Copa Airlines

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Copa Airlines
Copa airlines logo.svg
IATA
CM		 ICAO
CMP		 Callsign
COPA
Founded June 21, 1944 (1944-06-21)
Commenced operations August 15, 1947 (1947-08-15)
Hubs
Focus cities
Frequent-flyer program MileagePlus
Airport lounge Copa Club
Alliance
Fleet size 86 (+47 orders)
Destinations 64
Company slogan Connected, everything is possible
Parent company Copa Holdings, S.A.
Headquarters Panama City, Panama
Key people Pedro Heilbron (CEO)
Jose Montero (CFO)
Revenue Increase US$ 1.82 billion (2011)[1]
Net income Increase US$ 267.6 Million (2011)[1]
Website www.copaair.com

Compañía Panameña de Aviación, S.A., (NYSE: CPA), operating as Copa Airlines,[2] is an airline based in Panama City, Panama,[3] and serves as Panama's flag carrier. Its main base of operations is Tocumen International Airport, and the airline currently offers more than 280 daily scheduled flights to 64 destinations in 29 countries in North, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. It is a subsidiary of Copa Holdings, S.A. as well as a member of the Star Alliance.[4] The airline is also the main operator and owner of Colombian airline AeroRepublica, currently known as Copa Airlines Colombia.

Copa Airlines was founded in 1947 as the national airline of Panama. It began operations with domestic flights to three cities in Panama on Douglas DC-3/C47 planes. Copa Airlines then abandoned its domestic flights in favor of starting international flights. In 1998, Copa formed an strategic partnership with Continental Airlines, replacing its own livery and adopting the OnePass (replaced afterwards by MileagePlus) frequent flyer program.[5] The airline operates a fleet of 83 aircraft, mostly Boeing 737 NG aircraft used in most international flights and a smaller fleet of Embraer E-190 for regional flights.

As of 2012, the airline employs over 8,000 people, most of them residing in Panama and is one of the fastest growing companies in the country. It is headed by Chief Executive Officer Pedro Heilbron.[6]

Contents

History [edit]

Inauguration [edit]

The airline was established as Compañía Panameña de Aviación (hence the acronym COPA) on 21 June 1944 and started operations on 15 August 1947. It was founded by a group of prominent Panamanian investors with assistance from Pan American World Airways, who took a 32% stake. They began operations with domestic flights operated by a small fleet of Copa Airships B1 and Copa Airships B2 aircraft. The airline started their first international flights in the 1930s with service to cities in Jamaica, Colombia, and Costa Rica. It became wholly Panamanian owned and closed operations in 1941.

Until the early 1980s, the airline had significant competition from Air Panamá Internacional, a better known airline to the international public. Copa discontinued domestic flights in 1979 and acquired their first jet, a Boeing 737-100. Today, the airline operates flights to San Juan, Puerto Rico, as well as to the Dominican Republic and Miami, Florida. The Boeing 737 was the only aircraft in the carrier's fleet until the introduction of the Embraer 190 in 2005.

Expansion years [edit]

A Copa Airlines Lockheed L-188 Electra at La Aurora International Airport in 1980.

Expansion continued during the 1990s, when service was started to Buenos Aires, Argentina; Santiago, Chile; Bogotá, Colombia; Havana, Cuba; Guayaquil, Ecuador; Lima, Peru; Mexico City, Mexico; Caracas, Venezuela; and many other important Latin American cities.

In 1992, Copa signed a strategic alliance with El Salvador-based TACA Airlines, and Copa began flying from Tocumen International Airport, making it the first flight connection center in Latin America. As a consequence, Tocumen airport became the "Hub of the Americas" and the integration of several Latin American airlines to the alliance, such as LACSA of Costa Rica, Aviateca of Guatemala, and NICA of Nicaragua. The alliance ended in 1998 after the six-year period established in the agreement expired.

In 1998, Continental Airlines acquired 49 percent of the airline, marking the beginning of a comprehensive marketing and operating alliance. On 19 May 1999, Continental increased its stake to 51 percent. Since then, Copa has adopted a livery and a corporate logo similar to Continental's (and now United's). Copa participated in the OnePass frequent flyer program until Continental's merger with United. In connection with the initial public offering in December 2005, Continental reduced its investment to approximately 27.3 percent and through a follow-on offering in 2006, further reduced its investment to approximately ten percent.[7]

More than half of Copa's aircraft fleet consists of Boeing 737 aircraft. Pictured; a Boeing 737-800.

In 2000, Copa Airlines inaugurated service to Los Angeles, Cancún, and Orlando, as well as to São Paulo; in 2001, it began to serve Quito, Ecuador. In 2004, service to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City began. Copa also announced in August of that year a codesharing alliance with Mexico's Mexicana de Aviación, which lasted until 2007.

On 1 June 2005, Copa Airlines purchased 90 percent of the Colombian domestic air carrier AeroRepública, having earlier announced plans to codeshare with it. Copa rebranded AeroRepública to Copa Airlines Colombia and increased destinations and modernized the fleet.

On 15 December 2005, Copa Holdings, S.A., the parent company of Copa Airlines, launched an IPO of 14 million shares in the New York Stock Exchange thus becoming the fourth Latin American airline to be traded in the exchange, the other three being LAN Airlines of Chile and Brazilian carriers Gol Transportes Aéreos and TAM Airlines (TAM Linhas Aéreas).

In 2006, Copa Airlines announced and began service to six new destinations: Manaus, Brazil; Maracaibo, Venezuela; Montevideo, Uruguay; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; San Pedro Sula, Honduras; and Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic.

In addition, Copa Airlines received 6 Embraer 190 and 2 Boeing 737.

In 2007, Copa Airlines added service to Córdoba, Argentina; Guadalajara, Mexico; Punta Cana, Dominican Republic; and Washington, D.C., United States.

Copa Airlines received four Embraer 190 and 2 Boeing 737 (series-800).

A Copa Airlines E-190 in Brazil.

During 2008, Copa Airlines added five new destinations and received four Embraer 190 and 1 Boeing 737-800. The new destinations are Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago; Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Valencia, Venezuela; Oranjestad, Aruba; and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.

In May 2008, Continental Airlines sold its remaining 4.38 million shares of Copa Airlines for $35.75 a share, for net proceeds of approximately $149.8 million.[8]

That same year, Copa Airlines chief executive Pedro Heilbron on the ALTA airline leaders forum in Cancún said that Copa Airlines has decided to leave SkyTeam and was in exclusive talks with Star Alliance.[9]

In 2009, Copa Airlines announced its withdrawal from SkyTeam on 24 October, the same date that partner Continental Airlines left SkyTeam.[10] They added two Boeing 737-800.[11] and announced a firm order for 13 Boeing 737-800 that will come with the new Boeing signature "Sky Interior".[12]

In 2010, Copa Airlines began service to St. Maarten, received nine Boeing 737-800 and announced that it would finally join Star Alliance in mid-2012 to re-join its old partner, Continental (now United) Airlines and become the first Panamanian airline to join Star Alliance.

Also, Copa Airlines and Boeing announced the purchase of 32 Boeing 737-800 planes, set for delivery between 2015 and 2018, with an option to acquire ten more Boeing 737-800, valued approximately at $1.7 billion. This is the largest plane order in Copa Airlines' history.[13]

On June 2012, Copa Airlines was the first Latin America airline to enter to the Star Alliance.

In 2011, Copa Airlines started flying to Toronto, Canada; Brasilia, Brazil; Porto Alegre, Brazil; Chicago, United States; Cúcuta, Colombia; Montego Bay, Jamaica; Monterrey, Mexico; Asunción, Paraguay;[14][15][16][17] and Nassau, The Bahamas. It also passed from a four bank hub to a six bank hub and increased frequencies to several destinations.

They also launched their first mobile website <http://m.copaair.com>, giving their passengers the ability to get the Mobile Pass*, check flight status and other characteristics. Additionally, Copa announced a new codeshare agreement with TAME, which became effective in January 2012.

Copa Airlines became the first airline in Latin America to have the new Boeing 737-800 NG Sky Interior with improved performance in their fleet.

In 2012, five new destinations were announced: Las Vegas, United States; Recife, Brazil; Willemstad, Curaçao; Liberia, Costa Rica; and Iquitos, Peru.[18] Copa is also expected to increase frequency to several destinations. The company made an interline agreement with Air Panama (Panama's second-largest airline) which consists of the linkage of all tourist destinations in Panama with those in Latin America. The agreement became effective in June 1, 2012, when Air Panama began flights from Tocumen airport to Isla Colón, Bocas del Toro.[19]

*Mobile Pass is only permitted in: Panama, Colombia, Santiago de Chile, Guatemala, Guayaquil, Managua and Montevideo.

Awards and honors [edit]

A Copa Airlines Boeing 737-700 in Santiago, Chile.

2000's [edit]

  • November 2002: Best Regionalization in Latin America Award, PODER Magazine, Booz, Allen & Hamilton and Egon Zehnder International.[20]
  • December 2002: "Tourism without Borders" Award, Federation of Tourism Chambers of Central America.[20]
  • April 2003: "Developing Airline of the Year" Award, AirFinance Journal.[20]
  • April 2004: "Best Airline" in Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean Award, based on the annual World Airline Survey conducted by Skytrax, a British market-survey company.[20]
  • June 2004: Among the 25 Best Employers in Latin America, América Economía magazine.[20]
  • June 2005: "Best Airline" and "Best On-board Service" in Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean Awards, Skytrax.[21]
  • June 2006: "Best Airline" and "Best Cabin Staff" in Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean Awards, Skytrax.[22]
  • October 2006: One of the 10 Best Employers in Latin America, América Economía magazine.[23]
  • August 2009: The Life Achievement Awards, Airline Business magazine.

2010's [edit]

  • 2010: Mexico & Central America's Leading Airline, World Travel Awards.
  • 2010: World's Most Sustainable Airline Environmental Award, GREENHORIZON Aviation
  • June 2011: fourth place in Leading Companies of 2011, Summa Magazine.
  • November 2011: Mexico's and Central America Leading Airline, World Travel Awards.
  • July 2012: Regional leadership Airlne, Airline Business magazine.

Destinations [edit]

Main article: Copa Airlines destinations

Copa Airlines currently flies to 64 destinations in 29 countries in North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean.

Fleet [edit]

Copa Airlines operates a total of 85 aircraft, with an average fleet age of 4.3 years.[24] The Boeing customer code for Copa Airlines is V3, yielding model numbers such as 737-8V3, representing in this example a Boeing 737-800 aircraft manufactured for Copa Airlines.

Copa Airlines Fleet
Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes
J Y Total
Boeing 737-700 18 -
12
112
124
 Older planes in process of being retired.
Boeing 737-800 42 47
14
16
141
144
155
160
 Deliveries until 2018.
Embraer E-190 26 -
10
84
94
 Latin American launch customer.
Total 86 48
  • Copa Airlines was the launch customer of the Embraer E-190 in Latin America. The airline also operates the longest scheduled Boeing 737-700 flight in the world between Panama City and Montevideo in Uruguay.
  • The average age of Copa Airlines aircraft is approximately 4.3 years.[11]
  • In October 2004, Copa Airlines announced an order to purchase 10 Embraer E-190 aircraft with options for a further 20 new aircraft. Later the firm orders were increased by exercising 5 of the options. 6 aircraft were delivered in the first quarter of 2007.[7] In June 2007 the airline took delivery of its seventh Embraer E-190 aircraft and is due to receive 4 more during 2007. The aircraft are configured with 10 seats in Clase Ejecutiva (Business Class) and 84 seats in economy.[25][26][27][28][29]
  • At 31 May 2007, the airline has firm commitments to purchase 4 Boeing 737-Next Generation(series -800) and 10 Embraer E-190, with a list price of approximately $1.1 billion.[7][30]
  • On 30 December 2008, Copa Airlines has announced the firm order for 4 more Boeing 737-800.[11][31][32]
  • On 16 July 2009, the Panamanian carrier Copa Airlines announced the firm order for 13 Boeing 737-800 that will come with the new Boeing's signature "Sky Interior".[12]
  • On November 30, 2010, Copa Airlines and Boeing announced the purchase of 22 Boeing 737-800 planes, set for delivery between 2015 and 2018, with an option to acquire 10 more Boeing 737-800, valued approximately at $1.7 billion. This is the largest plane order in Copa Airlines history.

Liveries [edit]

During the last 20 years, Copa Airlines has had multiple liveries in its aircraft.

Since its founding in 1947, Copa Airlines had several liveries during the update of its fleet from turboprops to jetliners. Also, it has special liveries within its fleet. On November 2003, in honor of the 100th anniversary of the republic of Panama, Copa Airlines put on its fleet of Boeing 737-700 an announcement of the centennial with the official logo with the picture of the first president of Panama, Manuel Amador Guerrero, in a white livery.

On 2006, a Copa Airlines Embraer 190 had a special livery because that plane was the 200th Embraer 190 produced by the Brazilian plane manufacturer Embraer.

On February 3, 2011, the Tourism Authority of Panama worked alongside Copa Airlines to make a special livery for a Boeing 737-800 (registered HP-1534CMP) with a butterfly logo of Panama and the website "visitpanama.com". This was part of an effort to promote tourism in Panama. As of 2013, the plane no longer has the logo on the left forward side.

On March 6, 2012, a brand-new Copa Airlines Boeing 737-800 (registered HP-1728CMP) was painted with the former Star Alliance livery. Also, it introduced an new and redesigned font style in the Copa Airlines's logo. This plane in particular was inactive from that month until June 21, when it was exhibited in the celebration of the company's official integration to the Star Alliance. After the celebration, the aircraft was put officially in service. Six days later, that plane made the first scheduled non-stop passenger flight from Panama to Las Vegas.

On May 30, 2012, another brand-new Boeing 737-800 for the company (registered HP-1823CMP) was painted with the former Star Alliance livery.

On October 2012, a brand-new Boeing 737-800 (registered HP-1825CMP) was delivered to Copa, sporting the livery of Frank Gehry's "Biomuseo", a museum to open in Panama City in 2013.

On March 2013, a newly built Boeing 737-800 for Copa Airlines (registered HP-1830CMP) was painted with the former Star Alliance livery scheme. After this delivery, Copa Airlines has on their fleet 3 planes painted with the former Star Alliance livery, as of April 2013.

From 1947 to present, Copa Airlines has used the following liveries:

  • Compañia Panameña de Aviación (1947–1961)
  • Vuele Copa (1961–1965)
  • Copa Panama (1st livery)- White livery (1965–1971)
  • Copa Panama (2nd livery)- Red lines with white livery (1971–1980)
  • Copa Panama (3rd livery)- Red and yellow lines with white livery (1980–1990)
  • Copa "Billboard Style" - Red and yellow lines with white livery and "Copa" logo in the front part of the widebody and tail. (1990–1999)
  • Copa Airlines - blue and gray livery with a gold line and the well-known globe logo. (1999–present)

The last livery on the list has been used by Copa Airlines since 1999, after Continental acquired 51% of the company in that year. It is recognizable by plane enthusiasts during landings at Tocumen International Airport and the rest of North, Central, and South America. Although Continental ceased operations on March 3, 2012, after the merger with United Airlines, both companies are still using the same livery and the "globe" logo design, but the font style titles of both airlines had a rebranding as a result of the merger.

Services [edit]

A Copa Boeing 737-800 taking-off at Los Angeles International Airport (2011).

Business Class [edit]

When flying in Business Class, customers obtain the following benefits: special check-in at airport counters, leather seats, meals, a large variety of liquors and wines, pillows, and blankets (depending on the type and duration of the flight). It provides 3 Panamanian newspapers departing from Panama, bonus miles for all members of the MileagePlus program, access to all United Club/Copa Club.

Also, private bathroom for business class passengers, and in long-haul flights, a courtesy kit containing toiletry items, hot towels, and bottled water will be provided to all Business Class passengers. In the Boeing 737 fleet, it includes first class recliners with footrests, major space between each line of Business Class, and personnal in-flight entretainment screens.

Economy Class [edit]

In this class, passengers have some of the benefits as in Business class, such as inflight entertainment in the Boeing 737 fleet (movies, TV sitcoms, and access to music radio stations), hot meals, a wide variety of drink options that can be selected during meals, and complementary drink services.

In-flight entertainment [edit]

In the Boeing 737 fleet, the airline has an inflight entertainment system. Copa Airlines selects an appropriate movie for all flights to or from Panama, and reproduces some TV series (series showing only applies in flights that take at least 5.5 hours). Moreover, the Boeing fleet is equipped with a radio antenna, which allows passengers to choose from 12 selected music radio stations and to listen to a wide variety of songs and instrumentals. The airline also provides an inflight magazine (Panorama de las Americas) in which one may find articles related to the airline's destinations, world economy, leadership and entrepreneurship, science and technology, and many other topics.

MileagePlus [edit]

Logo of MileagePlus.

MileagePlus is Copa Airlines' frequent flyer program through a partnership with United Airlines, offering frequent travelers the ability to purchase tickets with miles. Customers accrue miles from flight segments flown on Copa Airlines, United Airlines, and other partners. MileagePlus offers additional benefits to its Premier members; status tiers are marketed as Premier Silver, Premier Gold, Premier Platinum, and Premier 1K.

Benefits of Premier status include priority check-in, priority boarding, complimentary upgrades, and discounted airport lounge memberships (United Club/Copa Club). Due to the merger of United and Continental, Copa Airlines phased out its previous frequent flyer program, OnePass, on December 31, 2011, and began using United's new MileagePlus program on March 3, 2012.[33]

Also, the miles gained with the MileagePlus program can used for awards on other airlines that are official members of the Star Alliance for tickets to fly to other destinations.[34]

Copa Airlines also offers frequent flyer partnerships with the following car rental companies:

Copa Club [edit]

Copa Club is the membership airport lounge program of Copa Airlines jointly operated with United Airlines. Copa Club lounge is located in its hub at Tocumen International Airport, Panama City, Panama. The lounges offer amenities for travelers and members also have access to affiliated lounges around the world. The Copa Club locations in Central America and the Caribbean includes:

Codeshare agreements [edit]

Copa Airlines has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:
(This list does not include Star Alliance airlines)

1- The codeshare to Air Panama is an interline agreement.

Incidents and accidents [edit]

During its 65-year history, Copa Airlines had the following incidents and accidents:

Copa Airlines Reported Incidents
Flight Date Aircraft Location Description Casualties
Fatal Serious Minor Uninjured Ground
201[35] June 6, 1992 Boeing 737-200 near Tucutí, Darien Flight 201, A leased Boeing 737-200 from the defunct British airline Britannia Airways, registered as HP-1205CMP, flipped and crashed in the Darien Gap during a flight from Panama City to Cali after an instrument failure. All 40 passengers and the 7 crew members lost their lives. This is the first and only fatal accident in the history of Copa Airlines (as of 2012). 47 0 0 0 0
301[36] November 19, 1993 Boeing 737-100 Tocumen International Airport The plane (registered HP-873CMP) was damaged beyond repair, when it veered off the runway upon landing at Tocumen International Airport at 19:19 local time following a flight from Miami, Florida, with 86 passengers and six crew members. The pilots had not managed to properly align the aircraft with the runway because of severe crosswinds, which led to the nosegear being torn off. There were no reported injuries and the plane was written-off. 0 0 0 92 0

Hijackings [edit]

Since its foundation in 1947, Copa Airlines has suffered one hijacking attempt:

  • On 7 August 1994, a hijacking attempt occurred on board a Copa flight from Panama City to Guatemala City. Then it was reported as misunderstanding by Panamanian authorities[37]

Popular culture [edit]

In the movie The Tailor of Panama, a Copa Airlines 737-700 is shown.

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b "Copa Holdings Reports Net Income of US$104.4 Million for the Fourth Quarter of 2011 and US$310.4 Million for Full Year 2011". Copa Holdings. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2012. 
  2. ^ "Terms and Conditions." Copa Airlines. Retrieved on January 31, 2011.
  3. ^ "2008 Annual Report (Form 20-F)." Copa Airlines. 3/182. Retrieved on January 31, 2011. "Avenida Principal y Avenida de la Rotonda, Costa del Este Complejo Business Park, Torre Norte Parque Lefevre, Panama City Panama (Address of Principal Executive Offices)"
  4. ^ http://www.copaair.com/sites/co/en/noticias/Pages/65-aniversario.aspx
  5. ^ http://www.copaair.com/sites/CC/en/Acerca-de-Copa-Airlines/Pages/Nuestra-Historia.aspx
  6. ^ http://www.copaair.com/sites/CC/en/acerca-de-copa-airlines/pages/responsabilidad-social-empresarial.aspx
  7. ^ a b c "Copa Holdings SA". United States Securities & Exchange Commission Form 20-F. 2007-07-02. Retrieved 2007-07-05. 
  8. ^ "Copa Airlines says Continental Airlines sold remaining stake in company". Thomson Financial News (Forbes). 2008-05-21. Retrieved 2008-05-31. [dead link]
  9. ^ "Copa and TACA poised to join Star". Flightglobal.com. 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 
  10. ^ "Copa Airlines leaves Skyteam". 13/05/09. 
  11. ^ a b c "Copa Airlines takes delivery of its # 8 Boeing [[737-800]]". 13/02/09.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  12. ^ a b "Copa Airlines firms orders". July 2009. 
  13. ^ "Copa Airlines firms orders". November 2010. 
  14. ^ "Nuevo destino: Chicago, Estados Unidos". Copaair.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 
  15. ^ "Copa Holdings, S.A. - Copa Holdings Celebrates Five Years of Trading on the New York Stock Exchange by Announcing Expansion Plans". Investor.shareholder.com. 2011-06-13. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 
  16. ^ "Planes de Expansión 2011". Copaair.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 
  17. ^ "Nuevo destino: Brasilia, Brasil". Copaair.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 
  18. ^ "Rutas de vuelos, Destinos de vuelo, Vuelos internacionales". Copaair.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 
  19. ^ "Conectarán Isla Colón con Latinoamérica | Economía-Impreso". Prensa.com. 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 
  20. ^ a b c d e "Copa Airlines Awards/Honours". Copa Airlines - Our History. Archived from the original on 2007-06-21. Retrieved 2007-07-05. 
  21. ^ "World Airlines Awards 2005". Archived from the original on 2007-05-29. Retrieved 2007-07-05. 
  22. ^ "World Airlines Awards 2006". Archived from the original on 2007-07-04. Retrieved 2007-07-05. 
  23. ^ "Copa Airlines Again Named to List of 'Best Employers in Latin America'". RedOrbit. Retrieved 2007-07-05. 
  24. ^ "Fly to North America, South America, Central America and the Caribbean – Hub of the Americas". Copaair.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 
  25. ^ "Copa Airlines Takes Delivery of Its Seventh [[Embraer 190]]". Copa Airlines (UK website). 2007-06-28. Retrieved 2007-07-05.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  26. ^ "Copa Airlines takes delivery of its # 12 Embraer 190 [[Embraer 190]]". 2008-04-14.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  27. ^ "Copa Airlines takes delivery of its # 13 Embraer 190 [[Embraer 190]]". 2008-05-19.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  28. ^ "Copa Airlines takes delivery of its # 14 Embraer 190 [[Embraer 190]]". 2008-10-13.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  29. ^ "Copa Airlines takes delivery of its # 15 Embraer 190 [[Embraer 190]]". 2008-11-17.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  30. ^ "Copa Airlines takes delivery of its # 7 Boeing 737-800". 2008-06-06. 
  31. ^ "Copa Airlines firm order for four Boeing 737-800". 2008-12-30. 
  32. ^ "Copa Airlines firms orders". September 2008. 
  33. ^ "United Hub - United Airlines News, Products, MileagePlus®, Mobile, Web and More". Onepassmergerupdates.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 
  34. ^ http://www.copaair.com/sites/cc/en/pages/staralliance.aspx
  35. ^ "aviation-safety.net". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved July 7, 2011. 
  36. ^ "aviation-safety.net". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved July 7, 2011. 
  37. ^ 1994 hijacking attempt at the Aviation Safety Network

External links [edit]

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