Close central rounded vowel
| Close central rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʉ | |||
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| IPA number | 318 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʉ |
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| Unicode (hex) | U+0289 | ||
| X-SAMPA | } |
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| Kirshenbaum | u" |
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| Sound | |||
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The close central rounded vowel, or high central rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʉ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ⟨}⟩. The IPA symbol is the letter ⟨u⟩ with a horizontal bar. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as "barred u".
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low", and these are the only terms found in introductory textbooks on phonetics such as those by Peter Ladefoged.
In most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips (endolabial). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed (exolabial).
There is also a near-close central rounded vowel in some languages.
Contents |
[edit] Close central protruded vowel
[edit] Features
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- Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- Its vowel roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
[edit] Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berber | Ayt Seghrouchen[1] | ? | [lːæjˈɡːʉɾ] | 'he goes' | Allophone of /u/ after velar consonants. |
| English | Australian | boot | [bʉ̟ːt] | 'boot' | See Australian English phonology |
| New Zealand | See English phonology | ||||
| Cockney[2] | |||||
| Estuary[3] | |||||
| Scouse[4] | |||||
| Irish | ciúin | [cʉ̠ːnʲ] | 'quiet' | Allophone of /uː/ and /u/. See Irish phonology | |
| Norwegian[5] | hus | [hʉ͍ːs] | 'house' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Russian | кюрий[6] | [ˈkʲʉrʲɪj] | 'curium' | Occurs only between palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology | |
| Welsh | dŵr | [dʉr] | 'Water' | ||
[edit] Close central compressed vowel
| Close central compressed vowel | |
|---|---|
| ʉ͍ | |
| ɨᵝ |
As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the spread-lip diacritic [ ͍ ] will be used here with the rounded vowel [ʉ] as an ad hoc symbol. Other possible transcriptions are [ɨ͡β̞] (simultaneous [ɨ] and labial compression) and [ɨᵝ] ([ɨ] modified with labial compression).
[edit] Features
- Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- Its vowel roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
[edit] Occurs in
This vowel is typically transcribed with ⟨ʉ⟩. It also occurs in some dialects of Swedish, but see also close front compressed vowel. The close back vowels of Norwegian and Swedish are also compressed. See close back compressed vowel.
[edit] References
- ^ Abdel-Massih (1971:20), specifically the Ayt Seghrouchen dialect.
- ^ Matthews (1938:78)
- ^ Przedlacka (2001:42)
- ^ Watson (2007:357)
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000:15)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:67–68)
[edit] Bibliography
- Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (1971). A Reference Grammar of Tamazight. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
- Jones, Daniel; Dennis, Ward (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford: Oxford University Press, http://books.google.com/books?id=c6FdB5ZCveIC
- Matthews, William (1938), Cockney, Past and Present: a Short History of the Dialect of London, Detroit: Gale Research Company
- Przedlacka, Joanna (2001), "Estuary English and RP: Some Recent Findings", Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 36: 35–50
- Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (3): 351–360
