Common Garter Snake

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Garter Snake

Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, Red-sided Garter
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptillia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Colubridae
Genus: Thamnophis
Species: T. sirtalis
Binomial name
Thamnophis sirtalis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis, Eastern Garter Snake

The common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) is a snake indigenous to North America. Most garter snakes have a pattern of yellow stripes on a brown background and their average length is about 1 metre (3.3 ft) to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft).

Contents

[edit] Description

[edit] Life history

The common garter snake is a diurnal snake. In summer, it is most active in the morning and late afternoon; in cooler seasons or climates, it restricts its activity to the warm afternoons.

In warmer southern areas, the snake is active year-round; otherwise, it sleeps in common dens, sometimes in great numbers. On warm winter afternoons, some snakes have been observed emerging from their hibernacula to bask in the sun.

Garter snakes generally mate in March or April, after hibernation. The species is ovoviviparous; females give birth to a litter of 12-40 live young anytime from February through december.

[edit] Toxicity

The saliva of a garter snake may be toxic to amphibians and other small animals. For humans, a bite is not dangerous. Most garter snakes also secrete a foul-smelling fluid from postanal glands when handled or harmed.

[edit] Reproduction

In the early part of spring, when snakes are coming out of hibernation the males generally emerge first to be first in line when the females wake up. Some males will assume the role of a female and lead many of the waiting males away from the burrow, luring them with a fake female pheromone. After such a male has led them away, he "turns" back into a male and races back to the den, just as the females emerge. He is then the first to mate with all the females he can catch. There are generally far more males than females and that is why, during mating season, they form "mating balls," where one or two females will be completely swarmed by 10 or more males. Sometimes a male snake will mate with a female before hibernation and the female will store the sperm in herself until spring, when she will allow her eggs to be fertilized. However, if she mates again in the spring, the fall sperm will degenerate, and the spring sperm will fertilize her eggs.

[edit] Habitat

The habitat of the garter snake ranges from forests, fields and prairies to streams, wetlands, meadows, marshes and ponds, and they are often found near water. They are semi-aquatic animals like most snakes. Habitats range from sea level to mountain locations. Their diet consists mainly of amphibians and earthworms, but also fish, small birds, and rodents. Due to the more aquatic species, garter snakes are effective at catching fish and small to medium tadpoles. The animals that eat the common garter snake are large fish, bull frogs, snapping turtles, milk snakes, hawks, skunks, foxes as well as domestic cats. The garter snake is also able to adapt in many places, hot and cold. They are able to live in places like the alpine tundra

[edit] Captive care

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Garter snakes are common pets because they are small, easily kept in terrariums, and feed readily on goldfish and other commercially available live foods. It is advisable not to give a steady diet of earthworms or nightcrawlers since these lack sufficient vitamins for the snake's health. Although they are usually found near water, the pet habitat must be dry with only a water bowl to avoid serious skin diseases. This is true of all snake species, including water snakes.

If a common garter snake is owned as a pet, a 15–25 gallon tank should be enough for one adult snake, baby snakes can live in a 5-gallon tank, and young ones (1-1.5 years) can live in a 10 gallon tank. As the snake ages and becomes more active a 10 gallon tank will be insufficient as they need more room to roam around than a 10-gallon tank provides. Garter snakes will become weak and depressed if they don't have enough room to roam. Owners should always be sure the lid is very secure and has a small enough mesh so the snake cannot escape.

Bedding should be one of the following things: newspaper, paper towels, aspen shavings, "AstroTurf", reptile carpet or other commercially available reptile bedding. One should not use only sand, as these snakes are not a desert species; getting sand in its eyes and mouth can kill them. Many people agree that pine and cedar are not acceptable; pine is treated with chemicals harmful for reptiles, and cedar produces dust which if inhaled by the snake, can cause serious lung damage. Chlorophyll hampster bedding also is acceptable and allows the snake to burrow. Adding a shallow bowl of clean, dechlorinated water to this tank allows the snake to drink and swim. This water should be changed every day because a garter snake will defecate and urinate in the water and then will drink from it, which can cause many illnesses.

Decorations should include many things for the snake to hide in or under, plus a few rocks or ledges for basking in the light. Live plants are not necessary and often their care is inconsistent with a snake's needs (humidity, fertilizing, light and heat needs, etc.), but fake ones will make the snake feel more natural.

Heating can be done two ways: either a heat mat, sold for reptiles, or a heat lamp or ceramic heat emitter. The mat it is placed under the tank on one end (never the middle) and the heat lamp is placed above the tank. The emitter is sometimes better than a light because Garter snakes tend to dislike bright lights, although some may grow to like them. Experiment with your Garter snake to find its preferences. Place the heat lamp directly over the tank; you will have to adjust the height until there is a temperature range of about 70° F on the cool end (away from the heat mat) and 75 to 80° F on the hot end (with the heat mat).

Use two thermometers, one on each end, to monitor the temperature. During the night time, it would be best to turn off the emitter or light, unless you do not have a mat, because Garters like a little fluctuation in temperatures. Be sure that the hot end never gets below 70 F at night, because this may put the snake in danger of death or at the very least cause him to start hibernating. This hibernation is dangerous in itself because he will not eat when he is hibernating, even if he does "wake up". Be sure to put some shade on the cool end so your snake can cool off, but allow room on the warm and cool ends for your snake to get comfortable. Remember, it's his world you are setting up, so make it a nice place to live. Feeding is something that is widely debated, but the generally accepted foods include pinkie mice, known outside the reptile hobby as newborn baby mice. Live mice encourage feeding, but prekilled is fine as well. Also good are earthworms, which can be obtained from a bait store. You must be very careful with these as they are sometimes raised in unclean conditions and may transmit bacteria to your snake. Also edible are guppy fish, however, feeder goldfish are often raised in extremely dirty conditions, as they are hardier and "easier to abuse" than guppies. If you use goldfish, arrange to check the animals over a period of time for illness. There is also a debate over thiaminase, which goldfish contain. Thiaminase can deplete vitamin B in snakes, and may be dangerous. Any fish should be fed in a shallow bowl with water, but not the swimming water that you have permanently in the tank. Take the food bowl out after the snake has eaten. Foods generally not acceptable are crickets, dusted or otherwise, as Garter snakes in the wild would never eat them and the sharp exoskeletons are hard on Garter snakes. Young garter snakes often benefit from eating wax worms and mealworms for extra fat, but in general they should only be given as a treat to adult snakes, as they cause obesity. Feeding is generally done twice a week, but if you have a younger snake, feeding should happen more often, up to every other day. Garter snakes can be handled, but with care, as they are often skittish. Wild Garters captured as pets should be treated with greater caution. They will sometimes secrete a foul smelling musk from their cloaca (the excretory/breeding hole at the end of the snake). This is an adaptation to protect it from predators. Try not to let go of the snake, as releasing it will send the message that its musk is effective at repelling you. In general continue to gently restrain the snake until it is calm and then re-place it into the tank and leave it alone for a couple of days. After a while it will stop musking you and calm down because he will learn that you will not let him go unless he is calm. Some will even enjoy the warmth or your hands and will enjoy being handled. Garter snakes should never be allowed to roam around the house because they can find any number of small spaces to crawl into and either escape or die. Children should not be allowed to handle a garter snake unless under supervision, as Garter snakes are fragile creatures. After handling a Garter, always wash your hands, as they may carry Salmonella.

[edit] Taxonomy

Garter Snake

Current scientific classification recognizes thirteen subspecies (ordered by date):

  • T.s. sirtalis Linnaeus 1758: Eastern Garter Snake
  • T.s. parietalis Say 1823: Red-sided Garter Snake. Has also been introduced to northern Halland in Sweden, where it thrives.
  • T.s. infernalis Blainville 1835: California Red-sided Garter Snake
  • T.s. concinnus Hallowell 1852: Red-spotted Garter Snake
  • T.s. dorsalis Baird and Girard 1853: New Mexico Garter Snake
  • T.s. pickeringii Baird and Girard 1853: Puget Sound Garter Snake
  • T.s. tetrataenia Cope 1875: San Francisco Garter Snake; endangered
  • T.s. butleri Cope 1889: Butler's Garter Snake
  • T.s. semifasciatus Cope 1892: Chicago Garter Snake
  • T.s. pallidulus Allen 1899: Maritime Garter Snake
  • T.s. annectens Brown 1950: Texas Garter Snake
  • T.s. fitchi Fox 1951: Valley Garter Snake
  • T.s. similis Rossman 1965: Blue-striped Garter Snake
Juvenile eastern garter snake

[edit] Conservation

Water contamination, urban expansion, and residential and industrial development are all threats to the garter snake. The San Francisco Garter Snake (T.s. tetrataenia), which is extremely scarce and occurs only in the vicinity of ponds and reservoirs in San Mateo County, California, has been listed as an endangered species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service since 1967.

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[edit] References

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Garter_Snake"
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