Craigslist

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For the 2009 "Weird Al" Yankovic song, see Craigslist (song).

Craigslist Inc.
Screenshot of the main page on January 26, 2008
Type of businessPrivate company
Type of site
Classifieds, forums
Available inEnglish, French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese
Founded1995 (incorporated 1999)
Headquarters
San Francisco
,
United States[1]
Area served570 cities in 50 countries
Founder(s)Craig Newmark
Key peopleJim Buckmaster (CEO)
ServicesWeb communications
Employees30+
URLwww.craigslist.org
AdvertisingNone
RegistrationOptional
Launched1995
Current statusActive

Craigslist (styled craigslist) is a classified advertisements website with sections devoted to jobs, housing, personals, for sale, items wanted, services, community, gigs, résumés, and discussion forums.

Craig Newmark began the service in 1995 as an email distribution list to friends, featuring local events in the San Francisco Bay Area, before becoming a web-based service in 1996 and expanding into other classified categories. It started expanding to other U.S. cities in 2000, and currently covers 50 countries.

In March 2008, Spanish, French, Italian, German, and Portuguese became the first non-English languages supported.[3] As of August 9, 2012, over 700 "cities" in 70 countries have Craigslist sites.[4] Some Craigslist sites cover large regions instead of individual metropolitan areas—for example, the U.S. states of Delaware and Wyoming, the Colorado Western Slope, the California Gold Country, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan are among the locations with their own Craigslist sites.[5]

History

Craig Newmark, the founder of Craigslist, in 2006

Having observed people helping one another in friendly, social, and trusting communal ways on the Internet via the WELL, MindVox and Usenet, and feeling isolated as a relative newcomer to San Francisco, Craigslist founder Craig Newmark decided to create something similar for local events.[6][7] In early 1995, he began an email distribution list to friends. Most of the early postings were submitted by Newmark and were notices of social events of interest to software and Internet developers living and working in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Soon, word of mouth led to rapid growth. The number of subscribers and postings grew rapidly. There was no moderation and Newmark was surprised when people started using the mailing list for non-event postings.[citation needed] People trying to get technical positions filled found that the list was a good way to reach people with the skills they were looking for. This led to the addition of a category for "jobs". User demand for more categories caused the list of categories to grow. The initial technology encountered some limits, so by June 1995 majordomo had been installed and the mailing list "Craigslist" resumed operations. Community members started asking for a web interface. Craig registered "craigslist.org", and the website went live in 1996.

By early 1998, Newmark still thought his career was as a software engineer ("hardcore java programmer") and that Craigslist was a cool hobby that was getting him invited to the best parties for geeks and nerds.[citation needed] In the fall of 1998, the name "List Foundation" was introduced and Craigslist started transitioning to the use of this name. In April 1999, when Newmark learned of other organizations called "List Foundation", the use of this name was dropped. Craigslist incorporated as a private for-profit company in 1999.[6] Around the time of these events, Newmark realized that the site was growing so fast that he could stop working as a software engineer and work full-time running Craigslist. By April 2000, there were nine employees working out of Newmark's apartment in San Francisco.[8]

In January 2000, current CEO Jim Buckmaster joined the company as lead programmer and CTO. Buckmaster contributed the site's multi-city architecture, search engine, discussion forums, flagging system, self-posting process, homepage design, personals categories, and best-of-Craigslist feature. He was promoted to CEO in November 2000.[9]

The web site expanded into nine more U.S. cities in 2000, four in 2001 and 2002 each, and 14 in 2003. On August 1, 2004, Craigslist began charging $25 to post job openings on the New York and Los Angeles pages. On the same day, a new section called "Gigs" was added, where low-cost and unpaid jobs and internships can be posted free.

Operations

Craigslist headquarters in the Inner Sunset District of San Francisco prior to 2010.

The site serves over 20 billion page views per month, putting it in 37th place overall among web sites worldwide and 10th place overall among web sites in the United States (per Alexa.com on March 24, 2011), with over 49.4 million unique monthly visitors in the United States alone (per Compete.com on January 8, 2010). With over 80 million new classified advertisements each month, Craigslist is the leading classifieds service in any medium. The site receives over 2 million new job listings each month, making it one of the top job boards in the world.[10][11] The 23 largest U.S. cities listed on the Craigslist home page collectively receive more than 300,000 postings per day just in the "for sale" and "housing" sections as of October 2011.[12] The classified advertisements range from traditional buy/sell ads and community announcements to personal ads.

In 2009, Craigslist operated with a staff of 28 people.[13]

Financials and ownership

In December 2006, at the UBS Global Media Conference in New York, Craigslist CEO Jim Buckmaster told Wall Street analysts that Craigslist has little interest in maximizing profit, instead it prefers to help users find cars, apartments, jobs, and dates.[14][15]

Craigslist's main source of revenue is paid job ads in select cities—$75 per ad for the San Francisco Bay Area; $25 per ad for New York City, Los Angeles, San Diego, Boston, Seattle, Washington, D.C., Chicago, Philadelphia, Orange County (California) and Portland, Oregon—and paid broker apartment listings in New York City ($10 per ad).

The company does not formally disclose financial or ownership information. Analysts and commentators have reported varying figures for its annual revenue, ranging from $10 million in 2004, $20 million in 2005, and $25 million in 2006 to possibly $150 million in 2007.[16][17][18]

On August 13, 2004, Newmark announced on his blog that auction giant eBay had purchased a 25% stake in the company from a former employee.[19] Some fans of Craigslist expressed concern that this development would affect the site's longtime non-commercial nature. As of April 2012, there have been no substantive changes to the usefulness or non-advertising nature of the site—no banner ads, charges for a few services provided to businesses.

The company is believed to be owned principally by Newmark, Buckmaster, and eBay (the three board members). eBay owns approximately 25%, and Newmark is believed to own the largest stake.[5][18][20]

In April 2008, eBay announced that it was suing Craigslist to "safeguard its four-year financial investment". eBay claimed in January 2008 that Craigslist executives took actions that "unfairly diluted eBay's economic interest by more than 10%".[21] In response, Craigslist filed a counter-suit against eBay in May 2008 to "remedy the substantial and ongoing harm to fair competition" that Craigslist claims is constituted by eBay's actions as Craigslist shareholders.[22]

Content policies

As of 2012, mashup sites such as padmapper.com and housingmaps.com were overlaying Craigslist data with Google Maps and adding their own search filters to improve usability. In June 2012, Craigslist changed its terms of service to disallow the practice. In July 2012, Craigslist filed a lawsuit against padmapper.com.[23]

Site characteristics

Personals

Over the years Craigslist has become a very popular online destination for arranging for dates, and sex.[24][25][26][27][28] The personals section allows for postings that are for "strictly platonic", "dating/romance", and "casual encounters".[24][25][27][28]

The site has been found to be particularly appealing to help connect lesbians, and gay men with one another because of its free and open nature in addition to it being hard to find gay people in one's area for some.[29]

In 2005, San Francisco Craigslist's men seeking men section was attributed to facilitating sexual encounters and was the second most common correlation to syphilis infections.[29] The company has been pressured by San Francisco Department of Public Health officials, leading Jim Buckmaster to state that the site has a very small staff and that the public must police themselves.[29] They have however added links to San Francisco City Clinic and STD forums.[29]

Adult services controversy

Craigslist website as it appeared on September 4, 2010, with black censored box in place of Adult Services

Advertisements for "adult" (previously "erotic") services were initially given special treatment, then closed entirely on September 4, 2010, following a controversy over claims by state attorneys general that the advertisements promoted prostitution.[30][31]

In 2002, a disclaimer was put on the "men seeking men", "casual encounters", "erotic services", and "rants and raves" boards to ensure that those who clicked on these sections were over the age of 18, but no disclaimer was put on the "men seeking women", "women seeking men" or "women seeking women" boards. As a response to charges of discrimination and negative stereotyping, Buckmaster explained that the company's policy is a response to user feedback requesting the warning on the more sexually explicit sections, including "men seeking men".[32] Today, all of the above listed boards (as well as some others) have a disclaimer.

On May 13, 2009, Craigslist announced that it would close the erotic services section, replacing it with an adult services section to be reviewed by Craigslist employees. This decision came after allegations by several U.S. states that the erotic services ads were being used for prostitution.[33] Postings to the new category cost $10 and could be renewed for $5.

On September 4, 2010, Craigslist closed the adult services section of its website in the United States. The site initially replaced the adult services page link with the word "censored" in white-on-black text. The site received criticism and complaints from attorneys general that the section's ads were facilitating prostitution and child sex trafficking.[34][35]

The adult services section link was still active in countries outside of the U.S.[36] Matt Zimmerman, senior staff attorney for the Electronic Frontier Foundation, said, "Craigslist isn't legally culpable for these posts, but the public pressure has increased and Craigslist is a small company." Brian Carver, attorney and assistant professor at UC Berkeley, said that legal threats could have a chilling effect on online expression. "If you impose liability on Craigslist, YouTube and Facebook for anything their users do, then they're not going to take chances. It would likely result in the takedown of what might otherwise be perfectly legitimate free expression."[37]

On September 8, 2010, the "censored" label and its dead link to adult services were completely removed.[38][39]

Craigslist announced on September 15, 2010, that it had closed its adult services in the United States for good. However, it defended its right to carry such ads and its efforts to fight prostitution and sex trafficking. Free speech and some sex crime victim advocates criticized the removal of the section, saying that it threatened free speech and that it diminished law enforcement's ability to track criminals. However, the removal was applauded by many state attorneys general and some other groups fighting sex crimes. Craigslist said that there is some indication that those who posted ads in the adult services section are posting elsewhere. Sex ads cost $10 initially and it was estimated they would have brought in $44 million in 2010 had they continued.[40][41] In the four months following the closure, monthly revenue from sex ads on six other sites (primarily Backpage) increased from $2.1 to $3.1 million, partly due to price increases.[42]

On December 19, 2010, after pressure from Ottawa and several provinces, Craigslist closed 'Erotic Services' and 'Adult Gigs' from its Canadian website, even though prostitution is not itself illegal in Canada.[43]

Flagging

Craigslist has a user flagging system to quickly identify illegal and inappropriate postings. Users may flag postings they believe to be in violation of Craigslist guidelines. Flagging does not require account login or registration and can be made anonymously by anyone.[44] Ads sufficiently flagged are subject to automated removal when a certain number of users flag a posting. The number of flaggings required for a posting's removal is variable and remains unknown to all but craigslist.org.[44] Items are flagged for three categories: miscategorized, prohibited, or spam/overpost.[45] Users are given a short description of each category.[46] Flagging also occurs as acts of vandalism by groups of individuals at different ISPs to trigger the automated removal process of postings.[44]

Bartering

Craigslist includes a barter option in its "for sale" section. This growing trade economy has been documented on the television program Barter Kings and the blog One red paperclip.[47][48]

Criticism

In July 2005, the San Francisco Chronicle criticized Craigslist for allowing ads from dog breeders, and thereby allegedly encouraging the over breeding and irresponsible selling of pit bulls in the Bay Area.[49]

In January 2006, the San Francisco Bay Guardian published an editorial criticizing Craigslist for moving into local communities and "threatening to eviscerate" local alternative newspapers. Craigslist has been compared to Walmart, a multinational corporation that some feel crushes small local businesses when they move into towns and offer a huge assortment of goods at lower prices.[50]

L. Gordon Crovitz, writing for The Wall Street Journal, criticized the company for using lawsuits "to prevent anyone from doing to it what it did to newspapers", contrary to the spirit of the website, which bills itself in a "noncommercial nature, public service mission, and noncorporate culture".[51]

In 2012, Cragslist sued PadMapper, a site that hoped to improve the user interface for browsing housing ads, and 3Taps, a company that helped PadMapper obtain data from Cragslist, in Craigslist v. 3Taps. This led users to criticize Craigslist for trying to shut down a service that was useful to users.[52]

Nonprofit foundation

In 2001, the company started the Craigslist Foundation,[53] a § 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that offers free and low cost events and online resources to promote community building at all levels. It accepts charitable donations, and rather than directly funding organizations, it produces "face-to-face events and offers online resources to help grassroots organizations get off the ground and contribute real value to the community".

Since 2004, the Craigslist Foundation has hosted eight annual conferences called Boot Camp, an in-person event that focuses on skills for connecting, motivating and inspiring greater community involvement and impact. Boot Camp has drawn more than 10,000 people since its inception.[citation needed] The latest Boot Camp event was held on June 2, 2011, 8 am–5:30 pm.[54]

The Craigslist Foundation is also the fiscal sponsor for Our Good Works, the organization that manages AllforGood.org, an application that distributes volunteer opportunities across the web and helps people get involved in their communities.[55]

As of summer 2013, the Craigslist Foundation's functions are mostly moved to LikeMinded.org and the CraigsListFoundation.org is no longer updated.

Related media

  • 2003 documentary 24 Hours on Craigslist
  • In November 2007, Ryan J. Davis directed Jeffery Self's solo show My Life on the Craigslist at Off-Broadway's New World Stages.[56] The show focuses on a young man's sexual experiences on Craigslist and was so successful that it returned to New York by popular demand in February 2008.[57]
  • Nerdcore hip-hop musician Schäffer the Darklord recorded a song called "Craig's List" for his 2007 album, Mark of the Beast.
  • On June 16, 2009, "Weird Al" Yankovic released a song titled "Craigslist", which is a parody of the website, done in the style of The Doors.
  • On January 3, 2011, a movie named The Craigslist Killer[58] premiered on Lifetime featuring the story of Philip Markoff, who was accused of robbing and/or murdering several sex workers he met through Craigslist's adult services section.
  • The premise of the sitcom New Girl centers around a girl (Zooey Deschanel) who looks on Craigslist to find new roommates. She misunderstands one of the listings and ends up moving in with three men, when she had intended to find female roommates.
  • The American comedy series Bored to Death revolves around a fictional Jonathan Ames (played by Jason Schwartzman) who posts an ad on Craigslist advertising himself as an unlicensed private detective.
  • The documentary Craigslist Joe, released in August 2012, documents a 29-year-old man living for 31 days solely from donations of food, shelter, and transportation throughout the U.S. found via Craigslist.[59]

References

  1. ^ "craigslist – Company Overview". Hoover's. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
  2. ^ "Craigslist.org Site Info". Alexa Internet. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  3. ^ Craig Newmark (March 27, 2008). "Multiple language support on Craigslist". cnewmark. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
  4. ^ "about > factsheet". craigslist.org. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  5. ^ a b "about > expansion". craigslist. August 21, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2011.
  6. ^ a b "about > factsheet". craigslist. November 29, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2011.
  7. ^ "On The Record: Craig Newmark". San Francisco Chronicle. August 14, 2004. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
  8. ^ "Archived page from Craigslist's About Us". April 19, 2000. Archived from the original on June 20, 2000. Retrieved February 8, 2007.
  9. ^ "Jim Buckmaster—CEO & programmer". Archived from the original on June 30, 2007. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
  10. ^ Lenhart, Amanda (November 2005). "Selling items online" (PDF). Pew Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2007. Retrieved September 6, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ craigslist.org. "craigslist fact sheet". Archived from the original on February 1, 2009.
  12. ^ "Craigslist Tracker Overall Stats". Retrieved October 29, 2011.
  13. ^ Jones, Del (January 2, 2007). "Can small businesses help win the war?". USA Today. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  14. ^ Davis, Wendy (December 7, 2006). "Just An Online Minute ... Stunning Wall Street, Shunning Profits". MediaPost. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
  15. ^ Hau, Louis (December 11, 2006). "Newspaper Killer". Forbes. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
  16. ^ Lashinsky, Adam (December 12, 2005). "Burning Sensation". Fortune. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  17. ^ "Zen and the Art of Classified Advertising: Craigslist could make $500 million a year. Why not?". Carney, Brian M. (June 17, 2006). The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  18. ^ a b Owen Thomas (July 26, 2007). "Craig Newmark, filthy rich on eBay's millions". Gawker.com. Retrieved July 30, 2011.
  19. ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20040813165340/http://www.cnewmark.com/archives/000265.html
  20. ^ Sandoval, Greg (July 3, 2007). "Craigslist grapples with competitor on board". CNET. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  21. ^ "EBay sues Craigslist ad website". BBC. April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
  22. ^ "Craigslist strikes back at eBay". BBC. May 13, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
  23. ^ Farivar, Cyrus. "Craigslist sues site that makes its apartment listings easier to find (Updated)". Ars Technica.
  24. ^ a b Craigslist hookups, Timeout.com, 2009
  25. ^ a b College student to launch 'sex hookup site: It's safer than CraigList, and cheaper than bars, ABC News
  26. ^ Columbus Sex Survey, The Other Paper
  27. ^ a b Paul LaRosa and Maria Cramer, Seven Days of Rage: The Deadly Crime Spree of the Craigslist Killer, Simon and Schuster, 2009.
  28. ^ a b Risky Sex- and Drug-Seeking in a Probability Sample of Men-for-Men Online Bulletin Board Postings, by Christian Grov
  29. ^ a b c d The Hottest Spot Online – The explosively popular-and free-Craigslist attracts both gay men and lesbians by the thousands but the guys and gals aren't generally looking for the same things, by Ann Rostow. The Advocate.
  30. ^ "Attorneys general call for Craigslist to get rid of adult services ads". CNN. August 26, 2010.
  31. ^ Miller, Claire Cain (September 4, 2010). "Craigslist Blocks Access to 'Adult Services' Pages". The New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
  32. ^ "Warning: men seeking men—Craigslist posts disclaimer for gay male personals". Southern Voice. August 31, 2005. Archived from the original on July 2, 2007. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
  33. ^ Stone, Brad (May 13, 2009). "Craigslist to Remove Category for Erotic Services". New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  34. ^ "Adult services censored on Craigslist". CNN. September 5, 2010. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  35. ^ Craigslist removes ads for adult services, James Temple, San Francisco Chronicle, September 4, 2010
  36. ^ "Adult services censored on Craigslist". CNN. May 9, 2010. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
  37. ^ Craigslist removes ads for adult services, James Temple, San Francisco Chronicle, September 4, 2010
  38. ^ Miller, Claire (September 9, 2010). "Craigslist Pulls 'Censored' Label From Sex Ads Area". The New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
  39. ^ Matyszczyk, Chris (September 8, 2010). "Craigslist removes 'censored' bar from site". CNET. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
  40. ^ Miller, Claire Cain (September 15, 2010). "Craigslist Says It Has Shut Its Section for Sex Ads". The New York Times. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
  41. ^ Lindenberger, Michael A. (September 16, 2010). "Craigslist Comes Clean: No More 'Adult Services,' Ever". Time. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
  42. ^ "Price increases drive growth in adult ad revenue". AIM group. January 26, 2011.
  43. ^ "Craigslist pulls 'erotic services' from Canadian site". The Canadian Press. December 18, 2010.
  44. ^ a b c "Unofficial Flagging FAQ". Craigslist users. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
  45. ^ "flags and community moderation". Craigslist. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
  46. ^ "terms of use". Craigslist. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
  47. ^ [1]
  48. ^ [2]
  49. ^ Ilene Lelchuk (July 11, 2005). "Craigslist pressured to ban dog, cat ads". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
  50. ^ Tim Redmond (July 11, 2005). "Editor's Notes". San Francisco Bay Guardian. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
  51. ^ L. Gordon Crovitz (May 12, 2013). "Toward Rivals, It's Craigslitigious". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
  52. ^ Goldman, Eric. "Craigslist's Anti-Consumer Lawsuit Threatens to Break Internet Law". Forbes. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
  53. ^ Craigslist Foundation
  54. ^ "Craigslist Foundation events". Craigslistfoundation.org. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
  55. ^ "AllforGood.org". AllforGood.org. Retrieved July 30, 2011.
  56. ^ Hetrick, Adam (October 17, 2007). "Jeffery Self to Offer My Life on the Craigslist at New World Stages Nov. 1". Playbill. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
  57. ^ "'My Life on the Craigslist' Returns Feb. 15, 22 & 29". Broadway World. January 23, 2008. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
  58. ^ "The Craigslist Killer Movie — Official Site". MyLifetime.com. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
  59. ^ "Man Lives Off Craigslist for One Crazy Month in Craigslist Joe". Wired. July 3, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2013.

External links

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