Chicago bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics

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Bids for the
2016 Summer Olympics

Overview
Chicago· Madrid· Rio de Janeiro· Tokyo
Chicago bid logo for the 2016 Summer Olympics
2016 Summer Olympics
Details
City Chicago, United States
NOC United States Olympic Committee (USOC)
Previous games hosted
None
(It was elected to host the 1904 Summer Olympics, but they were transferred to St. Louis in a 14-2 vote of the IOC).[1]

The Chicago bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics is the attempt by the city of Chicago and the United States—with the support of municipalities in the tri-state area of Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin—to be selected by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as the host city for the 2016 Summer Olympics.

On April 14, 2007, Chicago was selected by the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) as the United States Bid city, and on June 4, 2008, the IOC named Chicago as one of four finalists to host the 2016 Olympic games. The final selection will be made on October 2, 2009, in Copenhagen, Denmark. Currently, Chicago's rival cities for the hosting of the Games are Madrid, Spain; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Tokyo, Japan. If Chicago is chosen, the games would be held from July 22 to August 7, with the Paralympics held between August 12 and August 28.

The bid plan emphasizes use of Chicago Park District parks to host the games, but other existing facilities such as Soldier Field and McCormick Place will host events. The bid includes a plan for North side, downtown Loop and South Side celebration locations that will have massive, high-definition LED screens for unticketed visitors. The bid notes that there is a very high concentration of event locations and training facilities in very close proximity to each other and that the majority of event sites are clustered together. Thus, the vast majority of athletes will be close to their competitions.

Contents

[edit] USOC city selection

Initially, five American cities vied for the 2016 Olympics: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and San Francisco. The USOC's chairman at the time, Peter Ueberroth, visited all potential host cities during April and May 2006. He visited Chicago on May 10. On July 26, 2006, the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) narrowed its list of American applicant cities to three: Chicago, Los Angeles and San Francisco.[2] San Francisco withdrew its application on November 13, 2006.[3]

The final stage of the USOC internal selection occurred on April 14, 2007, at Washington, D.C.'s Embassy Row Hotel, where the two remaining bid cities, Chicago and Los Angeles, made a last 40-minute presentation to the USOC board members.[4] At about 9:00 pm UTC, Chicago was announced as the winner of the United States bid for the 2016 Olympic Games by Ueberroth.[5]

[edit] Bid details

Chicago Skyline from Lake Michigan

Chicago has had prior experience with Olympic bids. In 1901, the city was unanimously chosen by the IOC to stage the 1904 Summer Olympics,[6] but the Games were moved to St. Louis to coincide with the 1904 World's Fair.[7] Chicago also bid for the 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics, without success.[8] Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley visited Beijing – host city of the 2008 Summer Olympics – on May 15, 2006, where he collected information on hosting. The bidding process for the 2016 Olympic Games was officially launched on May 16, 2007.

In June 2007, Olympic bid committee Chairman and CEO, Patrick G. Ryan announced that David P. Bolger was appointed chief operating officer and Rick Ludwig as chief financial officer.[9]

The Chicago 2016 Olympic bid committee announced the details of the Olympic bid application on January 15, 2008.[10] 22 of the 27 Olympic venues will be in four clusters within 15 km of the Olympic Village. Five new venues and eleven temporary venues will be built for the games. The bid costs ($49.3 million) are being borne by the private sector as are the costs of the games. The cost of the infrastructure will be financed by the government.[11]

The bid committee filed a 600-page candidacy file with the IOC in Lausanne, Switzerland on February 12, 2009. The file responded to 227 questions given to each candidate city.[12] On February 13, the candidacy file with the final version of Chicago's 2016 Olympic plan was publicly released.[13][14]

Chicago 2016 Olympic bid supporters
(left to right) President of the United States Barack Obama, Mayor Richard M. Daley Richard M. Daley, Olympians Michael Jordan and Michael Phelps celebrity Oprah Winfrey, and most of the many people in chicago and its suburbs.

Chicago's bid benefits from major preliminary corporate commitments, philanthropic efforts by wealthy Chicagoans, promised planning participation by a wide range of community and government leaders, and the enthusiasm of the citizenry.[15] Local support for the bid on the South Side, particularly in the Washington Park and Woodlawn community areas, is divided. Ben Joravsky, a Chicago Reader columnist, has been one of the strongest critics of the Chicago 2016 bid.[16][17][18][19][20][21] However, 2007 opinion polls indicated that public support is 76 percent.[22] In 2009, as the final selection loomed, opponents of the bid became vocal even though organizers seemed to be pleased with the bid's progress and presentation.[23] Peter Ueberroth stated, "Chicago is going in the right direction, and we are impressed by that."[15]

Long-time Chicago resident and current President of the United States Barack Obama has been a supporter of Chicago's bid since its inception.[24] Michael Jordan has become an unofficial spokesman for Chicago's bid.[25] Chicago media mogul Oprah Winfrey and Olympic champion Michael Phelps have been widely promoting the bid since the 2008 Summer Olympics.[26][27]

The bid plan emphasizes use of Chicago Park District parks (Washington Park, Burnham Park, Lincoln Park, Douglas Park and Grant Park).[28][29] In addition, existing facilities such as Soldier Field and McCormick Place will host events.[29] In addition to the event sites, the bid includes North side, downtown Loop and South Side celebration locations in Lincoln and Grant Parks as well as the Midway Plaissance respectively that will have JumboTrons for unticketed visitors.[29] The bid notes that there is a very high concentration of event locations and training facilities in very close proximity to each other and that the majority of event sites are clustered together.[30][31]

[edit] Financing

Chicago 2016 Olympic bid funding supporters
(left to right) Olympic bid Chairman and CEO Patrick G. Ryan, former Governor of Illinois Rod Blagojevich, current Governor Pat Quinn and Senior United States Senator Dick Durbin have been instrumental in securing funding commitments.

Ueberroth and members of the national committee met with Daley on May 10, 2006, for the initial assessment. Daley appointed business executive Patrick G. Ryan of Aon Corporation, part-owner of the Chicago Bears,[32] to lead the city's bid process, especially in areas of corporate participation in fundraising.[33][34]

Mayor Daley said on May 10, 2006 that the Olympics "cannot become a financial burden to the taxpayers of Chicago and Illinois."[33] "The goal is to have the Olympics be totally privately funded and we have unparalleled support from the business community," a mayoral spokeswoman said in July 2006.[35] Daley insisted that no tax money would be used to pay for the city to host the 2016 Summer Olympic Games and said funding from the private sector and federal dollars for security and infrastructure would cover the costs. "Tax money isn't paying for it," Daley said on February 7, 2009. "The federal government pays for security, which is the highest cost of the Olympics ... The other thing they pay for is infrastructure ... There's no city tax money whatsoever ... We are very strong in that position ... in the regard to having that be sponsored by the private sector and others."[36] In previous years, Daley opposed possible bids for the 2008 and 2012 Olympic Games owing to former international committee financial-guarantee requirements. The 2016 financial guarantee requirements were not initially formalized.[37]

Early cost estimates hover at $5 billion, with $1.1 billion needed for the lakeside Olympic Village and an additional estimated $366 million for a temporary 80,000 seat Olympic Stadium to be built in Washington Park.[38] Nonetheless, the proposed budget compares unfavorably to the costs of the Beijing Olympics, which are estimated to have cost $40 billion.[39] Further, the 2004 Olympic games in Athens, initially budgeted to cost $2.4 billion, in fact cost $9 billion. [40] On April 11, 2007, former Governor of Illinois Rod Blagojevich proposed $150 million in state funding to help secure the bid to the USOC for Chicago. Current Governor, Pat Quinn, has stated that he is willing to support any funding necessary to secure the Olympics for Chicago.[41] As of the announcement on April 14, over $35 million in cash and $13 million in goods have been pledged, including donations in excess of $100,000 from at least 225 individuals and corporations.[42] Chicago has strong allies to pursue federal funds for security and transportation: U.S. Senator Dick Durbin is the 2nd in command among Democratic Senators as the Whip, and former Senator Barack Obama is now the President of the United States. The city has announced a $500 million insurance policy against cost overruns and revenue shortfalls.[43]

[edit] Venues

Despite the current lack of an Olympic stadium, Chicago has dozens of existing sport venues: Soldier Field, United Center, U.S. Cellular Field, Wrigley Field, Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Sears Centre in Hoffman Estates, and Toyota Park in Bridgeview. Venues at Loyola University Chicago, Northwestern University, the University of Chicago, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago State University, Northern Illinois University, and the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, among others, are also available and have been mentioned in early news reports as possibilities. Northerly Island and the lakefront along Lake Michigan would host all beach and water events. The McCormick Place convention center, the second largest in the world, is the planned venue for indoor events like judo and weightlifting, as well as hosting all press offices, while Archery and the medals podium are slated for Grant Park.[44]

Preliminary soccer matches would be played in the new Meadowlands Stadium (to be completed in 2010) in East Rutherford, New Jersey; the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California; Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (which would be temporarily renamed Philadelphia Field for the Olympics); the Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis, Missouri (St. Louis Dome); FedEx Field in Landover, Maryland ("Landover Field"); and TCF Bank Stadium (Minneapolis Stadium), a new stadium opening in September 2009 on the campus of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[45]

Swimming events were originally planned to be held in the West Side's Douglas Park,[43] but in a December 2008 plan revision the swimming was moved to Washington Park and a velodrome for track and BMX cycling events was moved from Northerly Island to Douglas Park.[46] The Cycling hub will be in Madison, Wisconsin.[45]

[edit] Rowing

The Monroe Harbor will be enlarged with a $60-million breakwater to accommodate an approximately 2-mile course for rowing events.[44][47][48] This will enable rowing competitions to take place on a course running from Northerly Island to about Randolph Street.[47] This course would feature a picturesque Chicago Loop skyline backdrop for television viewing, which by 2016 might include the Chicago Spire,[44][49] if it is completed. In order to accommodate the Olympics, all non-Olympic watercraft would be required to vacate Monroe Harbor for a year.[44] Canoeing events will be held in the former location of Meigs Field on Northerly Island by the Adler Planetarium. Historically, this site staged some venues for the 1933 World's Fair.

[edit] Stadium

Soldier Field will not serve as the main Olympic Stadium in Chicago. However, the sports venue will host a significant number of events.

The Olympic Stadium will be in Washington Park, a site listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the Washington Park community area of the same name on the city's south side. Chicago initially proposed building a temporary 80,000-seat track stadium adjacent to Soldier Field and having the two stadiums host dual Opening and Closing Ceremonies.[50][51] However, the final proposal called for a $366 million temporary stadium to be built in Washington Park. The stadium will be replaced by a 10,000 seat multi-use venue after the games.[44] The smaller post-Olympic stadium will be more in line with public interest in restoring the historic park after the games.[44] The new stadium will feature a high-tech reflective sheathing material to accommodate huge TV picture projections on its outside walls.[44] The temporary stadium would not have concessions inside the stadium unlike permanent local venues, although concessions are planned outside the stadium.[52][53] The stadium will feature a basic oval shape, but it will also adhere to Olympic design rules which dictate that there must be an overhanging lip at one end to cover dignitaries and the media.[53] IOC president Jacques Rogge praised Chicago's design in November 2007 as a possible "blueprint for the future." This reflects the desire of the IOC to make the games both more affordable and to have a smaller ecological footprint on the host city.[54]

[edit] Olympic Village

The Olympic Village used to house athletes during the games will be a $1.1-billion series of newly constructed lakefront buildings that will be then converted to rental and condominium units after the games.[43] The village will be located immediately south of McCormick Place, which is expected to host 11 event venues,[55] on a current truck parking lot between South Lake Shore Drive and the Illinois Central Railroad tracks in the Near South Side and Douglas community areas.[43] Currently, the parking lot is used to stage events at McCormick Place.[44] The village will have pedways over Lake Shore Drive.[47][56][57] This location will enable 88% of the Olympic athletes to be within 15 minutes of their competition venue.[55]

Initially, the Olympic Village was to be located entirely on the McCormick Place truck yards, but in November 2006, The Michael Reese Hospital site became listed for sale.[58] Planners determined that the Hospital site would likely be superior in terms of lower cost and more successful urban planning implementation.[59] In November 2007, Mayor Daley announced a plan to acquire the 37-acre (150,000 m2) site,[60] and the following June the hospital decided that it would cease operations.[61] In July 2008 the city announced its official bid for the property:[62][63] The city planned to borrow $85 million to buy the Michael Reese Hospital campus, near 31st and King Drive, from its current owner, Medline Industries. Medline would only get $65 million, because the company agreed to make a $20 million “charitable contribution” back to the city. The city would use that $20 million to pay up to five years of interest on its $85 million debt, demolish the hospital, and clean up the site. Then sometime in the next couple years it will sell the site for at least $85 million to a developer or developers, who in turn will build a complex big enough to house about 15,000 Olympians. After the games the developer will sell or rent out the units.[64]

In September 2008, the city realized it had underestimated demolition and environmental cleanup costs, which put the transaction at risk.[65][66] Additionally in September the Associated Press reported a recalcitrant property owner may force the hospital site to be abandoned. These problems needed resolution by the bid committee by February 2009, the date which bid books are due.[67] That month, the city requested a renegotiation of terms and within a week Michael Reese hospital filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy.[68] In December 2008, new terms for the deal became public.[69] Although, original financing plans included no taxpayer funding, the late deal was only possible with $500 million of taxpayer participation via a guarantee by the city to cover possible revenue shortfall and $45 million for Chicago Police Department costs.[70][71] In addition, in early 2008, records were uncovered that show the campus of Michael Reese Hospital to have been designed, in large part, by one of the twentieth century's most well-respected modernist architects, Walter Gropius.[72] The plan for the Olympic Village, thus, is now battling the growing belief that preserving the old hospital campus would be better from an urban planning and historic preservation standpoint and also rising questions about financing the village.[73][74] In addition, the planned demolition of 28 buildings puts the sustainability record the city is attempting to create in question.[75]

[edit] Sports culture

Chicago benefits from a strong sports culture. On August 1, 2006, it was named Best Sports City in the US by Sporting News.[76] Chicagoans are famous for their rabid support of their home teams:[76] the Chicago Bears, Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Wolves, Chicago Cubs, Chicago White Sox, Chicago Bulls, and more recently, Chicago Sky (WNBA),Chicago Fire, Chicago Rush, the new women's soccer team, the Chicago Red Stars, and the Chicago Machine. Other events such as the Chicago Marathon, one of the five World Marathon Majors,[77] will also play a part in Chicago's Olympic-planning process.

[edit] Experience

Chicago hosted the 1959 Pan American Games.

Chicago has hosted major and historic world gatherings in the past, including the famous 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, the 1933 Century of Progress Exposition and the 1959 Pan American Games, as well as matches for the 1994 FIFA World Cup soccer tournament. Chicago has also hosted the most United States presidential nominating conventions.[78] Chicago was scheduled to host the 1904 Summer Olympics, but the games were instead relocated to St. Louis to coincide with its Louisiana Purchase Exposition, more commonly known as the Saint Louis World's Fair.[79] Chicago was also the first host of the Special Olympics in 1968.[80]

More recently, Chicago hosted the Gay Games VII in July 2006, and the 2007 AIBA Boxing Championships in October 2007. The championships are a qualifying event for the 2008 Summer Olympics and a chance for Chicago to showcase its staging skills to IOC members.[81] AIBA head Dr. Ching-kuo Wu enthused the tournament was the "best ever", especially considering the short six-month lead time Chicago had to organize the games.[82]

[edit] Logo

On May 16, 2007, Chicago was informed that its logo, a representation of a torch with the flames reminiscent of Chicago's skyline, violated IOC rules against using Olympic torch imagery.[83] Bidding rules prohibit logos containing the Olympic symbol, motto, flag or other imagery including a flame, torch or medal.[83] Chicago agreed to revise the logo.[84] The current redesigned logo was released on September 19, 2007.[85] Using the same color palette, a unique six-pointed Chicago star represents a compass pointing in all directions reaching out to the world. Each point represents an Olympic value: Hope, Respect, Harmony, Friendship, Excellence and Celebration.[86] The warm colors initially represented in the flame (or top) of the image refer to the sun, the cool colors represent the green parklands and blue waters of Lake Michigan. Initially beneath the logo were the words "Applicant City".[86]

Chicago City Council alderman Edward Burke has proposed that a fifth star be added to the Flag of Chicago if the city wins its bid for the Olympic games in 2016.[87]

[edit] Bid factors

The bid relies on Chicago's strength in medical services and doping control, security, accommodations, transportation, technology and media operations.[88][89] The city's transportation infrastructure includes the Chicago Transit Authority, which operates a vast network of buses and elevated/subway 'L' trains, and the Metra and South Shore Line commuter rail services that connects more than 230 suburban destinations to Chicago. These transportation options allow public transit access to the Games for city residents and people throughout northeastern Illinois into northern Indiana and southern Wisconsin. Additionally, the city is served by two major airports, O'Hare and Midway, along with the outlying Gary/Chicago International Airport, Chicago Rockford International Airport, and General Mitchell International Airport in Milwaukee. The city is served by all major worldwide airlines, and O'Hare is a international hub for both American and United Airlines, while Midway is a hub of sorts for domestic carrier Southwest Airlines. There is also a considerable network of rail lines and interstate highways in the region.[90] Chicago has over 30,000 hotel rooms in the immediate downtown area alone,[91] and it has the largest skilled-labor workforce in the US catering to conventions and other large-scale media events.[citation needed]

Chicago is geographically situated within the central United States. That means its time zone is well-suited to North American television coverage. The NBC television network with its sister cable broadcasters is by far the largest media vendor and contract purchaser of the Olympic Games.[92]

[edit] Domain Name Dispute

A trademark controversy has arisen for "Chicago2016.com" as well as "Tokyo2016.com". Both have been registered by entrepreneur Stephen Frayne, Jr., an MBA student at the Kellogg School of Management, who claimed the domains in 2004, as well as up to 40 other domain names with a similar city/year format which mimics the way Olympic Games are marketed.[93] Frayne's stated intent for the site is a "comprehensive, balanced discussion" of the benefits and pitfalls of holding the Olympics in Chicago; the Chicago 2016 committee contends that his real intent is to profit from cybersquatting.[94] The Chicago Olympic bid organization, which has been using Chicago2016.org as its official web site, sought control of Chicago2016.com through a complaint filed with an international arbitration organization.[93] Attempts by the USOC to have the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) release the names have failed.[95] Frayne brought suit in U.S. District Court in Chicago, seeking an injunction against the arbitration proceedings.[93] On September 25, 2008, the WIPO arbitration panel granted Frayne's motion to suspend and terminate proceedings setting up a battle in the federal court in the Northern District of Illinois.[96]

The Olympic bid candidature documentation published by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) states that each bid must "...provide documentation indicating that appropriate measures have been taken to register domain names that are of value to your candidature such as '[City] 2016' followed by extensions .com .net .org as well as the country code concerned."[97]

Rio de Janiero has control of "rio2016.com", which they registered in 2003 while bidding for the 2012 Summer Olympics.[95]

[edit] Outlook

Chicago made the Candidate city shortlist in June 2008 as one of four finalists to host the 2016 Olympic games.[98] Its technical ranking by the IOC was 7.0; generally beyond the 6.0 minimum threshold, but trailing behind Tokyo and Madrid's bids. (It should be noted that technical qualities are only part of the final selection process.)[99] The final selection from among Madrid, Spain; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil will be made on October 2, 2009, in Copenhagen, Denmark.[99][100] If Chicago is chosen, the games would be held from July 22 to August 7, with the Paralympics held between August 12 and August 28.[31]

USOC head Peter Ueberroth has contended that Chicago is in "third or fourth place", with a need to focus more on the international relations rather than just having a strong technical bid.[101] Nevertheless, with Chicago's strong hosting of the AIBA Boxing Championships[82] which exposed the city to many IOC members, the city was cited as a current favorite, and one member claims the Games are "theirs to lose."[102] Chicago also successfully hosted the 2006 Gay Games, another multinational sporting event.[103][104] Both events were planned with short lead times.

Although there is no official IOC rotation policy, the Americas have an edge to host since previous games will have been held in Asia, Europe, and Australia: London, Beijing, Athens, and Sydney. Besides Chicago, candidate city Rio also has the advantage of being located in the Americas, as well as the additional factor of being in South America, a region which has never hosted an Olympics. Although not as strong in infrastructure, Rio is identified as a "dark horse" that may surprise its competitors.[102]

Chicago may also have hurdles in overcoming animosity in a long standing dispute with the IOC, with some IOC members also resenting the large share of revenue taken by the United States Olympic Committee;[105] the USOC has recently made headway in negotiating progress for a viable solution. Additionally, the controversy over the participation of Team Cuba in the 2006 World Baseball Classic was seen at the time to hurt America's chances; however, no similar controversy surrounded Cuba's participation in the 2009 event. The election of Chicagoan Barack Obama as U.S. President is seen to help Chicago's chances.[106]

In April 2009, the Chicago 2016 bid committee was the first of the four finalists to host the 13-member IOC Evaluation Commission.[107] They presented twenty films to the committee.[108] Among the video spokespersons of the bid were Hillary Clinton, who was raised in suburban Chicago, and Michael Jordan.[107] In addition to meeting with bid organizers, the IOC commission met with bid opposition groups when they visited.[109] After the IOC commission left Chicago, the Chicago City Council approved an Olympic Community Agreement ordinance that was drafted by Alderman Toni Preckwinkle. The agreement commits 30 percent of Olympic Village units to affordable housing conversion and guarantees women and minorities a portion of Olympic-related contracts.[110] Former Illinois Senate President Emil Jones derided the agreement as an inadequate deal.[111]

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Kamper, Erich; Mallon, Bill (1992). Who's who at the Olympics. 
  2. ^ "Chicago, Los Angeles and San Francisco On USOC 2016 Olympic Bid Short List". GamesBids. 2006-07-26. http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1153946761. Retrieved on 2007-04-17. 
  3. ^ "San Francisco Reluctantly Withdraws 2016 Olympic Bid". GamesBids. 2006-11-13. http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1163447302. Retrieved on 2007-04-17. 
  4. ^ "U.S. 2016 Candidate – Chicago Or Los Angeles?". GamesBids. 2007-04-13. http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1176482036. Retrieved on 2007-04-17. 
  5. ^ Peters, Ken (2007-04-14). "Chicago picked by USOC to bid for 2016 Olympics". Olympics (Yahoo! Sports). http://sports.yahoo.com/olympics/news?slug=ap-usoc-2016&prov=ap&type=lgns. Retrieved on 2007-04-14. 
  6. ^ Comité International Olympique (July 1901). "Les Jeux Olympiques de 1904" (in French) (PDF). Revue Olympique (3): 30–4. http://www.aafla.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1901/ROLE3/ROLE3c.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-04-12. 
  7. ^ "The 1904 Olympics: St. Louis, Missouri". Hickok Sports. http://www.hickoksports.com/history/ol1904.shtml. Retrieved on 2007-04-17. 
  8. ^ "Olympic Bid Election History". GamesBids. http://www.gamesbids.com/english/archives/past.shtml. Retrieved on 2007-04-17. 
  9. ^ Chicago 2016 Announces New Chief Operating Officer, Other Senior Staff Appointments. Press release. 2007-06-28. http://chicago2016.org/News_story.aspx?NewsStory=40. Retrieved on 2006-07-04. 
  10. ^ "Newsletters". Chicago 2016, City of Chicago, Applicant City, 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games. http://www.chicago2016.org/ioc_fact.aspx. Retrieved on 2008-01-19. 
  11. ^ "Chicago's 2016 Olympic Bid Details Are Released". Menscerto Inc.. 2008-01-15. http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1200428217. Retrieved on 2008-01-19. 
  12. ^ "The Bid Book Is In!". Chicago 2016. http://www.chicago2016.org/. Retrieved on 2009-03-11. 
  13. ^ Hersh, Philip (2009-02-13). "Chicago Olympic bid plans revealed: City believed to be front-runner for 2016 Olympics, but money issues remain". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/olympics/chi-chicago-olympic-bid-plans-revealed-090213,0,3035411.story. Retrieved on 2009-03-11. 
  14. ^ Hilkevitch, Jon (2009-02-13). "No transit overhaul in city's Olympic bid". Chicago Tribune/WGN/CLTV/WGN-TV. http://www.chicagobreakingnews.com/2009/02/analysis-no-transit-overhaul-in-citys-olympic-bid.html. Retrieved on 2009-03-11. 
  15. ^ a b "And the 2016 Summer Olympics will be held in (read the story to find out)". Sports Business News. January 26, 2007. http://sportsbiznews.blogspot.com/2007/01/and-2016-summer-olympics-will-be-held.html. Retrieved on March 18, 2007. 
  16. ^ Joravsky, Ben (2008-04-17). "A City Off Track: Amid the Olympics fervor, local athletes are still getting shortchanged". Chicago Reader. Creative Loafing Media. http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/theworks/080417. Retrieved on 2008-08-04. 
  17. ^ Joravsky, Ben (2007-10-04). "A Promise Made to Be Broken: Could a 20,000-seat Olympic field hockey arena really leave Jackson Park unspoiled?". Chicago Reader. Creative Loafing Media. http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/theworks/071004/. Retrieved on 2008-08-04. 
  18. ^ Joravsky, Ben (2007-10-25). "Thar She Blows: The white whale lurking behind the mayor’s new tax increases". Chicago Reader. Creative Loafing Media. http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/theworks/071025/. Retrieved on 2008-08-04. 
  19. ^ Joravsky, Ben (2007-04-20). "Think Smaller: While Chicago courts the Olympics, future Olympians practice in school hallways.". Chicago Reader. Creative Loafing Media. http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/theworks/070420/. Retrieved on 2008-08-04. 
  20. ^ Joravsky, Ben (2008-07-24). "Magic Beans: The mayor’s new Olympic Village plan would bet taxpayer dollars on risky real estate speculation.". Chicago Reader. Creative Loafing Media. http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/theworks/080724/. Retrieved on 2008-08-04. 
  21. ^ Joravsky, Ben (2008-04-03). "It’s All About the Olympics: Why is the Park District clamping down on its volunteer advisers?". Chicago Reader. Creative Loafing Media. http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/theworks/080403/. Retrieved on 2008-08-04. 
  22. ^ Chicago Bid book, page 53. Survey by Zogby International, April 2007
  23. ^ "Olympic Inspection Team Wraps Up Chicago Visit: IOC Team Praises Chicago's Vision, Strong Bid". CBS Broadcasting, Inc./CBS2Chicago.com. 2009-04-09. http://cbs2chicago.com/local/chicago.2016.olympic.2.978571.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-25. 
  24. ^ Chicago 2016: Candidate City (V1), p. 2-3
  25. ^ Gomez, Brian (April 10 2007). "USOC to decide on 2016 Olympic bid city". The Gazette. http://www.gazette.com/onset?id=21003&template=article.html. Retrieved on April 16 2007. 
  26. ^ "Chicago 2016 News – Nike, Phelps, Oprah". Games Bids Inc.. 2008-08-30. http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/olympic_bids/chicago_2016/1216133678.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-22. 
  27. ^ "Olympic Champion Michael Phelps Celebrates With Chicago 2016". Games Bids Inc.. 2008-09-04. http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/olympic_bids/chicago_2016/1216133694.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-22. 
  28. ^ Chicago 2016: Candidate City (V1), p. 8-9
  29. ^ a b c Chicago 2016: Candidate City (V1), p. 33
  30. ^ Chicago 2016: Candidate City (V1), p. A2-A7
  31. ^ a b Chicago 2016: Candidate City (V1), p. 31
  32. ^ Haugh, David (2009-01-25). "A league of their own - Old-school owners remain relevant in modern NFL". Chicago Tribune. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=125F138B57BEE738&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420. Retrieved on 2009-03-13. 
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[edit] External links

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v • d • e
Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics
121st Session of the International Olympic Committee
Host city Cities for the 2016 Summer Olympics.
Candidate city
Chicago · Madrid · Rio de Janeiro · Tokyo
Applicant city
Baku · Doha · Prague
Postulant city
Fukuoka · Los Angeles · San Francisco · São Paulo · Sapporo
Aspirant city
Delhi · Dubai · Houston · Istanbul · Lisbon · Monterrey · Philadelphia
v • d • e
Bids for the Olympics
 •  Games handed without bids submitted;  •  Only one bid submitted;  •  Bids submitted but no Games celebration;  •  No bids submitted and no Games celebration
See also • Bids for Olympic Games and Bids for Olympic Games (ballots)
v • d • e
City of Chicago
Flag of Chicago
See also: Chicago metropolitan area
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_bid_for_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"
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