Creatine

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Creatine
IUPAC name	2-(methylguanidino) ethanoic acid
Other names	• (α-Methylguanido)acetic acid • Creatin • Kreatin
Identifiers
CAS number	57-00-1 Y
PubChem	586
EC number	200-306-6
SMILES	O=C(O)CN(C(=[N@H])N)C
InChI	1/C4H9N3O2/c1-7(4(5)6)2-3(8)9/h2H2,1H3,(H3,5,6)(H,8,9)
InChI key	CVSVTCORWBXHQV-UHFFFAOYAV
ChemSpider ID	566
Properties
Molecular formula	C4H9N3O2
Molar mass	131.13 g/mol
Melting point	303 °C (decomp.)
Y (what is this?)  (verify) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Creatine is a nitrogenous organic acid that occurs naturally in vertebrates and helps to supply energy to muscle. Creatine was identified in 1832 when Michel Eugène Chevreul discovered it as a component of skeletal muscle, which he later named creatine after the Greek word for flesh, Kreas.

[edit] Biosynthesis

Creatine is naturally produced in the human body from amino acids primarily in the kidney and liver. It is transported in the blood for use by muscles. Approximately 95% of the human body's total creatine is located in skeletal muscle.The rest is located in the brain or heart.^{[1] [2]}

Creatine is not an essential nutrient as it is manufactured in the human body from L-arginine, glycine, and L-methionine. ^[3]

In humans and animals, approximately half of stored creatine originates from food (mainly from fresh meat). Since vegetables do not contain creatine, vegetarians show lower levels of muscle creatine. With the help of creatine supplementation vegetarians can compensate for this loss.^[4]

The pathway for the synthesis of creatine
Arg - Arginine; GATM - Glycine amidinotransferase; GAMT - Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase; Gly - Glycine; Met - Methionine; SAH - S-adenosyl homocysteine; SAM - S-adenosyl methionine.

The color scheme is as follows:enzymes, coenzymes and the Met part, substrate names, the Gly part, the Arg part

The enzyme GATM (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), EC 2.1.4.1) is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first rate-limiting step of creatine biosynthesis, and is primarily expressed in the kidneys and pancreas.^[5]

The second enzyme in the pathway (GAMT, guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase, EC:2.1.1.2) is primarily expressed in the liver and pancreas[2].

Genetic deficiencies in the creatine biosynthetic pathway lead to various severe neurological defects.^[6]

[edit] Safety concerns

Mayo Clinic and U.S. National Library of Medicine list some safety concerns regarding creatine. ^{[7] [8]}

[edit] Allergies

Creatine has been associated with asthmatic symptoms. People should avoid creatine if they have known allergies to this supplement. Signs of allergy may include rash, itching, or shortness of breath.

[edit] Side effects and warnings

There is limited systematic study of the safety, pharmacology, or toxicology of creatine. Individuals using creatine, including athletes, should be monitored by a healthcare professional. Users are advised to inform their physicians or other qualified healthcare professionals.

Some individuals may experience gastrointestinal symptoms, including loss of appetite, stomach discomfort, diarrhea, or nausea.

Creatine may cause muscle cramps or muscle breakdown, leading to muscle tears or discomfort. Strains and sprains have been reported due to enthusiastic increases in workout regimens once starting creatine. Weight gain and increased body mass may occur. Heat intolerance, fever, dehydration, reduced blood volume, or electrolyte imbalances (and resulting seizures) may occur.

There is less concern today than there used to be about possible kidney damage from creatine, although there are reports of kidney damage, such as interstitial nephritis. Patients with kidney disease should avoid use of this supplement. Similarly, liver function may be altered, and caution is advised in those with underlying liver disease.

In theory, creatine may alter the activities of insulin. Caution is advised in patients with diabetes or hypoglycemia, and in those taking drugs, herbs, or supplements that affect blood sugar. Serum glucose levels may need to be monitored by a healthcare professional, and medication adjustments may be necessary.

Long-term administration of large quantities of creatine is reported to increase the production of formaldehyde, which may potentially cause serious unwanted side effects.

Creatine may increase the risk of compartment syndrome of the lower leg, a condition characterized by pain in the lower leg associated with inflammation and ischemia (diminished blood flow), which is a potential surgical emergency.

Reports of other side effects include thirst, mild headache, anxiety, irritability, aggression, nervousness, sleepiness, depression, abnormal heart rhythm, fainting or dizziness, blood clots in the legs (called deep vein thrombosis), seizure, or swollen limbs.

[edit] Pregnancy and breastfeeding

Creatine cannot be recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding due to a lack of scientific information.

Pasteurized cow's milk appears to contain higher levels of creatine than human milk. The clinical significance of this is not clear.

[edit] Pro-Creatine

This article or section reads like a scientific review article. It potentially contains biased syntheses of primary sources. Please replace inadequate primary references with secondary sources such as scientific review articles. See the talk page for details. (April 2009)

The use of creatine in healthy individuals is generally considered safe. Studies have not yet been able to demonstrate that either long-term or short-term creatine supplementation results in adverse health effects.^[9][10] Creatine supplementation using recommended dosages has not been linked with any adverse side effects beyond occasional dehydration due to increased muscular water uptake from the rest of the body.^[11] An increase in muscle mass and body mass are the most widely accepted side effect of creatine supplementation.^[12][13]

According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), "the safety and bioavailability of the requested source of creatine, creatine monohydrate in foods for particular nutritional uses, is not a matter of concern provided that there is adequate control of the purity of this source of creatine (minimum 99.95%) with respect to dicyandiamide and dihydro-1,3,5-triazine derivatives, as well as heavy metal contamination. The EFSA Panel endorses the previous opinion of the SCF that high loading doses (20 gram / day) of creatine should be avoided.^[14] Provided high purity creatine monohydrate is used in foods for particular nutritional uses, the Panel considers that the consumption of doses of up to 3g/day of supplemental creatine, similar to the daily turnover rate of creatine, is unlikely to pose any risk".^[15]

However individuals using creatine should be aware that the creatine supplements they are taking may be mixed with other substances that can cause additional adverse side effects.^[16]

[edit] Treatment of diseases

This article or section reads like a scientific review article. It potentially contains biased syntheses of primary sources. Please replace inadequate primary references with secondary sources such as scientific review articles. See the talk page for details. (February 2009)

Creatine has been demonstrated to cause modest increases in strength in people with a variety of neuromuscular disorders.^[17] Creatine supplementation has been, and continues to be, investigated as a possible therapeutic approach for the treatment of muscular, neuromuscular, neurological and neurodegenerative diseases (arthritis, congestive heart failure, Parkinson's disease, disuse atrophy, gyrate atrophy, McArdle's disease, Huntington's disease, miscellaneous neuromuscular diseases, mitochondrial diseases, muscular dystrophy, and neuroprotection).^{[citation needed]}

A study demonstrated that creatine is twice as effective as the prescription drug riluzole in extending the lives of mice with the degenerative neural disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig's disease). The neuroprotective effects of creatine in the mouse model of ALS may be due either to an increased availability of energy to injured nerve cells or to a blocking of the chemical pathway that leads to cell death.^[18] A similarly promising result has been obtained in prolonging the life of transgenic mice affected by Huntington's disease. Creatine treatment lessened brain atrophy and the formation of intranuclear inclusions, attenuated reductions in striatal N-acetylaspartate, and delayed the development of hyperglycemia.^[19]

Given the results in animal studies, creatine is just beginning to be explored in several multi-center clinical studies in the USA and elsewhere.^{[citation needed]}.

[edit] Creatine supplements and athletics

Creatine supplements are sometimes used by athletes, bodybuilders, and others who wish to gain muscle mass.

[edit] Cognitive ability

A placebo-controlled double-blind experiment found that vegetarians who took 5 grams of creatine per day for six weeks showed a significant improvement on two separate tests of fluid intelligence, Raven's Progressive Matrices and the backward digit span test from the WAIS. The treatment group was able to repeat back longer sequences of numbers from memory and had higher overall IQ scores than the control group. The researchers concluded that "supplementation with creatine significantly increased intelligence compared with placebo."^[20] A subsequent study found that creatine supplements improved cognitive ability in the elderly.^[21] A study on young adults (0.03 g/kg/day for six weeks; only 2 g/day for 150lb individual) failed however to find any improvements.^[22]

[edit] See also

• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• Beta-alanine

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• NCBI Online Mendelian Inheritance In MAN (OMIM) GATM human mutation record
• Quackwatch on creatine
• BBC News - Creatine 'boosts brain power'
• Review article on creatine's function in the neurological context (from the Science Creative Quarterly)
• Creatine Supplementation for Health and Diseases on Creatine and Creatine Kinase Function
• Creatine during Pregnancy and Protection of Babies against Anoxia A mouse study