Cloaking device

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Simulation of how a cloaking device would work

Cloaking device deactivated: Light is reflected and absorbed by the object, causing it to be visible.

Cloaking device active: Light is deflected around the object, causing it to be invisible.

A cloaking device is an advanced stealth technology that causes an object, such as a spaceship or individual, to be partially or wholly invisible to parts of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. Fictional cloaking devices have been used as plot devices in various media for many years, but developments in scientific research show that real-world cloaking devices can obscure objects from at least one wavelength of EM emissions.

In 2008, physicist Michio Kaku predicted that a viable invisibility shield like the ones in Star Trek could emerge from laboratories in a few decades, quoting David Smith of Duke University used a metamaterial to bend light around an object and German scientists have fabricated a metamaterial that could redirect red light round an object.^[1]

[edit] Conceptual origins

In the fictional television series Star Trek, cloaking devices were first introduced and used by the Romulans in the Original Series episode "Balance of Terror". The invisibility came as a surprise to the crew of the USS Enterprise, who considered it only a theoretical possibility. During a later episode, "The Enterprise Incident", the term "cloaking device" was first coined by writer D.C. Fontana.

Cloaking devices have also been used in many other science-fiction settings and games, including (but not limited to) Doctor Who, Star Wars, Stargate, Predator, Halo: Combat Evolved, Metal Gear Solid, and StarCraft. When cloaking devices are used in games, they typically come with a drawback for balance, such as requiring a limited energy source to power them, or failing when the player initiates an attack while cloaked.

[edit] Scientific experimentation

An operational, non-fictional cloaking device might be an extension of the basic technologies used by stealth aircraft, such as radar-absorbing dark paint, optical camouflage, cooling the outer surface to minimize electromagnetic emissions (usually infrared), or other techniques to minimize other EM emissions, and to minimize particle emissions from the object. The use of certain devices to jam and confuse remote sensing devices would greatly aid in this process, but are more properly referred to as "active camouflage." Alternatively, metamaterials provide the theoretical possibility of making electromagnetic radiation appear to pass freely through the 'cloaked' object.

[edit] Metamaterial research

Optical metamaterials have featured in several recent proposals for invisibility schemes. "Metamaterials" refers to materials that owe their refractive properties to the way they are structured, rather than the substances that compose them. Opals are a well known example of a naturally occurring metamaterial. It has been demonstrated that such materials can take on optical properties unattainable by natural substances. Most famously, a negative refractive index is possible.

[edit] Active camouflage

Active camouflage (or adaptive camouflage) is a group of camouflage technologies which would allow an object (usually military in nature) to blend into its surroundings by use of panels or coatings capable of changing color or luminosity. Active camouflage can be seen as having the potential to become the perfection of the art of camouflaging things from visual detection.

[edit] Optical camouflage

Optical camouflage is a kind of active camouflage in which one wears a fabric which has an image of the scene directly behind the wearer projected onto it, so that the wearer appears invisible. The concept exists for now only in theory and in proof-of-concept prototypes, although many experts consider it technically feasible. It is an example of active camouflage (or adaptive camouflage). Recently it has been reported that the British Army has tested an invisible tank.^[2]

[edit] Plasma

Plasma cloaking is researched by Harvard physicist Vidmar, Robert J. In his research of Plasma physics, it was noticed that plasma at certain density range would absorb certain bandwidths of broadband waves. However, generating plasma in air is too expensive and a feasible alternative is generating plasma between thin membranes instead.^[3]And the Defense Technical Information Center is also following up research on plasma reducing RCS technologies.^[4] IEEE had also looked into the possibility of this device.^[5] The plasma cloaking device currently has a US patent license number 4989006.^[6]

[edit] Philadelphia Experiment

The Philadelphia Experiment was an alleged secret experiment conducted by the U.S. Navy at the Philadelphia Naval Yards at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on or before October 28, 1943, which went horribly awry. The experiment was allegedly to cast a veil of radar and possibly optical invisibility or transparency around a ship. Though most mainstream experts argue the incident is an urban legend, a number of people argue that the Philadelphia Experiment could be genuine. Whether true or not, the Philadelphia Experiment caused ripples in conspiracy theory circles, and elements of the Philadelphia Experiment feature in many other conspiracy tales and provided the basis for various movies and miniseries.

[edit] See also

• Physics and Star Trek
• Physics and Star Wars
• Invisibility

[edit] References