Cisleithania

Cisleithania (red) within Austria-Hungary, the other parts being Transleithania (green) and the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina (blue)

Cisleithania (German: Cisleithanien, Hungarian: Ciszlajtánia, Czech: Předlitavsko, Polish: Przedlitawia, Croatian: Cislajtanija, Slovene: Cislajtanija, Ukrainian: Цислейтанія, transliterated: Tsysleitàniia) was a common denotation of the northern and western part of Austria-Hungary, the Dual Monarchy created in 1867 and dissolved in 1918. Transleithania, i.e. the Hungarian lands with the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, lay to the east "beyond" the Leitha river.

The Cisleithanian capital was Vienna, the residence of the Austrian emperor. The territory had a population of 28,571,900 in 1910, it reached from Vorarlberg in the west to the Duchy of Bukovina (today part of Ukraine and Romania) in the east, as well as from Bohemia in the north to the Kingdom of Dalmatia (today part of Croatia) in the south.

The current countries of Austria, Czech Republic and Slovenia had most of their territories inside Cisleithania.

Term

Coat of arms of the Austrian lands

The Latin name Cisleithania derives from the Leitha river, a tributary of the Danube forming the historical boundary between the Archduchy of Austria and the Hungarian kingdom in the area southeast of Vienna — much of its territory lay west (or on "this" side, from a Viennese perspective) of it.

After the constitutional changes of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Cisleithanian lands continued to constitute the Austrian Empire, but the latter term was rarely used, to avoid confusion with the era before 1867, when the Kingdom of Hungary had been a constituent part of that empire. The somewhat cumbersome official name was Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder ("The Kingdoms and States represented in the Imperial Council"). The phrase was used by politicians and bureaucrats, but it had no official status; the press and general public seldom used it, and did so with a derogative connotation. In general the lands were just called Austria, the term "Austrian Lands" (Österreichische Länder) only replacing the former official name during World War I in 1915.

The Kingdom of Hungary, the Kingdom of Croatia, the Kingdom of Slavonia and the Principality of Transylvania were no longer Austrian crown lands. Rather, they constituted a separate state, officially called the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St Stephen (Hungarian: Szent István Koronájának Országai or A Magyar Szent Korona Országai, German: Länder der Heiligen Ungarischen Stephanskrone) and commonly known as Transleithania or just Hungary. The Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina occupied in 1878 formed a separate part. Both the "Austrian" and "Hungarian" lands of the Dual Monarchy comprised large predominantly Slavic settled territories in the north (Czechs, Slovaks, Poles and Ukrainians) as well as in the south (Slovenes and Croats).

Crown lands

Cisleithania consisted of 15 crown lands (Kronländer) which had representatives in the Imperial Council (Reichsrat), the Cisleithanian parliament in Vienna. The crown lands centered around the Archduchy of Austria (Erzherzogtum Österreich) were not states, but provinces in the modern sense. However, they were areas with unique historic political and legal characteristics and were therefore more than mere administrative districts. They have been conceived of as "historical-political entities".

Austria–Hungary:
Cisleithania (Empire of Austria): 1. Bohemia, 2. Bukovina, 3. Carinthia, 4. Carniola, 5. Dalmatia, 6. Galicia, 7. Küstenland, 8. Lower Austria, 9. Moravia, 10. Salzburg, 11. Silesia, 12. Styria, 13. Tyrol, 14. Upper Austria, 15. Vorarlberg;
Transleithania (Kingdom of Hungary): 16. Hungary proper 17. Croatia-Slavonia;
Austrian-Hungarian Condominium: 18. Bosnia and Herzegovina

Crown lands of Cisleithania

	Land	German name	Capital (German (English))
1	Kingdom of Bohemia	Königreich Böhmen	Prag (Prague)
2	Duchy of Bukovina	Herzogtum Bukowina	Czernowitz (Chernivtsi)
3	Duchy of Carinthia	Herzogtum Kärnten	Klagenfurt
4	Duchy of Carniola	Herzogtum Krain	Laibach (Ljubljana)
5	Kingdom of Dalmatia	Königreich Dalmatien	Zara (Zadar)
6	Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria	Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien	Lemberg (Lviv)
7	Austrian Littoral Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca Imperial Free City of Trieste Margraviate of Istria	Österreichisches Küstenland Gefürstete Grafschaft Görz und Gradisca Reichsunmittelbare Stadt Triest Markgrafschaft Istrien	Triest (Trieste)
8	Lower Austria	Erzherzogtum Österreich unter der Enns	Wien (Vienna)
9	Margraviate of Moravia	Markgrafschaft Mähren	Brünn (Brno)
10	Duchy of Salzburg	Herzogtum Salzburg	Salzburg
11	Austrian Silesia	Herzogtum Schlesien	Troppau (Opava)
12	Duchy of Styria	Herzogtum Steiermark	Graz
13	Princely County of Tyrol	Gefürstete Grafschaft Tirol	Innsbruck
14	Upper Austria	Erzherzogtum Österreich ob der Enns	Linz
15	Vorarlberg		Bregenz

Politics

Each crown land had a regional assembly, the Landtag, which enacted laws (Landesgesetze) on matters of regional and mostly minor importance. Until 1848, the Landtage had been traditional diets (assemblies of the estates of the realm). They were disbanded after the Revolutions of 1848 and reformed after 1860. Some members held their position as ex officio members (e.g., bishops), while others were elected. There was no universal and equal suffrage, but a mixture of privilege and limited franchise. The executive committee of a Landtag was called Landesausschuss and headed by a Landeshauptmann, being president of the Landtag as well.

From 1868 onwards Emperor Franz Joseph himself (in his function as monarch of a crown land, being king, archduke, grandduke, duke or count) and his Imperial–Royal (k.k.) government headed by the Minister-President of Austria were represented at the capital cities of the crown lands—except for Vorarlberg which was administered with Tyrol—by a stadtholder (Statthalter), in few crown lands called Landespräsident, who acted as chief executive. According to the "December Constititution", a redraft of the emperor's 1861 February Patent, the Austrian government was generally responsible in all affairs concerning the Cisleithanian lands, except for the common Austro-Hungarian Army, the Austro-Hungarian Navy and the Foreign Ministry, these k.u.k. matters remained reserved for the Imperial and Royal Ministers' Council for Common Affairs of Austria-Hungary.

Initial meeting of the Abgeordnetenhaus in 1907

The Austrian Reichsrat, a bicameral legislature implemented in 1861, became the Cisleithanian parliament. Originally consisting of delegates of the Landtage, in 1873 direct election of the House of Deputies (Abgeordnetenhaus) was introduced with a four-class franchise suffrage for male landowners and bourgeois. Equal, direct, secret and universal suffrage for men was introduced in 1907. In this Lower House (with 353 members in 1873 and 516 in 1907), a nationalist struggle between the Germans and the Slavs of the Empire, especially in the context of the Czech National Revival, was played out. Leaders of the movement like František Palacký advocated the emancipation of the Slavic population within the Monarchy (Austroslavism), while politicians of the Young Czech Party principally denied the right of the Reichsrat to put any decisions relevant for the "Czech lands", and used means of obstruction as well as absence to torpedo its work. They were antagonized by the radical German nationalists under Georg von Schönerer, demanding the dissolution of the Monarchy and the unification of the "German–Austrian" lands with the German Empire.

The k.k. government achieved some success involving Galician Poles by special regulations for this "developing country"; Polish members of parliament and politicians like Count Kasimir Felix Badeni thence played a constructive role most of the time. In the Reichsrat, at first German-speaking representatives dominated, but with the extension of the suffrage the Slavs gained a majority after the 1907 electoral reform. Politics were frequently paralysed because of the tensions between different nationalities. When Czech obstruction at the Reichsrat prevented the parliament from working, the emperor had to rule autocratically through imperial decrees (Kaiserliche Verordnungen) submitted by his government. The Reichsrat was prorogued in March 1914 and did not meet again until May 1917, after the accession of Emperor Karl in 1916.

For representation in matters relevant to the whole of Austria-Hungary (foreign affairs, defence, and the financing thereof) the Reichsrat appointed a delegation of 60 members to discuss these matters parallel to a Hungarian delegation of the same size and to come, in separate votes, to the same conclusion on the recommendation of the responsible common minister. In Cisleithania, the 60 delegates consisted of 40 elected members of the House of Representatives (Abgeordnetenhaus) and 20 members of the Upper House (Herrenhaus). In case of not getting the same decision in three attempts, the law permitted the summoning of a common session of both delegations and the eventual counting of the votes in total, but the Hungarians, who averted any Imperial "roof" over their part of the dual monarchy, as well as the common ministers, carefully avoided reaching this situation.

Population

The majority of people of Cisleithania were Austrian Germans (including Yiddish-speaking Jews) and Czechs.

Ethnic composition of the Cisleithanian population (1910)

Ethnicity	% of total population
Germans	33%
Czechs	22%
Poles	15%
Ruthenians (Ukrainians)	12%
Slovenes	5%
Italians	3%
Croats	3%
Other	7%
Source: Allgemeines Verzeichnis der Ortsgemeinden und Ortschaften Österreichs nach den Ergebnissen der Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1910 (ed. by K.K. Statistische Zentralkommission, Vienna, 1915) (the latest Austrian gazetteer, register of political communities, giving the results of the 1910 census)

See also

• Imperial Crown of Austria
• Republic of German-Austria

External links

• www.cisleithanien.eu