Chlamydophila

Chlamydophila
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Chlamydiae
Class:	Chlamydiae
Order:	Chlamydiales
Family:	Chlamydiaceae
Genus:	Chlamydophila
Species
Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Grayston et al. 1989) Everett et al. 1999 Chlamydophila pecorum (Fukushi and Hirai 1992) Everett et al. 1999 Chlamydophila psittaci (Lillie 1930) Everett et al. 1999 Chlamydophila abortus Everett et al. 1999 Chlamydophila felis Everett et al. 1999 Chlamydophila caviae Everett et al. 1999

Chlamydophila is a bacterial genus belonging to the family Chlamydiaceae, order Chlamydiales, class/phylum Chlamydiae.

Taxonomy

Chlamydophila was recognized in 1999, with six species in Chlamydophila and three in the original genus, Chlamydia. All Chlamydiae have a biphasic developmental lifecycle that depends on obligately intracellular growth in eukaryotic host cells.

Prior to 1999, criteria for chlamydial species were not exclusive. For example, at that time genus Chlamydia = family Chlamydiaceae; C. psittaci were distinguished from C. trachomatis by sulfadiazine resistance, although not all C. psittaci were resistant; C. pneumoniae was classified by its appearance under electron microscopy (EM) and its ability to infect humans, although the EM appearance was found to differ from one research group to the next, and all of these species infected humans.

The systematic taxonomy established for Chlamydiae in 1999 uses up-to-date, prevailing criteria for bacterial classification, including DNA-DNA reassociation, 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA gene similarity, sequence similarity clustering of protein coding genes, and genome size. Supporting criteria such as antigen detection, glycogen staining, host association, and EM morphology are also employed, depending on applicability and availability. In 1999, many Chlamydia strains were reorganized into the genus Chlamydophila.

Most importantly - Members of Chlamydiaceae have been extensively characterized by complete genome sequencing. This information provides new understanding concerning their natural evolutionary history. Comparative genome analysis is consistent with the conclusion that host-divergent strains of Chlamydiae are closely related biologically and ecologically. The previous taxonomic separation of the genus based on ribosomal sequences is neither consistent with the natural history of the organism revealed by genome comparisons, nor widely used by the Chlamydia research community 8 years after its introduction; thus, it is proposed to reunite the Chlamydiaceae into a single genus, Chlamydia.

Chlamydophila differentiation

The mean DNA-DNA reassociation similarity distinguishing Chlamydophila from Chlamydia is 10.1% (95% confidence interval = 6.8 through 13.5), an accepted value for genus separation.

Divergence of Chlamydophila from Chlamydia is indicated by sequence similarity clustering of protein coding and ribosomal RNA genes. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences of Chlamydophila and Chlamydia are close to 95% identical. However, 95% is not a cutoff for separating Chlamydiaceae genera but is a guideline for establishing new genera in chlamydial families. The full-length 23S rRNA genes of Chlamydophila and Chlamydia species are less than 95% identical.

Some Molecular Criteria Distinguishing Chlamydiaceae Genera

Genus	Approximate Genome Size (million DNA base pairs)	Detectable Glycogen	Number of Ribosomal Operons
Chlamydophila	1.2	No	1
Chlamydia	1.0	Yes	2

Species

Distinctions such as EM morphology, antibiotic resistance, and extrachromosomal plasmid are typically species-specific characteristics.

Species in Chlamydophila include:

• Chlamydophila pneumoniae
• Chlamydophila pecorum
• Chlamydophila felis
• Chlamydophila psittaci
• Chlamydophila abortus
• Chlamydophila caviae

External links

• Chlamydophila genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID
• Taxonomic Outline of the Procaryotes, Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Second Edition Release 1.0, April c. [1]