Chutney
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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| Origin | |
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| Alternate name(s) | Chatni |
| Place of origin | India |
| Region or state | South Asia |
| Dish details | |
| Main ingredient(s) | salt, chillies, tamarind, coriander leaves, tomatoes |
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Chutney is an Anglo-Indian loan word derived from caṭnī (Hindi: चटनी, Urdu: چٹنی, Tamil: சட்னி), a term for a class of spicy preparations used as an accompaniment for a main dish. Chutneys usually contain idiosyncratic spice and vegetable mix that complement one another.
Chutneys usually are wet, having a coarse to fine texture. The Anglo-Indian loan word refers to fresh and pickled preparations indiscriminately, with preserves often sweetened. At least several Northern Indian languages use the word for fresh preparations only. A different word achār applies to preserves that often contain oil but are rarely sweet. Vinegar or citrus juice may be added as preservatives, or fermentation in the presence of salt may be used to create acid.
In the old days, chutneys were ground with a mortar and pestle made of stone or an ammikkal (Tamil). In modern days, electric blenders replace the stone implements. Various spices are added and ground, usually in a particular order; the wet paste thus made is sauteed in vegetable oil, usually gingelly or groundnut oil.
Chutney is more familiar in North America and Europe in a form that can be stored. To this end, vegetable oil, vinegar, or lemon juice are used to enhance its preservation.
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[edit] Types of chutney
Chutneys come in two major groups, sweet and hot; both forms usually contain various spices, including chilli, but differ by their main flavour. Chutney types and their preparations vary widely across Pakistan and India.
- Coriander (Cilantro)
- Mint chutney (Coriander and mint chutneys are often called Hari chutney, where 'Hari' is Hindi for 'Green')
- Tamarind chutney (Imli chutney) (often called Meethi chutney as 'Meethi' in Hindi means 'Sweet'.
- Coconut chutney
- Onion chutney
- Prune chutney
- Tomato chutney
- Red Chilli chutney
- Green Chilli chutney
- Mango chutney (made from raw, green mangoes)
- Lime chutney (made from whole, unripe limes)
- Garlic chutney made from fresh garlic, coconut and groundnut
- Green tomato chutney. Common English recipe to use up unripe tomatoes
- Peanut chutney (shengdana chutney in Marathi)
- Ginger chutney , mostly used in Tamil cuisine and Udupi cuisine to be eaten with Dosa
- Yogurt chutney, may be as simple as mixing yogurt, red chili powder, and salt, eaten with a variety of foods
American and European styled chutneys are usually fruit, vinegar and sugar, cooked down to a reduction.
Flavorings are always added to the mix. These may include sugar, salt, garlic, tamarind, onion, or ginger.
Spices most commonly include fenugreek, coriander, cumin and asafoetida (hing).
[edit] Etymology
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[edit] History
Beginning in the 1600 chutneys were shipped to European countries like England and France as luxury goods. Western imitations were called "mangoed" fruits or vegetables. In the nineteenth century, brands of chutney like Major Grey's or Bengal Club or Nature Isle Tropical Gourmet created for Western tastes were shipped to Europe.
Generally these chutneys are fruit, vinegar, and sugar cooked down to a reduction.
The tradition of chutney making spread throughout the British empire, especially in the Caribbean and American South where chutney is still a popular condiment for ham, pork, and fish.
[edit] Chutney by Indian region
- Assam - coriander, spinach, tomato, curry leaf, chilli, radish, carrot, cucumber, beetroot, lentil, chickpea chutneys
- Andhra Pradesh — coconut, coriander, red chilli with grams, tomato, onion, and mango chutneys
- Gujarat — Hot lime chutneys
- Haryana — tamarind chutney
- Himachal Pradesh — guava and eggplant chutneys
- Karnataka — coconut, peanut, tomato, tamarind,ridge gourd, Uchellu (Niger seed).
- Kerala — coconut, pudina (mint), urad dal (a kind of legume), mango, dry fish, shrimp, and onion chutney
- Maharashtra — hot raw mango chutney, guramba, panchamrit, Mirachicha Thecha. Dry chutneys made with Javas (Flax seed), Solapuri Shenga (peanut)/red chili powder chutney, Karale (Niger seed) and Peanut/garlic
- Orissa — dhania (cilantro), pudina (mint), coconut, mango, orange, tomato, dry fish chutneys
- Punjab — pudina (mint) chutney, onion chutney, tamarind chutney, mango chutney
- Tamil Nadu — coconut, coriander, curry leaf, red chilli, green chilli, tomato, onion, ginger, mint, mango, lentil
- Uttar Pradesh — coriander, garlic, mint chutney, sweet and sour mango, green chili, red chili and jaggery chutneys
- West Bengal — fruit (mango, plum, apple, and apricot) chutneys
[edit] Notes
[edit] References
- Weaver, William Woys. "Chutney." Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. Ed. Solomon H. Katz. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. 417-418. 3 vols. ISBN 0684805685
[edit] External links
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