Colostrum

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Not to be confused with claustrum.
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Colostrum (also known colloquially as beestings,[citation needed], bisnings[1] or first milk) is a form of milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals in late pregnancy. Most species will generate colostrum within one day of giving birth.

Contents

[edit] Human colostrum

Newborns have very small digestive systems, and colostrum delivers its nutrients in a very concentrated low-volume form. It has a mild laxative effect, encouraging the passing of the baby's first stool, which is called meconium. This clears excess bilirubin, a waste product of dead red blood cells which is produced in large quantities at birth due to blood volume reduction, from the infant's body and helps prevent jaundice. Colostrum is known to contain antibodies called immunoglobulins such as IgA, IgG and IgM in mammals. IgA is absorbed through the intestinal epithelium, travels through the blood, and is secreted onto other Type 1 mucosal surfaces. These are the major components of the adaptive immune system. Other immune components of colostrum include the major components of the innate immune system, such as lactoferrin,[2] lysozyme,[3] lactoperoxidase,[4] complement,[5] and proline-rich polypeptides (PRP).[6] A number of cytokines (small messenger peptides that control the functioning of the immune system) are found in colostrum as well,[7] including interleukins,[7] tumor necrosis factor,[8] chemokines,[9] and others. Colostrum also contains a number of growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factors I,[10] and II,[11] transforming growth factors alpha,[12] beta 1 and beta 2,[13][14] fibroblast growth factors,[15] epidermal growth factor,[16] granulocyte-macrophage-stimulating growth factor,[17] platelet-derived growth factor,[17] vascular endothelial growth factor,[18] and colony-stimulating factor-1.[19]

Chemically, colostrum is very rich in proteins, vitamin A, and sodium chloride, but contains lower amounts of carbohydrates, lipids, and potassium than normal milk. The most pertinent bioactive components in colostrum are growth factors and antimicrobial factors. The antibodies in colostrum provide passive immunity while growth factors stimulate the development of the gut. They are passed to the neonate and provide the first protection against pathogens. The passive immunity from the mother gets transferred to the newborn.[20]

[edit] In animal husbandry

Livestock breeders commonly bank colostrum from their animals. Colostrum produced on a breeder's own premises is considered to be superior to colostrum from other sources, because it is produced by animals already exposed to (and thus making antibodies to) pathogens occurring on the premises. A German study reported that multiparous mares produced on average a liter (quart) of colostrum containing 70 grams of IgG.[21]

Bovine colostrum is produced by cows for their newborn calves. In many dairy cow herds the calves are not permitted to nurse, rather they are fed colostrum and later milk from a bottle then a bucket.

[edit] Human consumption of bovine colostrum

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Bovine colostrum and its components are safe for human consumption, except in the context of intolerance or allergy to lactose or other components. It shows promise in the treatment or prevention of a variety of disease states.[22][23][24]

Bovine colostrum from pasture-fed cows contains immunoglobulins specific to many human pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium parvum, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella, Staphylococcus,[25] and rotavirus (which causes diarrhea in infants). Before the development of antibiotics, colostrum was the main source of immunoglobulins used to fight infections. In fact, when Albert Sabin made his first oral vaccine against polio, the immunoglobulin he used came from bovine colostrum.[26] When antibiotics began to appear, interest in colostrum waned, but now that antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens have developed, interest is once again returning to natural alternatives to antibiotics, namely, colostrum.[27]

A single study showed protective effects against influenza.[28]

Some athletes have used colostrum in an attempt to improve their performance,[29] decrease recovery time,[30] and prevent sickness during peak performance levels.[31] Using colostrum supplementation, the Australian Olympic swim team won more gold medals than China in the 2000 and 2004 Olympic games.[32] Research fails to show a conclusive effect of colostrum on lean body mass.[29][33]

Low IGF-1 levels may be associated with dementia in the very elderly, although causation has not been established.[34] People with eating disorders also have low levels of IGF-1 due to malnutition,[35] as do obese individuals.[36] Supplementation with colostrum, which is rich in IGF-1, can be a useful part of a weight reduction program.[citation needed] Although IGF-1 is not absorbed intact by the body, it does stimulate the production of IGF-1 when taken as a supplement.[37]

Colostrum also has antioxidant components, such as lactoferrin[38] and hemopexin, which binds free heme in the body.[39]

[edit] Hyperimmune colostrum

Hyperimmune colostrum was an early attempt to boost the effectiveness of natural bovine colostrum by immunizing cows with a specific pathogen and then collecting the colostrum after the cow gave birth. This initially appeared very promising as antibodies did appear towards the specific pathogens or antigens that were used in the original challenge. However, upon closer examination and comparison, it was found that IgG levels in natural colostrum towards 19 specific human pathogens were just as high as in hyperimmune colostrum, and natural colostrum nearly always had higher antibody titers than did the hyperimmune version.[25] Therefore the usefulness of hyperimmune colostrum is questionable.

[edit] Proline-rich Polypeptides (PRP)

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These small peptide immune signaling peptides were independently discovered in colostrum and other sources, such as blood plasma, in the United States,[40] and Poland.[41] Hence they appear under various names in the literature, including transfer factor, colostrinin(e), and PRP. They function as signal transducing molecules which have the unique effect of modulating the immune system, turning it up when the body comes under attack from pathogens or other disease agents, and damping it when the danger is eliminated or neutralized.[42] At first thought to actually transfer immunity from one immune system to another, it now appears that PRP simply stimulates cell-mediated immunity.[43]

PRP-rich preparations from bovine colostrum have shown some activity against various diseases including viral infections[44] of herpes viruses[45] and HIV,[46] as well as difficult to treat bacterial and fungal infections like Mycobacterium fortuitum[47] and Mycobacterium tuberculosis[48] (cause of tuberculosis), cryptosporidosis in AIDS patients,[49] and candida.[50] Also for various forms of cancer, such as Hodgkin's disease,[51] osteogenic sarcoma,[52] prostate cancer,[53] and others. As an immune modulator, PRP is also effective in disease states characterized by an overactive immune system, such as allergies,[54][55] asthma,[56] and autoimmune diseases.[57]

PRP has some effect in Alzheimer's disease,[58] but has not yet shown longterm disease retarding effect.[59] There is one report of use in patients with intractable epilepsy.[60]

[edit] References

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[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colostrum"