Cloud Gate

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This article is about the sculpture. For the modern dance group, see Cloud Gate Dance Theater.
Cloud Gate
From the west (top) and east (bottom), the skyscrapers to the north along East Randolph Street (The Heritage, Smurfit-Stone Building, Two Prudential Plaza, One Prudential Plaza, and Aon Center) are reflected on Cloud Gate's surface. Additional Historic Michigan Boulevard District buildings reflect off the west side.
Artist Anish Kapoor
Year 2004–2006
Type Stainless steel
Height: 33 feet (10 m)
Length: 66 feet (20 m)
Width: 42 feet (13 m)
Location Millennium Park, Chicago, Illinois, United States

Cloud Gate, a public sculpture by British artist Anish Kapoor, is the centerpiece of the AT&T Plaza in Millennium Park within the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois. The sculpture and AT&T Plaza are located on top of Park Grill, between the Chase Promenade and McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink. Constructed between 2004 and 2006, the sculpture is nicknamed The Bean because of its legume-like shape. Made up of 168 stainless steel plates welded together, its highly polished exterior has no visible seams. It is 33 feet by 66 feet by 42 feet (10 m × 20 m × 13 m), and weighs 110 short tons (99.8 t; 98.2 long tons).

Kapoor's design was inspired by liquid mercury and the sculpture's surface reflects and distorts the city's skyline. Visitors are able to walk around and under Cloud Gate's 12 feet (3.7 m) high arch. On the underside is the omphalos, a concave chamber that warps and multiplies reflections. The sculpture builds upon many of Kapoor's artistic themes, although many tourists simply view the sculpture and its unique reflective properties as a photo-taking opportunity.

The sculpture was the result of a design competition. After Kapoor's design was chosen, numerous technological concerns regarding the design's construction and assembly arose, in addition to concerns regarding the sculpture's upkeep and maintenance. Various experts were consulted, some of whom believed the design could not be implemented. Eventually, a feasible method was found, but the sculpture's construction fell behind schedule. It was unveiled in an incomplete form during the Millennium Park grand opening celebration in 2004, before being concealed again while it was completed. Cloud Gate was formally dedicated on May 15, 2006, and has since gained considerable popularity, both domestically and internationally.

Contents

[edit] Design

Lying between Lake Michigan to the east and the Loop to the west, Grant Park has been Chicago's front yard since the mid 19th century. Its northwest corner, north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute, east of Michigan Avenue, south of Randolph Street, and east of Columbus Drive, had been Illinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997, when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park.[1]

Map of Millennium Park

In 1999, Millennium Park officials and a group of art collectors, curators and architects reviewed the artistic works of 30 different artists and asked two for proposals. American artist Jeff Koons submitted a proposal to erect a permanent 150-foot (46 m) sculpture of a playground slide;[2][3] his glass and steel design featured an observation deck 90 feet (27 m) above the ground that was accessible via an elevator.[4] The committee chose the second design by internationally-acclaimed artist Anish Kapoor. Measuring 33 feet by 66 feet by 42 feet (10 m × 20 m × 13 m) and weighing 110 short tons (99.8 t; 98.2 long tons), the proposal featured a seamless, stainless steel surface inspired by liquid mercury. This mirror-like surface would reflect the Chicago skyline, but its elliptical shape would distort and twist the reflected image.[5] As visitors walk around the structure, its surface acts like a fun-house mirror as it distorts their reflections.[6]

On the underside of the sculpture is the omphalos, an indentation whose mirrored surface provides multiple reflections of any subject situated beneath it.[7] The apex of the omphalos is 27 feet (8.2 m) above the ground. The concave underside allows visitors to walk underneath to see the omphalos, and through its arch to the other side so that they view the entire structure.[8] During the grand opening week in July 2004, press reports described the omphalos as the "spoon-like underbelly".[9][10] The stainless steel sculpture was originally envisioned at the southeast corner of the park in Lurie Garden, but park officials eventually decided to locate it at AT&T Plaza. Now, skyscrapers to the north along East Randolph Street, including The Heritage, the Smurfit-Stone Building, Two Prudential Plaza, One Prudential Plaza, and Aon Center are visible, reflected on both the east and west sides of the sculpture.

The complex form created numerous issues. Being outside, concerns arose that it might retain and conduct both heat and cold in a way that would make it too hot to touch during the summer and so cold that one's tongue might stick to it during the winter. The extreme temperature variation between seasons was also feared to weaken the structure. Graffiti, bird droppings and fingerprints were also potential problems, as they would affect the aesthetics of the surface.[3][11] The most pressing issue was the need to create a single seamless exterior for the external shell, a feat architect Norman Foster once believed to be nearly impossible.[11]

While the sculpture was being constructed, public and media outlets nicknamed it "The Bean" because of its legume-like shape. Months later, Kapoor officially named the piece "Cloud Gate".[12] Three-quarters of the sculpture's external surface reflects the sky and the name refers to it acting as a type of gate that helps bridge the space between the sky and the viewer.[13] The sculpture and plaza are sometimes referred to jointly as "Cloud Gate on the AT&T Plaza".[14] It is Kapoor's first public outdoor work in the United States,[14] and is the work by which he is best known in the country according to the Financial Times.[15]

[edit] Construction and maintenance

The first of two internal support rings for the sculpture is erected at AT&T Plaza.

The British engineering firm Aerotrope provided the sculpture's structural design,[16] and Performance Structures, Inc. (PSI) was chosen to fabricate it because of their ability to produce nearly invisible welds.[2] The project began with PSI attempting to recreate the design in miniature. A high-density polyurethane foam model was selected by Kapoor, which was then used to design the final structure, including the interior structural components.[17] Initially, PSI planned to build and assemble the sculpture in Oakland, California, and ship it to Chicago through the Panama Canal and St. Lawrence Seaway. However, this plan was discarded after park officials deemed it too risky, so the decision was made to assemble the structure on-site, a task undertaken by MTH Industries.[2][17]

The sculpture's weight raised concerns. Estimating the thickness of the steel needed to create the sculpture's desired aesthetics before fabrication was difficult.[18] Cloud Gate was originally estimated to weigh 60 short tons (54.4 t; 53.6 long tons) when completed.[19] However, the final figure was almost twice as heavy at 110 short tons (99.8 t; 98.2 long tons). This extra weight required engineers to reconsider the sculpture's supporting structures. The roof of the Park Grill, upon which Cloud Gate sits, had to be built strong enough to bear the weight. The large retaining wall separating Chicago's Metra train tracks from the North Grant Park garage supports much of the weight of the sculpture and forms the back side of the restaurant. This wall, along with the rest of the garage's foundation, required additional bracing before the piece was erected.[18] Cloud Gate is further buttressed by lateral members underneath the plaza that are anchored to the sculpture's interior structure by tie rods.[17]

Inside Cloud Gate's polished exterior shell are several steel structures that keep the sculpture standing. The first structural pieces, two type 304 stainless steel rings, were put into place in February 2004. As construction continued, crisscrossing pipe trusses were assembled between the two rings.[20] These supporting structural components were designed and constructed to ensure that no specific point was overloaded, and to avoid producing unwanted indentations on the exterior shell. The frame was also designed to expand and contract with the sculpture as temperatures fluctuate. As a result, the two large rings supporting the sculpture move independently of one another, allowing the shell to move independently of the rings.[17]

When Cloud Gate's interior components were completed, construction crews prepared to work on the outer shell; this comprises 168 stainless steel panels, each 3⁄8 inches (1.0 cm) thick and weighing 1,000 to 2,000 pounds (450 to 910 kg).[21] They were fabricated using three-dimensional modeling software. Metal stiffeners were welded to each panel's interior face to provide a small degree of rigidity. About a third of the plates, along with the entire interior structure, were fabricated in Oakland.[17] The plates were covered with protective white film and polished to 98 percent of their final state before being sent to Chicago via trucks.[22] Once in Chicago, the plates were welded together on-site, creating 2,442 linear feet (744 m) of welded seams.[21] They were fabricated so precisely that no on-site cutting or filing was necessary when lifting and fitting the plates into position.[21]

The omphalos before its welds were polished

When construction of the shell began in June 2004, a large tent was erected around the piece to shield it from public view.[23] Construction began with the omphalos, where plates were attached to the supporting internal steel structure, from the inside (underside) of the sculpture downward to the outermost surfaces.[22] This sequence caused the structure to resemble a large sombrero when the bottom was complete.[24]

The shell of Cloud Gate was fully erected for the grand opening of Millennium Park on July 15, 2004, although it was unpolished and thus unfinished, because its assembly had fallen behind schedule. The piece was temporarily uncovered on July 8 for the opening, although Kapoor was unhappy with this as it allowed the public to see the sculpture in an unfinished state.[25] The original plan was to re-erect the tent around the sculpture for polishing on July 24, but public appreciation for the piece convinced park officials to leave it uncovered for several months. The tent was again erected in January 2005 as a 24-person crew from Ironworkers Local 63 polished the seams between each plate.[21][26] In order to grind, sand and polish the seams, six levels of scaffolding were erected around the sides of the sculpture, while climbing ropes and harnesses were used to polish harder-to-reach areas.[21] When the upper and side portions of the shell were completed, the tent was once again removed in August 2005. On October 3, the omphalos was closed off as workers polished the final section.[27] Every weld on the Cloud Gate underwent a five-stage process, required to produce the sculpture's famed mirror-like finish:[21]

Stage Name Equipment used Sandpaper type Purpose
1 Rough Cut 5-pound (2.3 kg), 4½-inch (110 mm) electric grinder 40-grit Removed welded seams
2 Initial Contour 15-pound (6.8 kg), 2-inch (51 mm), air-driven belt sander 80-grit, 100-grit and 120-grit Shaped the weld contours
3 Sculpting air-driven 10-pound (4.5 kg), 1-inch (25 mm) belt sander 80-grit, 120-grit, 240-grit and 400-grit Smoothed the weld contours
4 Refining double action sander 400-grit, 600-grit and 800-grit Removed the fine scratches that were left from the Sculpting stage
5 Polishing 10-inch (250 mm) electric buffing wheel 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of rouge Buffed and polished the surface to a mirror-like finish

The sculpture was finally completed on August 28, 2005, and officially unveiled on May 15, 2006.[28][29] The cost for the piece was first estimated at $6 million; this had escalated to $11.5 million by the time the park opened in 2004,[30] with the final figure standing at $23 million in 2006.[3] No public funds were involved; all funding came from donations from individuals and corporations.[3]

Kapoor's contract states that the constructed piece should be expected to survive for 1,000 years.[31] The lower 6 feet (1.8 m) of Cloud Gate is wiped down twice a day by hand, while the entire sculpture is cleaned twice a year with 40 U.S. gallons (33 imp gal; 150 L) of liquid detergent. The daily cleanings use a Windex-like solution, while the semi-annual cleanings use Tide.[32] In addition to the scheduled cleanings, the work endures periodic vandalism, including a notable February 2009 incident during which two names were etched in letters about 1 inch (25 mm) tall on the northeast side of the curved sculpture. The graffiti was removed by the same firm that did the original polishing.[33]

[edit] Reception

A tent was erected to cover Cloud Gate while it was being polished in 2004 and 2005.

Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley declared the day of the sculpture's dedication, May 15, 2006, to be "Cloud Gate Day". Kapoor attended the celebration, while local jazz trumpeter and bandleader Orbert Davis and the Chicago Jazz Philharmonic played "Fanfare for Cloud Gate", which Davis composed.[34] The public took an instant liking to the sculpture, affectionately referring to it as "The Bean".[35] Cloud Gate has become a popular piece of public art,[6][36] and is now a fixture on many souvenirs such as postcards, sweatshirts and posters.[37] The sculpture has attracted a large number of locals, as well as tourists and art aficionados from around the world.[38] The sculpture is the piece by which Kapoor is most identified in the United States.[39]

Time describes the piece as an essential photo opportunity, and more of a destination than a work of art.[6]The The New York Times writes that it is both a "tourist magnet" and an "extraordinary art object",[38][40]while USA Today refers to the sculpture as a monumental abstract work.[41] Chicago art critic Edward Lifson considers Cloud Gate to be among the greatest pieces of public art in the world.[34] The American Welding Society recognized Cloud Gate, MTH Industries and PSI by awarding them with the group's Extraordinary Welding Award.[42] Time named Millennium Park one the ten best architectural achievements of 2004, citing Cloud Gate as one of the park's major attractions.[43] The sculpture has been used as a backdrop in commercial films, notably in the 2006 Hollywood film The Break-Up, which had to reshoot several scenes because the sculpture was under cover for the initial filming.[44]

"What I wanted to do in Millennium Park is make something that would engage the Chicago skyline… so that one will see the clouds kind of floating in, with those very tall buildings reflected in the work. And then, since it is in the form of a gate, the participant, the viewer, will be able to enter into this very deep chamber that does, in a way, the same thing to one's reflection as the exterior of the piece is doing to the reflection of the city around."

In 2005, the sculpture attracted some controversy when a professional photographer without a paid permit was denied access to the piece.[45][46] As is the case for all works of art currently covered by United States copyright law, the artist holds the copyright for the sculpture. This allows the public to freely photograph Cloud Gate, but permission from Kapoor or the City of Chicago (which has licensed the art) is required for any commercial reproductions of the photographs. The city first set a policy of collecting permit fees for photographs. These permits were initially set at $350 per day for professional still photographers, $1,200 per day for professional videographers and $50 per hour for wedding photographers. The policy has been changed so permits are only required for large-scale film, video and photography requiring ten-man crews and equipment.[47]

In addition to restricting photography of public art, closing a public park for a private event has also been controversial. In 2005 and 2006, almost all of Millennium Park was closed for a day for corporate events. On both occasions, as one of the park's primary attractions, Cloud Gate was the focus of controversy. On September 8, 2005, Toyota Motor Sales USA paid $800,000 to rent most venues in the park including Cloud Gate on AT&T Plaza from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m.[48][49] On August 7, 2006, Allstate paid $700,000 to rent the park. For this price, Allstate acquired the visitation rights to a different set of features and only had exclusive access to Cloud Gate after 4 p.m.[50] These corporate closures denied tourists access to Kapoor's public sculpture, and commuters who walk through the park were forced to take alternate routes. City officials stated that the money would help to finance free public programs in Millennium Park.[48]

[edit] Artistic themes

A boy and his distorted reflection at Cloud Gate

[edit] Relevant Kapoor themes

Anish Kapoor has a reputation for producing work in urban settings of such magnitude of size and scale that it creates spectacles.[15] Before creating Cloud Gate, Kapoor had created art that distorted images of the viewer instead of portraying images of its own. In so doing, he acquired experience blurring the boundary between the limit and the limitless.[51] Kapoor drew on past experience to design Cloud Gate, in particular the designing of his work Sky Mirror (2001), a 20-foot (6.1 m) 10-short-ton (9.1 t; 8.9-long-ton) concave stainless steel mirror that also used a theme of distorted perception on a grand scale.[51]

Kapoor's objects often aim to evoke immateriality and the spiritual, an outcome he achieves either by carving dark voids into stone pieces, or more recently, through the sheer shine and reflectivity of his objects.[35] He explores the theme of ambiguity with his work that places the viewer in a state of "in-betweenness".[52] The artist often questions and plays with such dualities as solidity–emptiness or reality–reflection, which in turn allude to such paired opposites as flesh–spirit, the here – the beyond, east–west, sky–earth, etc. that create the conflict between internal and external, superficial and subterranean, and conscious and unconscious.[53] Kapoor also creates a tension between masculine and feminine within his art by having concave points of focus that invite the entry of visitors and multiplies their images when they are positioned correctly.[53][54] The skyscrapers to the northeast (Two Prudential Plaza, and Aon Center), north (One Prudential Plaza) and northwest (The Heritage, Smurfit-Stone Building) along East Randolph Street are reflected on Cloud Gate's surface when viewed from either the east or the west.

[edit] Cloud Gate themes

"I hope what I have done is make a serious work, which deals with serious questions about form, public space and an object in space. You can capture the popular imagination and hold other points of interest, but that is not what I set out to do, although there is inevitably a certain spectacular in an object like this."

Kapoor often speaks of removing both the signature of the artist from his works as well as any traces of their fabrication.[35] For him, removing all the seams from Cloud Gate was necessary in order to make the sculpture seem as though it was "perfect" and ready-made. These effects increase the viewer's fascination with it and makes them wonder what it is and where it came from.[36] His attempts to hide his works' seams as an artist stand in contrast to Frank Gehry's architectural designs in the park, Jay Pritzker Pavilion and BP Pedestrian Bridge, which display their seams prominently.[12]

Cloud Gate is similar to many of Kapoor's previous works in the themes and issues it addresses. While the sculpture's mirror effects are reminiscent of fun-house fairground mirrors, they also have a more serious intent; they help dematerialize this very large object, making it seem light and almost weightless.[6][55] Kapoor challenges his viewers to internalize his work through intellectual and theoretical exercise. By reflecting the sky, visiting and non-visiting pedestrians and surrounding architecture, Cloud Gate limits its viewers to partial comprehension at any time. The interaction with the viewer who moves to create his own vision gives it a spiritual dimension.[52] The sculpture is described as a disembodied, luminous form,[52] which is how his earlier 1000 Names (1979–80) was described when it addressed the metaphysical and mystical.[53]

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Gilfoyle, Timothy J. (August 6, 2006). "Millennium Park". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/06/books/chapters/0806-1st-gilf.html. Retrieved on June 24, 2008. 
  2. ^ a b c Schulze, Franz. "Sunday afternoon in the Cyber-Age Park: the city's new greensward features Frank Gehny's latest, plus "interactive" sculptural works by Jaume Plensa and Anish Kapoor". Art in America. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1248/is_10_92/ai_n7576767. Retrieved on May 31, 2008. 
  3. ^ a b c d Ahmed-Ullah, Noreen S. (May 16, 2006). "Bean's gleam has creator beaming - Artist Anish Kapoor admits being surprised by aspects of `Cloud Gate' at Monday's dedication ceremony in Millennium Park". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=111A6B0D317F3ED5&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved on July 17, 2008. 
  4. ^ Artner, Alan G. (April 25, 2004). "Arts & Entertainment". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=1022E4CA495BDBAC&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved on September 19, 2008. 
  5. ^ Daniel, Caroline and Jeremy Grant (September 10, 2005). "Classical city soars above Capone clichés". The Financial Times. The Financial Times Ltd. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/63ad44b2-2196-11da-a603-00000e2511c8.html. Retrieved on July 31, 2008.  (registration required for entire article)
  6. ^ a b c d Lacayo, Richard (June 5, 2008). "Anish Kapoor: Past, Present, Future". Time. Time Inc.. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1812056,00.html. Retrieved on July 6, 2008. 
  7. ^ Gilfoyle, p. 203
  8. ^ Gilfoyle, p. 261
  9. ^ "News". Journal Gazette (Mattoon, IL). Newsbank. July 17, 2004. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:MJGB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10C2CB9D5620505A&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved on August 5, 2008. 
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  11. ^ a b Gilfoyle, p. 202.
  12. ^ a b Bernstein, Fred A. (July 18, 2004). "Art/Architecture; Big Shoulders, Big Donors, Big Art". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E2D61F3BF93BA25754C0A9629C8B63. Retrieved on June 1, 2008. 
  13. ^ Gilfoyle, pp. 263–4
  14. ^ a b c "Cloud Gate on the AT&T Plaza". Millennium Park. http://www.millenniumpark.org/artandarchitecture/cloud_gate.html. Retrieved on May 31, 2008. 
  15. ^ a b Budick, Ariella (June 14, 2008). "Innies and outies". The Financial Times. The Financial Times Ltd. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/89e6e5fe-39ab-11dd-90d7-0000779fd2ac.html?. Retrieved on July 31, 2008. 
  16. ^ Matt Grey. "aerotrope". Aerotrope. http://www.aerotrope.com/cloudgate.html. Retrieved on March 17, 2009. 
  17. ^ a b c d e Steele, Jeffrety. "Special Project - Chicago's Millennium Park Project". McGraw-Hill Construction. http://midwest.construction.com/features/archive/0410_feature7-2.asp. Retrieved on May 31, 2008. 
  18. ^ a b Gilfoyle, p. 165.
  19. ^ Gilfoyle, p. 402.
  20. ^ "Making Metal Gleam". USGlass 42 (4). April 2007. http://www.usglassmag.com/USGlass/2007/April/AGGmetalgleam.htm. Retrieved on June 2, 2008. 
  21. ^ a b c d e f Nunn, Emily (August 24, 2005). "Making it shine". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/chi-0508240314aug24,0,1725342.story. Retrieved on June 3, 2008. 
  22. ^ a b Gilfoyle, p. 204.
  23. ^ Becker, Lynn. "A photo essay on the making of Anish Kapoor's Cloud Gate sculpture in Chicago's Millennium Park". Repeat. http://www.lynnbecker.com/repeat/Gehry/kapoor.htm. Retrieved on May 31, 2008. 
  24. ^ Gilfoyle, p. 206.
  25. ^ "Cloud Gate". Chicago Architecture Info. http://www.chicagoarchitecture.info/Building/636/Cloud_Gate.php. Retrieved on June 1, 2008. 
  26. ^ "A place to reflect in Chicago". Los Angeles Times. January 2, 2005. http://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/la-tr-shot2jan02,0,2354484.story. Retrieved on June 1, 2008. 
  27. ^ Ryan, Karen (August 18, 2005). "Cloud Gate Sculpture in Millennium Park to be Completely Untented by Sunday, August 28" (PDF). Millennium Park. http://www.millenniumpark.org/newsandmedia/documents/CloudGateUntenting.pdf. Retrieved on June 1, 2008. 
  28. ^ Yates, Jon (July 15, 2004). "Chicago finds 'bean' meets taste test - Sculpture reflects positively on city". Chicago Tribune. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=103D96FE284AF1E1&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved on June 29, 2008. 
  29. ^ "The Bean Unveiled". Chicago Tonight (Chicago: , WTTW). May 15, 2006. http://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=28,3,1,1&Date=05%2F15%2F2006&et=%20-%20Week%20Of%20May%2015%2C%202006. 
  30. ^ Ford, Liam (July 11, 2004). "City to finally open its new front yard - Millennium Park's price tag tripled". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=103C4591DFB74CF8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved on July 17, 2008. 
  31. ^ a b Daniel, Caroline (July 20, 2004). "How a steel bean gave Chicago fresh pride". The Financial Times. The Financial Times Ltd. http://search.ft.com/ftArticle?queryText=%22Cloud%20Gate%22%20Chicago&y=0&aje=true&x=0&id=040720000796&ct=0. Retrieved on August 7, 2008.  (registration required for entire article)
  32. ^ Bange, Jackie (August 18, 2005). "Clean the Bean". WGN-TV. http://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/wgntv-news-060607bean,0,4457515.story. Retrieved on June 1, 2008. 
  33. ^ Artner, Alan G. and Rex W. Huppke (February 4, 2009). "Someone scratched the Bean's surface - Authorities say vandalism rare, and this instance is easy to fix". Chicago Tribune. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=12626166489887F0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved on May 14, 2009. 
  34. ^ a b Lifson, Edward (June 15, 2006). "Cloud Gate Day". Chicago Public Radio. http://audio.wbez.org/848/2006/05/848_20060515b.mp3. Retrieved on May 2, 2008. 
  35. ^ a b c Kennedy, Randy (August 20, 2006). "A Most Public Artist Polishes a New York Image". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/20/arts/design/20kenn.html. Retrieved on June 2, 2008. 
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  37. ^ King, John (July 30, 2006). "Chicago's architectural razzmatazz: New or old, skyscrapers reflect city's brash and playful character". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Communications Inc.. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2006/07/30/TRGPUK5SDH1.DTL. Retrieved on July 31, 2008. 
  38. ^ a b Kennedy, Randy (May 25, 2008). "The Week Ahead: May 25-31". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/25/arts/25weekahead.html. Retrieved on June 2, 2008. 
  39. ^ Lacayo, Richard (February 27, 2007). "Thinking Way Out of the Box". Time. Time Inc.. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1594123,00.html. Retrieved on July 7, 2008. 
  40. ^ Kinzer, Stephen (July 13, 2004). "Letter From Chicago; A Prized Project, a Mayor and Persistent Criticism". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806EED71E3BF930A25754C0A9629C8B63. Retrieved on July 30, 2008. 
  41. ^ "What have artists wrought from 9/11?". USA Today. September 3, 2004. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/687931411.html?dids=687931411:687931411&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+3%2C+2004&author=&pub=USA+TODAY&edition=&startpage=D.08&desc=What+have+artists+wrought+from+9%2F11%3F. Retrieved on July 31, 2008. 
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[edit] References

  • Gilfoyle, Timothy J.. Millennium Park: Creating a Chicago Landmark. University of Chicago Press. 

[edit] External links

Coordinates: 41°52′57.67″N 87°37′23.97″W / 41.8826861°N 87.623325°W / 41.8826861; -87.623325

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