Craic

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
Search Wiktionary Look up crack in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Search Wiktionary Look up craic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Crack or craic is "fun, enjoyment, abandonment, or lighthearted mischief; often in the context of drinking or music".[1]. Its origins lie in the Irish English and Ulster Scots dialects from the North of Ireland (now Northern Ireland), but is also found in Scottish English, Welsh English and in North East English varieties such as Geordie and Mackem.

Contents

[edit] Origins

An older, related, more widespread, sense of crack is "joke"[2], as in crack a joke or wise-crack. Another sense of crack, found in Scottish English, is "news, gossip"[3], which influences the common Irish expression "What's the crack?" or "How's the crack?", meaning "how are you?", "how have you been?", or "have you any news? For shorter versions, simply 'craic?' will be used, similar to 'sup?". Another phrase that has been gaining recent popularity is "what's craickin' lackin?"

The context involving 'news' and 'gossip' originated in northern [4] and Scots[5] English and came to Ireland through Ulster dialects of English and/or Scots, where the sense of 'fun' developed. Early Irish citations from the Irish Independent relate to rural Ulster: from 1950, There was much good "crack"... in the edition of "Country Magazine" which covered Northern Ireland;[6] or from 1955, the Duke pulled the bolt on the door of the piggery, and let Coogan's old sow out...The Duke had been sitting on top of Kelly's gate watching the crack.[7] It can frequently be found in the work of twentieth century Ulster writers such as Brian Friel (1980): You never saw such crack in your life, boys[8] and Jennifer Johnston (1977): I'm sorry if I muscled in on Saturday. Did I spoil your crack? [9].

In Newcastle upon Tyne there is a listings magazine called The Crack.

[edit] Spelling

Like many other words over the centuries, 'crack' was borrowed into the Irish language with a Gaelicized spelling ('craic'). It is attested from a 1968 newspaper advertisement.[10]This was popularized in the catchphrase 'Beidh ceol, caint agus craic againn' ('We'll have music, chat and craic'), used by Seán Bán Breathnach for his Irish-language chatshow SBB ina Shuí, broadcast on RTÉ from 1977.[11][12] 'Craic' was also used on Irish-language hand-lettered signs displayed outside many pubs, and subsequently the Irish spelling was reborrowed for English-language signs and publications. Until the late 1980s, this spelling was unknown in English: Barney Rush's 1960s song "The Crack Was Ninety In The Isle of Man" does not use the Irish-language spelling, neither is it used in Christy Moore's version, recorded in 1978.[13]

Now, 'craic' is interpreted as a specifically and quintessentially Irish form of fun. The adoption of the Gaelic spelling has reinforced the sense that this is an independent word (homophone) rather than a separate sense of the original word (polysemy). Frank McNally of The Irish Times has said of the word: 'Most Irish people now have no idea it's foreign.'[14]

[edit] Criticism of the spelling "craic"

The spelling craic has attracted some criticism. Diarmaid Ó Muirithe has written:[15]

“ The constant Gaelicisation of the good old English-Scottish dialect word crack as craic sets my teeth on edge. It seems, indeed, that many people think the word is an Irish one; hence we find advertisements proclaiming "music, songs, dancing and craic". The implication is that craic = boozing and high jinks, great fun as it used to be [...] ”

—Diarmaid Ó Muirithe

Fintan Vallely condemned craic in his Companion to Irish Traditional Music,[16] and elaborated via an open letter to an internet forum:[17]

“ [T]he spelling craic causes serious nausea among intelligent people. This glib spelling of the word was invented in the 1970s ... it is the context of the use of the (recent, modern) Irish spelling of the word that is the issue - if craic is to be used, it should be used while writing in the Irish language, OR placed in parentheses or in italics when writing in English. I stress that this is a word which was NEVER in the Irish language (but cráic, meaning arsehole, or creac, meaning herd, are). ... I grew up using the word in the 1950s. When I went to Dublin (from Ulster) in 1968 NOBODY I met in Dublin used 'crack' ... 'Crack' only began to be used with the influx of northerners and in the context of music, it travelled with northern influence (at the fleadh cheoil, etc) until southern people began to believe that they had invented it. Ciaran Carson is particular enraged by the craic spelling, so too Desi Wilkinson and many other otherwise tolerant souls. ”

—Fintan Vallely

Other critics have accused the Irish tourism industry and the promoters of Irish theme pubs of marketing 'commodified craic' as a kind of stereotypical Irishness.[18]


[edit] References

  1. ^ Oxford English Dictionary "crack (noun)" sense I.5.c
  2. ^ Oxford English Dictionary "crack (noun)" sense I.5.b
  3. ^ Oxford English Dictionary "crack (noun)" sense I.5.a
  4. ^ "Crack, Craic" from Hiberno-English dictionary
  5. ^ "Crak" from the Dictionary of the Scots Language
  6. ^ Sweeney, Maxwell (1950-12-02). "Radio review". Irish Independent: p. 5. 
  7. ^ "Francis" (1955-08-13). "Over the Fields: Life, Day by Day on an Ulster Farm". Irish Independent: p. 7. 
  8. ^ Brian Friel: Translations
  9. ^ Jennifer Johnston: Shadows on Our Skin
  10. ^ "TEACH FURBO: AG OSCAILT ANOCHT: CEOL AGUS CRAIC" (in Irish). Connacht Sentinel: p. 5. 1968-07-30. 
  11. ^ Boylan, Philip (October 23, 1977). "The Week Ahead". Sunday Independent: p. 2. "Friday, RTE, 5.30: 'SBB na Shui' [sic] is a new half-hour series with the star of Radio na Gaeltachta, Sean Ban Breathnach, in the chair presenting music, serious discussion and yarns, i.e., ceol, caint agus craic." 
  12. ^ Moore, Richard (July 11, 1981). "Television topics". Meath Chronicle: p. 20. ""Ceoil, caint agus craic" is how Mr. Breathnach introduces the programme." 
  13. ^ "lyrics: Crack Was Ninety In The Isle of Man". Christy Moore, offiical website. http://www.christymoore.com/lyrics_tabs_detail.php?id=16. Retrieved on 2008-10-18. 
  14. ^ McNally, Frank (2005). Xenophobe's Guide to the Irish. London: Oval. p. 19. ISBN 1-902825-33-0. 
  15. ^ Ó Muirithe, Diarmaid (1992-12-05). "The Words We Use". The Irish Times: p. 27. ; reprinted in Ó Muirithe, Diarmaid (October 2006). The Words We Use. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. pp. 154–5. ISBN 9780717140800. 
  16. ^ Vallely, Fintan (1999). Companion to Irish Traditional Music. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 0814788025. 
  17. ^ Vallely, Fintan (2004-12-01). "The ultimate case sticker (and seisiún vs session): Stop the press!". thesession.org. http://thesession.org/discussions/display.php/5103#comment107977. Retrieved on 2006-12-22. 
  18. ^ McGovern, Mark (2003). "'The Cracked Pint Glass of the Servant': the Irish Pub, Irish Identity, and the Tourist Eye". in Michael Cronin and Barbara O'Connor. Irish Tourism: Image, Culture and Identity. Clevedon: Channel View. p. 91. ISBN 1-873150-54-7. 
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craic"
Personal tools