Chakma alphabet

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Chakma
Chakma Letter-Biplob Rahman.jpg
Type Abugida
Languages Chakma language
Parent systems
ISO 15924 Cakm, 349
Direction Left-to-right
Unicode alias Chakma
Unicode range U+11100โ€“U+1114F
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols.

The Chakma alphabet (Ajhฤ pฤแนญh), also called Ojhapath, Ojhopath, Aaojhapath, is an abugida used for the Chakma language and which is being adapted for the Tanchangya language.[1] The forms of the letters are quite similar to those of the Burmese script.

Contents

Structure [edit]

Chakma is of the Brahmic type: the consonant letters contain an inherent vowel. Consonant clusters are written with conjunct characters, and a visible vowel killer shows the deletion of the inherent vowel when there is no conjunct.

Vowels [edit]

Four independent vowels exist: ๐‘„ƒ a, ๐‘„„ i, ๐‘„… u, and ๐‘„† e. Other vowels in initial position are formed by adding the vowel sign to ๐‘„ƒ a, as in ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ฉ ฤซ, ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ซ ลซ, ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ญ ai, ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ฐ oi. Some modern writers are generalizing this spelling in ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„จ i, ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ช u, and ๐‘„ฌ๐‘„ƒ e.

Chakma vowel signs with the letter ๐‘„‡ ka are given below:

๐‘„‡ Ka = ๐‘„‡ Ka

๐‘„‡๐‘„ง Ka = ๐‘„‡ Kฤ + ๐‘„ง - a (11127)

๐‘„‡๐‘„จ Ki = ๐‘„‡ Kฤ + ๐‘„จ - i (11128)

๐‘„‡๐‘„ฉ Kฤซ = ๐‘„‡ Kฤ + ๐‘„ฉ - ฤซ (11129)

๐‘„‡๐‘„ช Ku = ๐‘„‡ Kฤ + ๐‘„ช - u (1112A)

๐‘„‡๐‘„ซ Kลซ = ๐‘„‡ Kฤ + ๐‘„ซ - ลซ (1112B)

๐‘„ฌ๐‘„‡ Ke = ๐‘„‡ Kฤ + ๐‘„ฌ - e (1112C)

๐‘„‡๐‘„ญ Kฤi = ๐‘„‡ Kฤ + ๐‘„ญ - ฤi (1112D)

๐‘„‡๐‘„ฎ Ko = ๐‘„‡ Kฤ + ๐‘„ฎ - o (1112E)

๐‘„‡๐‘„ฏ Kau = ๐‘„‡ Kฤ + ๐‘„ฏ - au (1112F)

๐‘„‡๐‘„ฐ Koi = ๐‘„‡ Kฤ + ๐‘„ฐ - oi (11130)

๐‘„‡๐‘„€ Kaแนƒ = ๐‘„‡ Kฤ + ๐‘„€ - แนƒ (11100)

๐‘„‡๐‘„ Kaแนƒ = ๐‘„‡ Kฤ + ๐‘„ - แนƒ (11101)

๐‘„‡๐‘„‚ Kaแธฅ = ๐‘„‡ Kฤ + ๐‘„‚ - แธฅ (11102)

๐‘„‡๐‘„ด K = ๐‘„‡ Kฤ + ๐‘„ด - MAAYYAA (11134)

One of the interesting features of Chakma writing is that candrabindu (cฤnaphudฤ) can be used together with anusvara (ekaphudฤ) and visarga (dviphudฤ):

๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ณ๐‘„‚๐‘„€ Aแธฅแนƒ = ๐‘„ƒ ฤ + ๐‘„‚ h + ๐‘„€แนƒ

๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ณ๐‘„๐‘„€ Aแนƒแนƒ = ๐‘„ƒ ฤ + ๐‘„ แนƒ + ๐‘„€แนƒ

๐‘„…๐‘„ณ๐‘„๐‘„€ Uแนƒแนƒ = ๐‘„… u + ๐‘„ แนƒ + ๐‘„€แนƒ

๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„€๐‘„ช Muแนƒ = ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ + ๐‘„ช u + ๐‘„€แนƒ

Consonants with killed Vowels and Conjunct Consonants [edit]

Like other Brahmic scripts, Chakma makes use of the maayyaa (killer) to invoke conjoined consonants. In the past, practice was much more common than it is today. Like the Myanmar script, Chakma is encoded with two vowel-killing characters in order to conform to modern user expectations. As shown above, most letters have their vowels killed with the use of the explicit maayyaa:

๐‘„‡๐‘„ด k = ๐‘„‡ kฤ + ๐‘„ด MAAYYAA

In 2001 an orthographic reform was recommended in the book Cฤแน…mฤ pattham pฤt which would limit the standard repertoire of conjuncts to those composed with the five letters ๐‘„  yฤ, ๐‘„ข rฤ, ๐‘„ฃ lฤ, ๐‘„ค wฤ, and ๐‘„š nฤ. The four here are the most widely-accepted repertoire of conjuncts.

ya: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„  yฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก - ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„ค๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก

ra: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ข rฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข - ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„ก ๐‘„ค๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข

la: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ฃ lฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ - ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ

wa: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ค wฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค - ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค

No separate conjunct forms of subjoined full-form -yฤ or -rฤ appear to exist. The fifth of these conjuncts, the -na conjunct, is exemplary of the orthographic shift which has taken place in the Chakma language.

na: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„š nฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„š - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„š - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„š

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„š - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š - ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š

While some writers would indeed write kakna (in ligating style) as ๐‘„‡๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„š or (in subjoining style) as ๐‘„‡๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„š, most now would probably expect it to be written as ๐‘„‡๐‘„‡๐‘„ด๐‘„š. The ligating style of glyphs is now considered old-fashioned. Thus, taking the letter ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ as the second element, while the glyph shapes ๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ kmฤ, ๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ tmฤ, ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ nmฤ, ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ bbฤ, ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ mmฤ, ๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ llฤ, ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ smฤ, and ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ hmฤ are attested, most users now prefer the glyph shapes ๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ kmฤ, ๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ tmฤ, ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ nmฤ, ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ bbฤ, ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ mmฤ, ๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ llฤ, ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ smฤ, and ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ hmฤ. Again, this distinction is stylistic and not orthographic.

The 2004 book Phadagaแน… shows examples of the five conjuncts above together alongside conjuncts formed with ๐‘„ bฤ, ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ, and ๐‘„ฆ hฤ. These are all formed by simple subjoining.

ba: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ nฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„ - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Œ - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„š - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ - ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ค๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„

ma: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ÿ nฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ - ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ค๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ

ha: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ฆ nฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ - ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ค๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ

In the 1982 book Cฤแน…mฤr ฤg pudhi a much wider range of conjunct pairs is shown, some of them with fairly complicated glyphs:

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„‡ Kkฤ = ๐‘„‡ Kฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‡ Kฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„‘ Ktฤ = ๐‘„‡ Kฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‘ Tฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„– Ktฤ = ๐‘„‡ Kฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„– Tฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ Kmฤ = ๐‘„‡ Kฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ÿ Mฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„Œ Kcฤ = ๐‘„‡ Kฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Œ Cฤ

๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„‡ ล„kฤ = ๐‘„‹ ล„ฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‡ Kฤ

๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„‰ ล„kฤ = ๐‘„‹ ล„ฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‰ Gฤ

๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Œ ccฤ = ๐‘„Œ cฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Œ Cฤ

๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ Cchฤ = ๐‘„Œ Cฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ Chฤ

๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Œ รฑcฤ = ๐‘„ รฑฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Œ Cฤ

๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ž รฑjฤ = ๐‘„ รฑฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ž Jฤ

๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ร‘jhฤ = ๐‘„ รฑฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ Jhฤ

๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„‘ Ttฤ = ๐‘„‘ Tฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‘ Tฤ

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„– Ttฤ = ๐‘„– Tฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„– Tฤ

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ Tmฤ = ๐‘„– Tฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„— Tthฤ = ๐‘„– Tฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„— Thฤ

๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„˜ Ddฤ = ๐‘„˜ Dฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„˜ Dฤ

๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„™ Ddhฤ = ๐‘„˜ Dฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„™ Dhฤ

Chakmalanguage5.png

Letter, punctuation and digit names [edit]

Chakma letters have a descriptive name followed by a traditional Brahmic consonant. These are given in annotations to the character names. Alongside a single and double danda punctuation, Chakma has a unique question mark, and a section sign, Phulacihna. There is some variation in the glyphs for the Phulacihna,some looking like flowers or leaves. A set of digits exists although Bengali digits are also used.

Keyboard layout [edit]

RibengUni-Keyboard-Layout.jpg

Unicode [edit]

Chakma script was added to the Unicode Standard in January, 2012 with the release of version 6.1.

The Unicode block for Chakma script is U+11100โ€“U+1114F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points:

Chakma[1]
Unicode.org chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+1110x ๐‘„€ ๐‘„ ๐‘„‚ ๐‘„ƒ ๐‘„„ ๐‘„… ๐‘„† ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„ˆ ๐‘„‰ ๐‘„Š ๐‘„‹ ๐‘„Œ ๐‘„ ๐‘„Ž ๐‘„
U+1111x ๐‘„ ๐‘„‘ ๐‘„’ ๐‘„“ ๐‘„” ๐‘„• ๐‘„– ๐‘„— ๐‘„˜ ๐‘„™ ๐‘„š ๐‘„› ๐‘„œ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ž ๐‘„Ÿ
U+1112x ๐‘„  ๐‘„ก ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ง ๐‘„จ ๐‘„ฉ ๐‘„ช ๐‘„ซ ๐‘„ฌ ๐‘„ญ ๐‘„ฎ ๐‘„ฏ
U+1113x ๐‘„ฐ ๐‘„ฑ ๐‘„ฒ ๐‘„ณ ๐‘„ด ๐‘„ถ ๐‘„ท ๐‘„ธ ๐‘„น ๐‘„บ ๐‘„ป ๐‘„ผ ๐‘„ฝ ๐‘„พ ๐‘„ฟ
U+1114x ๐‘…€ ๐‘… ๐‘…‚ ๐‘…ƒ
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 6.1

References [edit]

  1. ^ RibengUni="http://uni.hilledu.com "

External links [edit]

Bibliography [edit]

  • Cฤแน…mฤ, Cirajyoti and Maแน…gal Cฤแน…gmฤ. 1982. Cฤแน…mฤr ฤg pudhi (Chakma primer). Rฤแน…amฤแนญi:Cฤแน…mฤbhฤแนฃฤ Prakฤล›anฤ Pariแนฃad.
  • Khisa, Bhagadatta. 2001. Cฤแน…mฤ pattham pฤt (Chakma primer.) Rฤแน…amฤแนญi: Tribal Cultural Institute(TCI).
  • Singฤ. 2004. Phagadฤแน…
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