Close front unrounded vowel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Close front unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| i | |
| IPA number | 301 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | i |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0069 |
| X-SAMPA | i |
| Kirshenbaum | i |
| Sound | |
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The close front unrounded vowel, or high front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨i⟩.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low", and these are the only terms found in introductory textbooks on phonetics such as those by Peter Ladefoged.
Languages that use the Latin script commonly use ⟨i⟩ to represent this sound, though there are some notable exceptions: in English orthography this letter is more commonly associated with /aɪ/ (as in bite) or /ɪ/ (as in bit) and /iː/ is represented with ⟨e⟩, ⟨ea⟩, ⟨ee⟩, and even ⟨ei⟩. Irish orthography is similar in that its spelling system is both etymological and used to indicate whether preceding consonants are broad or slender so that such combinations as ⟨aí⟩, ⟨ei⟩, and ⟨aío⟩ all represent /iː/.
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Features [edit]
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IPA help • IPA key • chart •  chart with audio • view |
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- Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence [edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | ажьырныҳәа | [aʑirnuħʷo] | 'January' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | ти | [ti] | 'our' | ||
| Afrikaans | dankie | [ˈdaŋki] | 'thank you' | ||
| Albanian | mali | [mali] | 'the mountain' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[1] | دين | [d̪iːn] | 'religion' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | իմ | [im] | 'my' | |
| Azerbaijani | dili | [dili][stress?] | 'tree' | ||
| Basque | bizar | [bis̻ar] | 'beard' | ||
| Bengali | আমি | [ami] | 'I' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Bulgarian | първи | [pɤrvi] | first | ||
| Catalan[3] | sis | [ˈsis] | 'six' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chickasaw | lhinko | [ɬiŋko] | 'to be fat' | ||
| Chinese | Cantonese | 詩 si1 | [siː˥] | 'poem' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 北京 běijīng | [peɪ˨˩ tɕiŋ˥] | 'Beijing' | See Mandarin phonology | |
| Cornish | hir | [hiːr] | 'long' | ||
| Czech | bílý | [ˈbiːliː] (help·info) |
'white' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dahalo | [ʡáɬi] | 'fat' | |||
| Danish | bilist | [b̥iˈlisd] | 'car driver' | See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch[4] | biet | [bit] (help·info) |
'beet' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English[5] | free | [fɹiː] (help·info) |
'free' | In number of dialects it can be a diphthong [ɪi̯~əi̯~ɐi̯]. See English phonology | |
| Estonian | tiik | [tiːk] | 'pond' | ||
| Faroese | il | [iːl] | 'sole' | ||
| Finnish[6] | viisi | [ˈviːsi] | 'five' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French[7] | fini | [fini] | 'finished' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[8] | სამი | [ˈsɑmi] | 'three' | ||
| German | Ziel | [ˈt͡siːl] (help·info) |
'goal' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | κήπος kípos | [ˈcipos] | 'garden' | Also represented by <ι>, <ει>, <οι>, and <υι>. See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Guaraní | ha’ukuri | [haʔukuˈɾi] | 'I just ate' | ||
| Hawaiian | makani | [makani] | 'breeze' | See Hawaiian phonology | |
| Hebrew | דיר | [diʁ] | 'pen' (enclosure) | Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindi | तीन | [t̪iːn] | 'three' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian[9] | ív | [iːv] | 'arch' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic | líka | [liːka] | 'also' | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Indonesian | ini | [ini] | 'this' | ||
| Irish | sí | [ʃiː] | 'she' | See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[10] | bile | [ˈbile] | 'rage' | See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese[11] | 銀 gin | [ɡʲiɴ] (help·info) |
'silver' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | ди | [di] | 'our' | ||
| Korean | 시장 sijang | [ɕiˈd͡ʑaŋ] | 'hunger' | See Korean phonology | |
| Kurdish | zîndu | [ziːndu] | 'alive' | ||
| Latvian | šķīvi | [ʃkʲiːʋi] | 'plate' | ||
| Lithuanian | įbrolis | [ˈîːbroːlʲɪs] | 'half-brother' | ||
| Macedonian | јазик | [ˈjazik] | 'tongue' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | biru | [biru] | 'blue' | ||
| Maltese | bieb | [biːb] | 'door' | ||
| Navajo | biwosh | [biɣʷoʃ] | 'his cactus' | See Navajo phonology | |
| North Frisian | Mooring | hii | [iːl] | 'owl' | |
| Norwegian | is | [iːs] | 'ice' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Occitan | Northern | miralhar | [miɾaˈʎa] | 'to reflect' | See Occitan phonology |
| Southern | |||||
| Gascon | polida | [puˈlið̞o̞] | 'pretty' | ||
| Pashto | پانير | [pɑˈnir] | 'cheese' | ||
| Persian | کی | [kiː] | 'who' | See Persian phonology | |
| Pirahã | baíxi | [màíʔì] | 'parent' | ||
| Polish[12] | miś | [ˈmʲiɕ] (help·info) |
'teddy bear' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[13] | European | dióspiro | [diˈɔʃpiɾu] | 'persimmon' | An allophone of unstressed /ɛ ~ e/ in most Brazilian Portuguese variants (being [e ~ ɪ] instead in São Paulo and the South), and only in hiatuses in Europe (otherwise [ɨ]), too. May be represented by <y>. See Portuguese phonology |
| Brazilian | menininho | [miniˈnĩ j̃u] | 'little boy' | ||
| Quechua | allin | [ˈaʎin] | 'good' | ||
| Romanian | insulă | [ˈinsulə] | 'island' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[14] | лист | [lʲist] (help·info) |
'leaf' | Only occurs word-initially or after palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic | chì | [xiː] | 'shall see' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | милина / milina | [milina][tone?] | 'enjoyment' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Seri | cmiique | [ˈkw̃ĩːkːɛ] | 'person' | ||
| Sindhi | سنڌي | [sɪndʱiː] | 'Sindhi' | ||
| Sioux | Lakota[15][16] | ǧí | [ʀí] | 'it's brown' | |
| Slovak | rýchly | [ˈriːxlɪ] | 'fast' | ||
| Spanish[17] | tipo | [ˈt̪ipo̞] | 'type' | May also be represented by <y>. See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | miti | [miti] | 'trees' | ||
| Swedish | is | [iːs] (help·info) |
'ice' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Tagalog | silya | [ˈsiljɐ] | 'chair' | See Tagalog phonology | |
| Tajik | бинӣ | [biˈniː] | 'nose' | ||
| Thai[18] | กริช | [krìt] | 'dagger' | ||
| Turkish | ip | [ip] | 'rope' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ubykh | [ɡʲi] | 'heart' | Allophone of /ə/ after palatalized consonants. See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Ukrainian | кіт | [kit] | 'cat' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Vietnamese | ty | [ti] | 'bureau' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Võro | kirotas | [kʲirotas] | 'he writes' | ||
| Welsh | hir | [hiːr] | 'long' | ||
| West Frisian | siik | [siːk] | 'ill' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[19] | diza | [d̪iza] | 'Zapotec' | |
| Zulu | umuzi | [uˈmuːzi] | 'village' | ||
References [edit]
- ^ Thelwall (1990:38)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:47)
- ^ Roach (2004:240)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:60, 66)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
- ^ Szende (1994:92)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ^ Okada (1991:94)
- ^ Jassem (2003:105)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:30)
- ^ Rood & Taylor (1996)
- ^ Lakota Language Consortium (2004). ALPHABET alphabet.htm Lakota letters and sounds.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
- ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993:24)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
Bibliography [edit]
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, ISSN 0025-1003
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, ISSN 0025-1003
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISSN 0025-1003
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, ISSN 0025-1003
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X, ISSN 0025-1003
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191, ISSN 0025-1003
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373, ISSN 0025-1003
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344, ISSN 0025-1003
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–96, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X, ISSN 0025-1003
- Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768, ISSN 0025-1003
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628, ISSN 0025-1003
- Rood, David S; Taylor, Allan R. (2006), "Sketch of Lakhota, a Siouan Language, Part I", Handbook of North American Indians 17: 440–482
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659, ISSN 0025-1003
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA:Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090, ISSN 0025-1003
- Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur S. (1993), "Thai", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (1): 24–26, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746, ISSN 0025-1003
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, ISSN 0025-1003
