Christian Reconstructionism

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This article is about the Protestant movement. For other uses, see Reconstructionism (disambiguation).

Christian Reconstructionism is a Calvinist theonomic movement, founded by Rousas John Rushdoony, that some claim has played a role in promoting the trend toward explicitly Christian politics in the larger US Christian Right.[1][page needed] Christian Reconstructionists are usually postmillennialists and followers of the presuppositional apologetics of Cornelius Van Til. They tend to support a decentralized political order resulting in laissez-faire capitalism.[2]

Contents

Reconstructionist perspective [edit]

Theonomy [edit]

Main article: Theonomy

Christian Reconstructionists describe their view of public ethics by the term, "Theonomy" (the Law of God governs); while some of their critics tend to label them "Theocratic" (God governs). The notable differences are that "theocracy" is usually thought of as totalitarian and involving no distinction between church and state, while Reconstructionists claim that "theonomy" is broadly libertarian and maintains a distinction of sphere of authority between family, church, and state.[3] For example, enforcement of moral sanctions under theonomy is done by family and church government, and sanctions for moral offenses is outside the authority of civil government (which is limited to criminal matters, courts and national defense). However, these distinctions become blurred, as the application of theonomy typically increases the authority of the civil government; prominent advocates of Christian Reconstructionism have written that according to their understanding, God's law approves of the death penalty not only for murder, but also for propagators of all forms of idolatry,[4][5][6] active homosexuals,[7] adulterers, practitioners of witchcraft, and blasphemers,[8] and perhaps even recalcitrant youths[9] (see the List of capital crimes in the Bible).

American Vision's Joel McDurmon responded to these criticisms:

What reconstructionist has promoted “coercive” means? This is the same criticism that comes from men like Horton and T. David Gordon – that Reconstructionists want to steal seats of power and install an American Taliban (the same rhetoric that I have witnessed over and over from atheists Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, and Christopher Hitchens). If this is not an uneducated misrepresentation, it is a lie.[10]

Conversely, Christian Reconstructionism's founder, Rousas John Rushdoony, wrote in The Institutes of Biblical Law (the founding document of reconstructionsim) that Old Testament law should be applied to modern society and advocates the reinstatement of the Mosaic law's penal sanctions. Under such a system, the list of civil crimes which carried a death sentence would include homosexuality, adultery, incest, lying about one's virginity, bestiality, witchcraft, idolatry or apostasy, public blasphemy, false prophesying, kidnapping, rape, and bearing false witness in a capital case.

Views on pluralism [edit]

Christian Reconstructionist leader Gary North summarized his views this way:

What I found is this: the concept of the rule of law was Mosaic, not Greek (Ex 12:49). The concept of private property is supported in the Decalogue's laws against theft and covetousness. The Mosaic economic law as a whole was pro-market, pro-private ownership, pro-foreign trade, pro-money-lending (Deut 28:12). The New Testament did not break with most of these laws, and the few that it did break with, such as slavery and the jubilee land law, made the resulting position even more market favorable. It is my goal in life to do what I can to persuade people to shrink the state. The messianic State is a crude imitation of a religion of redemption. It makes the State the healer and, ultimately, the savior of all mankind. This messianic religion is what the early church battled theologically and risked martyrdom to oppose. Christians refused to toss a pinch of incense onto the altar symbolizing the genius of the emperor. For that seemingly minor resistance to State power, they were thrown to the lions. Both sides knew the stakes of that contest. Christianity was a dagger pointed at the heart of the messianic State. It still is.[11]

On the other hand, Rousas John Rushdoony wrote in his magnum opus, The Institutes of Biblical Law: "The heresy of democracy has since then worked havoc in church and state... Christianity and democracy are inevitably enemies", and elsewhere said that "Christianity is completely and radically anti-democratic; it is committed to spiritual aristocracy," and characterized democracy as "the great love of the failures and cowards of life."[12] He nevertheless repeatedly expressed his opposition to any sort of violent revolution and advocated instead the gradual reformation (often termed "regeneration" in his writings) of society from the bottom up, beginning with the individual and family and from there gradually reforming other spheres of authority including the church and the state.[13] Under such a system, the list of civil crimes which carried a death sentence would include homosexuality, adultery, incest, lying about one's virginity, bestiality, witchcraft, idolatry or apostasy, public blasphemy, false prophesying, kidnapping, rape, and bearing false witness in a capital case.[14]

Influence on the Christian Right in general [edit]

Main article: Dominionism

Although relatively insignificant in terms of the number of self-described adherents, Christian Reconstructionism has played a role in promoting the trend toward explicitly Christian politics in the larger U.S. Christian Right.[1][page needed] This is the wider trend to which some critics refer, generally, as Dominionism. They also allegedly have influence disproportionate to their numbers among the advocates of the growth of the Christian homeschooling and other Christian education movements that seek independence from the direct oversight or support of the civil government. Because their numbers are so small compared to their influence, they are sometimes accused of being secretive and conspiratorial.[15][16][page needed][17][18][page needed] They deny this, noting they have published thousands of newsletters and hundreds of books.

In Matthew 28:18, Jesus says: All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth. This verse is seen as an announcement by Jesus that he has assumed authority over all earthly authority. In that light, some theologians interpret the Great Commission as a command to exercise that authority in his name, bringing all things (including societies and cultures) into subjection under his commands. Rousas John Rushdoony, for example, interpreted the Great Commission as a republication of the "creation mandate"[19], referring to Genesis 1:28

Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing...

For Rushdoony, the idea of dominion implied a form of Christian theocracy or, more accurately, a theonomy. For example, he wrote that:

The purpose of Christ's coming was in terms of the creation mandate… The redeemed are called to the original purpose of man, to exercise dominion under God, to be covenant-keepers, and to fulfil "the righteousness of the law" (Rom. 8:4)… Man is summoned to create the society God requires.[20]

Elsewhere he wrote:

The man who is being progressively sanctified will inescapably sanctify his home, school, politics, economics, science, and all things else by understanding and interpreting all things in terms of the word of God.[21]

According to sociologist and professor of religion William Martin, author of With God on Our Side:

It is difficult to assess the influence of Reconstructionist thought with any accuracy. Because it is so genuinely radical, most leaders of the Religious Right are careful to distance themselves from it. At the same time, it clearly holds some appeal for many of them. One undoubtedly spoke for others when he confessed, 'Though we hide their books under the bed, we read them just the same.' In addition, several key leaders have acknowledged an intellectual debt to the theonomists. Jerry Falwell and D. James Kennedy have endorsed Reconstructionist books. Rushdoony has appeared on Kennedy's television program and the 700 Club several times. Pat Robertson makes frequent use of 'dominion' language; his book, The Secret Kingdom, has often been cited for its theonomy elements; and pluralists were made uncomfortable when, during his presidential campaign, he said he 'would only bring Christians and Jews into the government,' as well as when he later wrote, 'There will never be world peace until God's house and God's people are given their rightful place of leadership at the top of the world.' And Jay Grimstead, who leads the Coalition on Revival, which brings Reconstructionists together with more mainstream evangelicals, has said, 'I don't call myself [a Reconstructionist],' but 'A lot of us are coming to realize that the Bible is God's standard of morality … in all points of history … and for all societies, Christian and non-Christian alike… It so happens that Rushdoony, Bahnsen, and North understood that sooner.' He added, 'There are a lot of us floating around in Christian leadership—James Kennedy is one of them—who don't go all the way with the theonomy thing, but who want to rebuild America based on the Bible.'[22]

Christian critics [edit]

Michael Horton of Westminster Seminary California has warned against the seductiveness of power-religion. The Christian rhetoric of the movement is weak, he argues, against the logic of its authoritarian and legalistic program, which will always drive Reconstructionism toward sub-Christian ideas about sin, and the perfectibility of human nature (such as to imagine that, if Christians are in power, they won't be inclined to do evil). On the contrary, Horton and others maintain, God's Law can, often has been, and will be put to evil uses by Christians and others, in the state, in churches, in the marketplace, and in families; and these crimes are aggravated, because to oppose a wrong committed through abuse of God's law, a critic must bear being labeled an enemy of God's law.[23]

J. Ligon Duncan of the Department of Systematic Theology of Reformed Theological Seminary in Jackson, MS warns that "Theonomy, in gross violation of biblical patterns and common sense, ignores the context of the giving of the law to the redemptive community of the Old Testament. This constitutes an approach to the nature of the civil law very different from Calvin and the rest of the Reformed tradition, which sees the civil law as God's application of his eternal standards to the particular exigencies of his people." Duncan rejects the Reconstructionist's insistence that "the Old Testament civil case law is normative for the civil magistrate and government in the New Covenant era". He views their denial of the threefold distinction between moral, civil, and ceremonial law as representing one of the severe flaws in the Reconstructionist hermeneutic.[24]

Professor Meredith Kline, whose own theology has influenced the method of several Reconstructionist theologians, has adamantly maintained that Reconstructionism makes the mistake of failing to understand the special prophetic role of Biblical Israel, including the laws and sanctions, calling it "a delusive and grotesque perversion of the teachings of scripture."[25] Kline's student, Lee Irons, furthers the critique:

According to the Reformed theocrats apparently… the only satisfactory goal is that America become a Christian nation.

Ironically... it is the wholesale rejection (not revival) of theocratic principles that is desperately needed today if the church is to be faithful to the task of gospel witness entrusted to her in the present age… It is only as the church… puts aside the lust for worldly influence and power – that she will be a positive presence in society.[26]

Rodney Clapp wrote that Reconstructionism is an anti-democratic movement.[27][28]

In an April 2009 article in Christianity Today about controversial theologian and writer Douglas Wilson, the magazine described Reconstructionism as outside the 'mainstream' views of evangelical Christians. It also stated that it "borders on a call for outright theocracy".[29]

George M. Marsden, a Professor of History at the University of Notre Dame, has remarked in Christianity Today that "Reconstructionism in its pure form is a radical movement". He also wrote, "[t]he positive proposals of Reconstructionists are so far out of line with American evangelical commitments to American republican ideals such as religious freedom that the number of true believers in the movement is small."[30]

Theocracy compared to neofascism [edit]

Popular religious author and former Roman Catholic nun Karen Armstrong sees a potential for fascism in Christian Reconstructionism, and sees theologians RJ Rushdoony and Gary North as: "totalitarian. There is no room for any other view or policy, no democratic tolerance for rival parties, no individual freedom,"[31] Berlet and Lyons have written that the movement is a "new form of clerical fascist politics,"[32][33][page needed][34][35]

Relation to Dominionism [edit]

Some sociologists and critics refer to Reconstructionism as a type of "Dominionism". These critics claim the frequent use of the word "dominion" by Reconstructionist writers, strongly associates the critical term Dominionism with this movement. As an ideological form of Dominionism, Reconstructionism is sometimes held up as the most typical form of Dominion Theology.[1][page needed][15][16][page needed][17][18][page needed][36][page needed]

The Protestant theologian Francis Schaeffer is linked with the movement by some critics, but some Reconstructionist thinkers are highly critical of Schaeffer's positions and he himself disavowed any connection or affiliation with Reconstructionism, though he did cordially correspond with Rushdoony on occasion.[37] Authors Sara Diamond and Fred Clarkson suggest that Schaeffer shared with Reconstructionism the tendency toward Dominionism.[15][16][page needed]

Christian Reconstructionists object to the "Dominionism" and the "Dominion Theology" labels, which they say misrepresent their views. Some separate Christian cultural and political movements object to being described with the label Dominionism, because in their mind the word implies attachment to Reconstructionism. In Reconstructionism the idea of godly dominion, subject to God, is contrasted with the autonomous dominion of mankind in rebellion against God.

Dominionism and Dominion Theology are pejorative terms that are applied by critics, and not generally adopted by a group to describe itself.

See also [edit]

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b c Martin 1996.
  2. ^ North & DeMar 1991, pp. 81.
  3. ^ McVicar, Michael J (Fall 2007), "The Libertarian Theocrats: The Long, Strange History of RJ Rushdoony and Christian Reconstructionism", Public Eye 22 (3) .
  4. ^ Rushdoony 1973, pp. 38–39.
  5. ^ Schwertley, Brian M, Political Polytheism, Reformed online .
  6. ^ Bahnsen, Greg L, Interview, CMF now .
  7. ^ DeMar, Gary, Ruler of the Nations, Free books, p. 212 .
  8. ^ North, Gary, Unconditional Surrender: God's Program for Victory, US: Online home, p. 118 .
  9. ^ Einwechter, William (January–February 2003), "Stoning Disobedient Children?", The Christian Statesman 146 (1) .
  10. ^ McDurmon, Joel (2009-04-17). "Begg-ing the Question on Christian Politics". Retrieved 2010-08-17. 
  11. ^ Authentic Libertarianism, Lew Rockwell .
  12. ^ In Extremis – Rousas Rushdoony and his Connections, British Centre for Science Education, retrieved Dec. 12, 2007 .
  13. ^ Dream of Total Justice, Chalcedon Foundation, retrieved July 8, 2012 .
  14. ^ Durand, Greg Loren, Reconstructionism's Commitment to Mosaic Penology: Christian Reconstruction and Its Blueprints for Dominion, Crown rights, retrieved June 10, 2008 .
  15. ^ a b c Diamond, Sara. 1995. Roads to Dominion: Right-Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 0-89862-864-4.
  16. ^ a b c Clarkson 1997.
  17. ^ a b Diamond, Sara. 1989. Spiritual Warfare: The Politics of the Christian Right. Boston: South End Press.
  18. ^ a b Berlet & Lyons 2000.
  19. ^ Rushdoony 1973, p. 729.
  20. ^ Rushdoony 1973, pp. 3–4.
  21. ^ Rushdoony, Rousas John, "Foreword", in Bahnsen, Greg, Theonomy in Christian Ethics (3rd ed.), p. xii .
  22. ^ Martin 1996, p. 354.
  23. ^ Horton, Michael (Sept. / Oct. 1994), "In God's Name: Guidelines for Proper Political Involvement", Modern Reformation Magazine 3 (5), archived from the original on 2007‐4‐15 .
  24. ^ Duncan, J Ligon (1994). "Moses' Law for Modern Government: The Intellectual and Sociological Origins of the Christian Reconstructionist Movement". Retrieved 2011-08-23. 
  25. ^ Kline, Meredith (Fall 1978), "Comments on an Old-New Error", The Westminster Theological Journal (41): 172–89 
  26. ^ Irons, Lee (2002). "The Reformed Theocrats: A Biblical Theological Response". Retrieved 2008-03-30. 
  27. ^ Clapp, Rodney (February 20, 1987). "Democracy as Heresy". Christianity Today 31 (3). pp. 17–23. 
  28. ^ North, Gary (1987). "Honest Reporting as Heresy". Westminster's Confession. pp. 317–41. 
  29. ^ Worthen, Molly (April 2009), "The Controversialist", Christianity Today 53 (4), retrieved June 16, 2009 .
  30. ^ The Sword of the Lord. Christianity Today. Published March 1, 2006.
  31. ^ Armstrong, The Battle for God, pp. 361–2 
  32. ^ Right-Wing Populism in America, p. 249 
  33. ^ DeMar 1988.
  34. ^ Bahnsen, Greg; Gentry, Kenneth (1989), House Divided: The Breakup of Dispensational Theology, Tyler, TX: Institute for Christian Economics .
  35. ^ Selbrede, Martin G (September/October 2007), "Answering Tough Questions About Christian Reconstruction" (article), Faith For All of Life (Chalcedon), archived from the original on 2008‐5‐8 .
  36. ^ Barron 1992.
  37. ^ Did Francis Schaeffer believe Rushdoony?, Chalcedon, archived from the original on 2010‐2‐13 

Bibliography [edit]

External links [edit]

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