the McNamara analysis, named after James A. McNamara.[3] There are other methods as well, including the Ricketts analysis.[4]
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[edit] Cephalometric radiographs
Cephalometric analysis depends on cephalometric radiography to study relationships between bony and soft tissue landmarks and can be used to diagnose facial growth abnormalities prior to treatment, in the middle of treatment to evaluate progress or at the conclusion of treatment to ascertain that the goals of treatment have been met.[5] A Cephalometric radiograph is a radiograph of the head taken in a Cephalometer (Cephalostat) that is a head-holding device introduced in 1931 by B. H. Broadbent in USA and by H. Hofrath in Germany. The Cephalometer is used to obtain standardized and comparable craniofacial images on radiograghic films.
[edit] Cephalometric landmarks
The following are important cephalometric landmarks: Sella (after sella turcica) Nasion A-point B-point Pogonion Menton Gnathion Gonion Porion Orbitale Bolton [6]
[edit] Cephalometric angles
According to the Steiner's analysis: ANB (A point, Nasion, B point)- indicates whether the skeletal relationship between the maxilla and mandible is a normal (skeletal class I relationship (+ 2 degrees), a skeletal Class II (+4 degrees or more), or skeletal class III (0 or negative). SNA (sella, Nasion, A point)- indicates whether or not the maxilla is normal, prognathic, or retrognathic. SNB (sella, Nasion, B point)- indicates whether or not the mandible is normal, prognathic, or retrognathic. SNA and SNB is important to determine what type of intervention (on maxilla, mandible or both) is appropriate. These angles, however are influenced also by the vertical height of the face and a possible abnormal positioning of Nasion. [6]
[edit] Cephalometric Software
Cephalometric software is used to help calculate the angles and measurements for cephalometric analyses. An example of such software is cephX which provides an internet based platform for cephalometric analysis. An example of a company that provides cephalometric analyses without purchasing any software is www.Cephanalysis.com.
[edit] References
- ^ Centre for Cancer Education, March 5, 2000
- ^ Cephalometric analysis as a tool for treatment planning and evaluation, European Journal of Orthodontics 1981 3(4):241-245
- ^ A comparative evaluation of Steiner's and McNamara's methods for determining the position of the bone bases, Minerva Stomatol. 1991 Jun;40(6):381-5
- ^ Evaluating Ricketts' Cephalometric Analysis as Diagnostic Aid in Black Females, Center For the Study of Human Growth and Development April 5, 2008
- ^ Predoctoral Orthodontic Laboratory Manual 2008, Department of Undegraduate Orthodontics, New Jersey Dental School
- ^ a b Proffit, William R.. Contemporary Orthodontics, 3rd Edition. C.V. Mosby, 012000. 6.4.2.2.2)
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