Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

This article is about the Grand Duke of Tuscany. For the founder of the Medici dynasty, see Cosimo de' Medici.

Cosimo I de' Medici
Duke of Florence — Grand Duke of Tuscany
Cosimo I de' Medici in Armour by Agnolo Bronzino.
Spouse	Eleanor of Toledo Camilla Martelli
Issue
Bia de' Medici Maria de' Medici Francesco, Grand Duke of Tuscany Isabella, Duchess of Bracciano Cardinal Giovanni Lucrezia, Duchess of Modena Prince Pedricco Prince Garzia Ferdinando, Grand Duke of Tuscany Anna de' Medici Prince Pietro Virginia, Duchess of Modena
House	Medici
Father	Giovanni dalle Bande Nere
Mother	Maria Salviati
Born	(1519-06-12)12 June 1519 Florence, Republic of Florence
Died	21 April 1574(1574-04-21) (aged 54) Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany

Cosimo I de' Medici (12 June 1519 – 21 April 1574) was Duke of Florence from 1537 to 1574, reigning as the first Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1569.

Biography

Cosimo I de Medici, c, 19 years of age (Jacopo Pontormo, c. 1538)

Cosimo was born in Florence, on June 12, 1519, the son of the famous condottiere Giovanni dalle Bande Nere from Forlì and Maria Salviati. Cosimo came to power at 17, when the 26 year old Duke, Alessandro de' Medici, was assassinated in 1537, as Alessandro's only male child was illegitimate. Cosimo was from a different branch of the family, and so far had lived in Mugello, and was almost unknown in Florence: however, many of the influential men in the city favored him, several of them hoping to rule through him and thereby enrich themselves at the state's expense. However, as Benedetto Varchi famously put it "The innkeeper's reckoning was different from the glutton's." Cosimo proved strong-willed, astute and ambitious, and soon rejected the clause he had signed, which entrusted much of the power to a council of Forty-Eight.

When the Florentine exiles heard of the death of Alessandro, they marshalled their forces with support from France and from disgruntled neighbors of Florence. During this time, Cosimo had an illegitimate daughter, Bia (1537 – 1542), who was portrayed shortly before her premature death in a marvelous painting by Bronzino.

Toward the end of July 1537, the exiles marched into Tuscany under the leadership of Bernardo Salviati and Piero Strozzi. When Cosimo heard of their approach, he sent his best troops under Alessandro Vitelli to engage the enemy, which they did at Montemurlo, a fortress that belonged to the Nerli. After defeating the exiles' army, Vitelli stormed the fortress, where Strozzi and a few of his companions had retreated to safety. It fell after only a few hours, and Cosimo celebrated his first victory. The prominent prisoners were subsequently beheaded on the Piazza or in the Bargello. Filippo Strozzi's body was found with a bloody sword next to it and a note quoting Virgil, but many believe that his suicide was faked.

In June 1537 Cosimo was recognized as head of the Florentine state by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, in exchange for help against France in the course of the Italian Wars. With this move he firmly restored the power of the Medici, who thereafter ruled Florence until the death of the last of the Medici, Gian Gastone de' Medici, in 1737. The help granted to Charles V allowed him to free Tuscany from the Imperial garrisons, and to increase as much as possible its independence from the overwhelming Spanish influence in Italy.

Cosimo next turned on Siena. With the support of the Emperor, he defeated the Sienese at the Battle of Marciano (1554), and laid siege to Siena. Despite the inhabitants' desperate resistance, on April 17, 1555, after a 15-month siege, the city fell, its population diminished from forty thousand to eight thousand. In 1559 Montalcino, the last redoubt of Sienese independence, was annexed to Cosimo's territories. In 1569, Pope Pius V elevated him to the rank of Grand Duke of Tuscany.

Cosimo was an authoritarian ruler and secured his position by employing a guard of Swiss mercenaries. In 1548 he managed to have his relative Lorenzino, the last Medici claimant to Florence, assassinated in Venice.

Cosimo also was an active builder of military structures, in an attempt to save his state from the frequent passage of foreign armies (examples are the new fortresses of Siena, Arezzo, Sansepolcro, the new walls of Pisa and Fivizzano, and the strongholds of Portoferraio, on the island of Elba, and Terra del Sole).

He laid heavy tax burdens on his subjects. Despite his economic difficulties, he was a lavish patron of the arts and also developed the Florentine navy, which eventually took part in the Battle of Lepanto, and which he entrusted to his new creation, the military Order of St. Stephen.

In the last 10 years of his reign, struck by the death of two of his sons by malaria, Cosimo gave up the active rule to his son and successor Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. He retreated to live in his villa, Villa di Castello, outside Florence.

Cosimo and the arts

Portrait bust from the workshop of Benvenuto Cellini, ca. 1550

Equestrian statue by Giambologna
(Piazza della Signoria, Florence).

Cosimo is perhaps best known today for the creation of the Uffizi ("offices"). Originally intended as a means of consolidating his administrative control of the various committees, agencies, and guilds established in Florence's Republican past, it now houses one of the world's most important collections of art, much of it commissioned and/or owned by various Medici. He also finished the Pitti Palace as a home for the Medici and created the magnificent Boboli Gardens behind the Pitti. As his more prominent ancestors had been, he was also an important patron of the arts, supporting, among others, Vasari, Cellini, Pontormo, Bronzino, the architect Lanci, and the historians Scipione Ammirato and Benedetto Varchi.

A large bronze equestrian statue of Cosimo I by Giambologna, erected in 1598, still stands today in the Piazza della Signoria, the main square of Florence.

Cosimo was also an enthusiast of alchemy, a passion he had inherited from his grandmother Caterina Sforza.

Marriage and family

Eleonora of Toledo, Duchess of Florence, who purchased the Palazzo Pitti in 1549 for the Medici family.

In 1539, he married Eleonora di Toledo (1522 – 1562), the daughter of Don Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, the Spanish viceroy of Naples. Her face is still familiar to many because of her solemn and distant portraits by Agnolo Bronzino. The most famous of them, with her son Giovanni, hangs in the Uffizi Gallery. She provided the Medici with the Pitti Palace and seven sons to ensure male succession and four daughters to connect the Medici with noble and ruling houses in Italy. She was a patron of the new Jesuit order, and her private chapel in the Palazzo Vecchio was decorated by Bronzino, who had originally arrived in Florence to provide festive decor for her wedding. She died, with her sons Giovanni and Garzia, in 1562, when she was only forty; all three of them were struck down by malaria while traveling to Pisa.

Before his first marriage, Cosimo fathered an illegitimate daughter with an unknown woman:

• Bia de' Medici (ca. 1536 – March 1, 1542)

With Eleonora, Cosimo fathered eleven children:

• Maria (April 3, 1540 – November 19, 1557)
  Engaged to Alfonso di Ercole II d'Este, but died before the marriage
• Francesco (March 25, 1541 – October 19, 1587)
  Cosimo's successor as Grand Duke of Tuscany
• Isabella (August 31, 1542 – July 16, 1576)
  was murdered by her husband Paolo Giordano I Orsini because of infidelity
• Giovanni (September 28, 1543 – November 1562)
  became Bishop of Pisa and cardinal
• Lucrezia (June 7, 1545 – April 21, 1561)
  in 1560 married of Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara and Modena
• Pietro (Pedricco) (August 10, 1546 – June 10, 1547)
  died aged one
• Garzia (July 5, 1547 – December 12, 1562)
  died of malaria aged 15
• Antonio (July 1, 1548 – July 1548)
  died in infancy
• Ferdinando (July 30, 1549 – February 17, 1609)
  Francesco's successor as Grand Duke of Tuscany
• Anna (March 19, 1553 – August 6, 1553)
  died in infancy
• Don Pietro de' Medici (June 3, 1554 – April 25, 1604)
  murdered his wife Eleonora di Garzia di Toledo because of infidelity

After Eleonora's death in 1562, Cosimo fathered two children with his mistress Eleonora degli Albrizzi:

• unnamed daughter (born and died 1566)
  died before baptism
• Giovanni (1567 – 1621)
  later legitimized by his father

In 1570, Cosimo married Camilla Martelli (died 1590) and fathered one child with her:

• Virginia (May 29, 1568 – January 15, 1615)
  married Cesare d'Este, Duke of Modena

Family

Descendants

1. Cosimo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
   1. Maria (1540–1557)
   2. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1541–1587) married Johanna of Austria.
      1. Eleonora, Duchess of Mantua (1566–1611)
      2. Romola (1568)
      3. Anna (1569–1584)
      4. Isabella (1571–1572)
      5. Lucrezia (1572–1574)
      6. Maria, Queen of France (1573–1642) married Henry IV of France.
      7. Filippo (1577–1582)
   3. Isabella, Duchess of Bracciano (1542–1576)
      

      

      Arms of the Grand Duke
   4. Giovanni (1544–1562)
   5. Lucrezia, Duchess of Ferrara (1545–1561) married Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara.
   6. Pietro (1546–1547).
   7. Garzia (1547–1562).
   8. Antonio (1548-1548).
   9. Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1549–1609) married Christina of Lorraine.
      1. Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1590–1621) married Maria Maddalena of Austria.
         1. Maria Cristina de' Medici (1609–1632) died unmarried.
         2. Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1610–1670) married Vittoria della Rovere.
            1. Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1642–1723) married Marguerite Louise d'Orléans.
               1. Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (1663–1713) married Violante Beatrice of Bavaria.
               2. Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine (1667–1743) married Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine.
               3. Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1671–1737) married Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg.
            2. Francesco Maria de' Medici (1660–1711) married Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga, no issue.
         3. Gian Carlo (1611–1663) died unmarried.
         4. Margherita, Duchess of Parma (May 31, 1612 – February 6, 1679) married Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma
         5. Mattias (May 9, 1613 – October 14, 1667) died unmarried.
         6. Francesco (1614–1634) died unmarried.
         7. Anna, Archduchess of Austria (1616–1676) married Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria (1628–1662)
         8. Leopoldo (1617–1675) died unmarried.
      2. Eleonora (1591–1617) died unmarried.
      3. Caterina, Duchess of Mantua (1593–1629) married Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua.
      4. Francesco (1594–1614) died unmarried.
      5. Carlo (1595–1666) died unmarried.
      6. Filippino (1598–1602) died unmarried.
      7. Lorenzo (1599–1648) died unmarried.
      8. Maria Maddalena (1600–1633) died unmarried.
      9. Claudia (1604–1648) married (1) Federico della Rovere and had issue (2) Leopold V, Archduke of Austria and had issue.
   10. Anna (1553).
   11. Pietro (1554–1604)
       murdered his wife Eleonora di Garzia di Toledo because of infidelity

Titles and styles

• 12 June 1519 - 6 January 1537 Don Cosimo de' Medici
• 6 January 1537 - 21 August 1569 His Excellency The Duke of Florence
• 21 August 1569 - 21 Apr 1574 His Highness The Grand Duke of Tuscany

See also

• Grand Duchy of Tuscany
• Italian War of 1551-1559
• Italian Wars

Further reading

• Eisenbichler, Konrad, editor (2001). The Cultural Politics of Grand Duke Cosimo I de' Medici. 
• Eisenbichler, Konrad, editor (2004). The Cultural World of Eleonora of Toledo, Duchess of Florence and Siena. 
• Henk Th. Van Veen, Cosimo I de' Medici and his Self-Representation in Florentine Art and Culture (Cambridge, CUP, 2006).
• Cawley, Charles (August 2012), Ancestors of Cosimo I de' Medici, Duke of Florence (Medieval Lands Project), Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, retrieved August 2012 
• Gáldy, Andrea M. Cosimo I de'Medici as collector: antiquities and archaeology in sixteenth-century Florence (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009).

External links

• Tales From The Crypt: Reports On The Exhumation Of The Medici Tombs In Italy, medical investigation into Cosimo's remains
• Cosimo I and his Family

Preceded by Alessandro de' Medici	Duke of Florence 1537–1569	Succeeded by Became Grand Duke of Tuscany
Preceded by New creation	Grand Duke of Tuscany 1569–1574	Succeeded by Francesco I de' Medici