Chlorophyta

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Chlorophyta
"Siphoneae" from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur, 1904
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Viridiplantae
Division: Chlorophyta
Reichenbach, 1834; Pascher[1][2]
Classes[3]
Green algae on coastal rocks at Shihtiping in Taiwan

Chlorophyta is a division of green algae, informally called chlorophytes. The name is used in two very different senses, so care is needed to determine the use by a particular author. In older classification systems, it refers to a highly paraphyletic group of all the green algae within the green plants (Viridiplantae) and thus includes about 7,000 species[4][5] of mostly aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. Like the land plants (bryophytes and tracheophytes), green algae contain chlorophylls a and b and store food as starch[4] in their plastids.

In newer classifications, it refers to one of the two clades making up the Viridiplantae, which are the chlorophytes and the streptophytes or charophytes.[6][7] In this sense it includes only about 4,300 species.[3]

Contents

Ecology [edit]

Species of Chlorophyta (treated as what is now considered one of the two clades of Viridiplantae) are common inhabitants of marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments.[8][9] Several species have adapted to specialised and extreme environments, such as deserts, arctic environments, hypersaline habitats, marine deep waters and deep-sea hydrothermal vents. [10][11][12] Some groups, such as the Trentepohliales are exclusively found on land.[13] Several species of Chlorophyta live in symbiosis with a diverse range of eukaryotes, including fungi to form lichens, ciliates, Foraminifera, Cnidaria and molluscs. [9] Some species of Chlorophyta are heterotrophic, either free-living or parasitic.[14][15] The heterotrophic green alga Prototheca can cause infections in humans and animals known as protothecosis.[16]

Classes [edit]

A possible classification when Chlorophyta refers to one of the two clades of the Viridiplantae is shown below.[17]

Classification of the Chlorophyta, treated as all green algae, according to Hoek, Mann and Jahns 1995.[4]

  • Prasinophyceae
  • Chlorophyceae
  • Ulvophyceae
  • Cladophorophyceae
  • Bryopsidophyceae
  • Dasycladophyceae
  • Trentepoliophyceae
  • Pleurastrophyceae (Pleurastrales and Prasiolales)
  • Klebsormidiophyceae
  • Zygnematophyceae
  • Charophyceae

Classification of the Chlorophyta (treated as what is now considered one of the two clades of the Viridiplantae) according to Bold and Wynne 1985.[18]

References [edit]

  1. ^ Pascher A (1914). "Über Flagellaten und Algen". Berichte der deutsche botanischen Gesellschaft 32: 136–160. 
  2. ^ Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JR, Bowser SS, Brugerolle G, Fensome RA, Fredericq S, James TY, Karpov S, Kugrens P, Krug J, Lane CE, Lewis LA, Lodge J, Lynn DH, Mann DG, McCourt RM, Mendoza L, Moestrup Ø, Mozley-Standridge SE, Nerad TA, Shearer CA, Smirnov AV, Speigel FW, Taylor MFJR (2005). "The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 52 (5): 399–451. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x. PMID 16248873. 
  3. ^ a b Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). AlgaeBase : Chlorophyta. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2011-07-26 
  4. ^ a b c Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H.M. 1995. Algae An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-30419-9
  5. ^ "Major Algae Phyla - Table - MSN Encarta". Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. 
  6. ^ Lewis, Louise A. & McCourt, R.M. (2004). "Green algae and the origin of land plants". Am. J. Bot. 91 (10): 1535–1556. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535. PMID 21652308 
  7. ^ Becker, B. & Marin, B. (2009). "Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes". Annals of Botany 103 (7): 999–1004. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp044. PMC 2707909. PMID 19273476 
  8. ^ Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW (2009) Algae. 2nd Edition. Benjamin Cummings (Pearson), San Francisco, CA
  9. ^ a b Leliaert, F., Smith, D.R., Moreau, H., Herron, M.D., Verbruggen, H., Delwiche, C.F. & De Clerck, O. (2012). "Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 31: 1–46. doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.615705. 
  10. ^ Lewis, Louise; Lewis, Paul (2005). "Unearthing the Molecular Phylodiversity of Desert Soil Green Algae (Chlorophyta)". Systematic Biology 54 (6): 936–947. doi:10.1080/10635150500354852. ISSN 1063-5157. 
  11. ^ De Wever, A.; Leliaert, F.; Verleyen, E.; Vanormelingen, P.; Van der Gucht, K.; Hodgson, D. A.; Sabbe, K.; Vyverman, W. (2009). "Hidden levels of phylodiversity in Antarctic green algae: further evidence for the existence of glacial refugia". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276 (1673): 3591–3599. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0994. ISSN 0962-8452. 
  12. ^ Leliaert, Frederik; Verbruggen, Heroen; Zechman, Frederick W. (2011). "Into the deep: New discoveries at the base of the green plant phylogeny". BioEssays 33 (9): 683–692. doi:10.1002/bies.201100035. ISSN 02659247. 
  13. ^ Lopez-Bautista, J. M. (2006). "Molecular systematics of the subaerial green algal order Trentepohliales: an assessment based on morphological and molecular data". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56 (7): 1709–1715. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63990-0. ISSN 1466-5026. 
  14. ^ Joubert, J. J. & F. H. J. Rijkenberg (1971). "Parasitic green algae". Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 9: 45–64. 
  15. ^ Nedelcu, Aurora M. (2001). "Complex Patterns of Plastid 16S rRNA Gene Evolution in Nonphotosynthetic Green Algae". Journal of Molecular Evolution 53 (6): 670–679. doi:10.1007/s002390010254. ISSN 0022-2844. 
  16. ^ Tartar A, Boucias DG, Adams BJ, Becnel JJ (2002). "Phylogenetic analysis identifies the invertebrate pathogen Helicosporidium sp as a green alga (Chlorophyta)". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52 (Pt 1): 273–9. PMID 11837312. 
  17. ^ Jean-Francxois Pombert et al 2005, The Chloroplast Genome Sequence of the Green Alga Pseudendoclonium akinetum (Ulvophyceae) Reveals Unusual Structural Features and New Insights into the Branching Order of Chlorophyte Lineages Mol. Biol. Evol. 22(9):1903–1918. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi182
  18. ^ Bold, H.C. & Wynne, M.J. (1985). Introduction to the algae : structure and reproduction (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-477746-7 

Further reading [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chlorophyta
Rhodophyta
Glaucocystophyceae
Viridiplantae/
Plantae
sensu stricto
Chlorophyta/GA
Streptophyta
Charophyta/GA
Embryophyta/
Plantae
sensu strictissimo
Bryophytes
(non-vascular)
Tracheophyta
Lycopodiophyta
Euphyllophyta
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