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[[File:Property Crime Rates in the United States.svg|thumb|350px|Property crime rates in the United states per 100,000 population beginning in 1960. Source: [[Bureau of Justice Statistics]].]]
[[File:Property Crime Rates in the United States.svg|thumb|350px|Property crime rates in the United states per 100,000 population beginning in 1960. Source: [[Bureau of Justice Statistics]].]]
'''Crime''' statistics for the '''United States''' are published annually by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in the Uniform Crime Reports which represents crimes reported to the police. The [[Bureau of Justice Statistics]] conducts the annual [[National Crime Victimization Survey]] which captures crimes not reported to the police.
'''Crime''' statistics for the '''United States''' are published anally by the Federal Bureau of Child Porn in the Uniform Crime Reports which represents crimes reported to the police. The [[Bureau of Justice Statistics]] conducts the annual [[National Crime Victimization Survey]] which captures crimes not reported to the police.


In 2009 America's crime rate was roughly the same as in 1968, with the [[homicide]] rate being at its lowest level since 1964. Overall, the national crime rate was 3466 crimes per 100,000 residents, down from 3680 crimes per 100,000 residents forty years earlier in 1969 (-9.4%).<ref>{{cite web|author=Christopher Effgen |url=http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/uscrime.htm |title=FBI Uniform Crime Reports |publisher=Disastercenter.com |date=2001-09-11 |accessdate=2012-06-11}}</ref>
In 2009 America's crime rate was roughly the same as in 1968, with the [[homicide]] rate being at its lowest level since 1964. Overall, the national crime rate was 3466 crimes per 100,000 residents, down from 3680 crimes per 100,000 residents forty years earlier in 1969 (-9.4%).<ref>{{cite web|author=Christopher Effgen |url=http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/uscrime.htm |title=FBI Uniform Crime Reports |publisher=Disastercenter.com |date=2001-09-11 |accessdate=2012-06-11}}</ref>

Revision as of 17:56, 2 January 2013

Property crime rates in the United states per 100,000 population beginning in 1960. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Crime statistics for the United States are published anally by the Federal Bureau of Child Porn in the Uniform Crime Reports which represents crimes reported to the police. The Bureau of Justice Statistics conducts the annual National Crime Victimization Survey which captures crimes not reported to the police.

In 2009 America's crime rate was roughly the same as in 1968, with the homicide rate being at its lowest level since 1964. Overall, the national crime rate was 3466 crimes per 100,000 residents, down from 3680 crimes per 100,000 residents forty years earlier in 1969 (-9.4%).[1]

The likelihood of committing and falling victim to crime also depends on several demographic characteristics, as well as location of the population. Overall, men, minorities, the young, and those in financially less favorable positions are more likely to be crime victims, as well as commit crimes.[2] It is quite common for crime in American cities to be highly concentrated in a few, often economically disadvantaged areas. For example, San Mateo County, California had a population of approximately 707,000 and 17 homicides in 2001. Six of these 17 homicides took place in poor East Palo Alto, which had a population of roughly 30,000. So, while East Palo Alto accounted for a mere 4.2% of the population, about one-third of the homicides took place there.[3]

In 2008, according to the FBI, 14,180 people were murdered in America.[4] In 2010, according to the UNODC, 67.5% of all homicides in the United States were perpetrated using a firearm.[5]

The country's overall crime rate is measured by the number of offenses being reported per 100,000 people.

Crime over time

Crime has been a long-standing concern in the United States, with high rates at the beginning of the 20th century compared to parts of Western Europe. In 1916, 198 homicides were recorded in Chicago, a city of slightly over 2 million at the time. This level of crime was not exceptional when compared to other American cities such as New York City, but was much higher relative to European cities, such as London, which then had three times the population but recorded only 45 homicides in the same year.[6]

In the long term, homicide in America has been in decline since colonial times.[7]

As shown in the charts above, reported violent crime nationwide nearly quadrupled between 1960 and its peak in 1991. Property crime more than doubled over the same period. Since 1993, crime has declined steeply. Several theories have been proposed to explain the cause.

  1. The number of police officers increased considerably in the 1990s.[8]
  2. The prison population has been expanded since the mid-1970s.[8]
  3. Starting in the mid-1980s, the crack cocaine market grew rapidly before declining again a decade later. Some authors have pointed towards the link between violent crimes and crack use.[8]
  4. One hypothesis suggests a causal link between legalized abortion and the drop in crime during the 1990s.[9]
  5. Another hypothesis suggests reduced lead exposure as the cause; Scholar Mark A.R. Kleiman writes: "Given the decrease in lead exposure among children since the 1980s and the estimated effects of lead on crime, reduced lead exposure could easily explain a very large proportion—certainly more than half—of the crime decrease of the 1994-2004 period. A careful statistical study relating local changes in lead exposure to local crime rates estimates the fraction of the crime decline due to lead reduction as greater than 90 percent.[10]

The year 2010 was overall the most free of serious crime in almost forty years. The recent overall decrease spans all types of such crime, with violent and property crimes having reached an all-time low. The homicide rate in particular decreased 51% between its record high point in 1991 and 2010.

From 2000-2008, the year-by-year homicide rate continuously decreased.[11]

While the homicide rate decreased continuously between 1991 and 2000 from 9.8 homicides per 100,000 persons to 5.5 per 100,000, it remained at 5.4-5.7 until 2009, when it dipped down to 5.0, and continued to drop in 2010 to 4.8.

In contrast to the recent sharp decrease in the homicide rate, the rates of other violent crimes and of property crimes, although they have continuously decreased recently, have decreased at a considerably slower pace than in the 1990s.[11] Overall, the crime rate in the U.S. was the same in 2009 as in 1968, with the homicide rate being roughly the same as in 1964. Violent crime overall, however, is still at the same level as in 1973, despite having decreased steadily since 1991.[12]

Crime Rate[12][13] 1960 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2010
Violent crime rate 160.9 158.1 168.2 200.2 253.2 328.7 396.0 417.4 487.8 475.9 548.9 594.3 537.7 556.6 609.7 663.1 758.2 747.1 684.5 611.0 523.0 504.5 475.8 469.0 472.0 429.4 403.6
Homicide rate 5.1 4.8 4.6 5.1 6.2 7.3 8.6 9.4 9.6 8.8 9.8 9.8 8.3 8.0 8.3 8.7 9.8 9.5 8.2 6.8 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.0 4.8
Property crime rate 1,726 1,747 2,012 2,249 2,736 3,351 3,769 3,737 4,811 4,602 5,017 5,264 4,637 4,650 4,940 5,078 5,140 4,740 4,591 4,316 3,744 3,658 3,591 3,432 3,277 3,036 2,941

Crimes per 100,000 population

SOURCES: US Bureau of Justice Statistics (2004),[12] Federal Bureau of Investigation, (2010)[13]

Characteristics of offenders

Further information: Race and crime in the United States

According to the latest US Department of Justice survey of crime victims, more than 6.6 million violent crimes (murder, rape, assault and robbery) are committed in the US each year.[citation needed]

Data for 2008 indicate that, of 16,277 murders, 10,568 were committed by males, 1,176 were by female, and 4,533 were committed in which the offenders sex was unknown. Likewise, 5,943 (36.5%) were committed by black/black Hispanic offenders, 5,334 (32.8%) murders were committed by white/white Hispanic offenders, 273 (1.7%) were committed by offenders of other races, and 4,727 (29%) murders were committed by offenders whose race is not known.

If murders where the race of the offender is unknown are excluded from the calculation, the numbers are: 51.5% black, 46.2% white, and 2.4% "other."[14]

As of 2001, the chances of going to prison in percentages for various demographic groups

A 2008 FBI Uniform Crime Report on rape and sexual-based crime published by the United States Department of Justice stated that of the crimes surveyed, whites represented 65.2% of persons arrested for rape, blacks represented 32.2%, with American Indians and Asians ranking just above 1%. "Hispanics", "Hispanic-White" or "Hispanic-Black" was not specified into any specific category.[15]

According to the latest "Hate Crimes Reported by Victims and Police," a 2008 Bureau of Justice Statistics Report, hate crime 20% of "hate crime" offenders were black (despite comprising only roughly 12.5% of the total population), 61% were white (despite comprising about 72.4% of the total population), while the victims were predominantly black (72.9%) and targeted because of their race (51%). Among religious hate crimes, the majority of victims were of Jewish faith (65.7%) with less than one in ten offenses aimed at people of the Muslim faith (7.7%).[16] Among crimes aimed at ethnicity and national background, the majority of hate crimes were of anti-Hispanic bias (64%).[16]

Reporting at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association (August 3, 2008), sociologists at Bowling Green State University found that men who attend college are more likely to commit property crimes during their college years than their non-college-attending peers. The research draws from three waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and examines education, crime levels, substance abuse and socializing among adolescents and young adults.[17] Also, according to Naci Mocan of the University of Colorado and Erdal Tekin of Georgia State University, "We find that unattractive individuals commit more crime in comparison to average-looking ones, and very attractive individuals commit less crime in comparison to those who are average-looking."[18]

Crime victimology

File:Homicide victimization by race.jpg
This graph shows the homicide victimization rate for whites and blacks, according to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Violent crime rates by gender 1973-2003

Patterns are found within the victimology of crime in the United States. Overall, the financially disadvantaged, those younger than 25 and non Whites were more likely to fall victim to crime. Income, sex and age had the most dramatic effect on the chances of a person being victimized by crime, while the characteristic of race depended upon the crime being committed.[citation needed]

In terms of gender, males were more likely to become crime victims than were females, with 79% percent of all murder victims being male. Males were also twice as likely to be carjacked as were females.

In terms of income, households with a 2008 annual income of less than $15,000 were significantly more likely to have their homes burgled.[19]

Concerning age, those younger than twenty-five were more likely to fall victim to crime, especially violent crime. The chances of being victimized by violent crime decreased far more substantially with age than the chances of becoming the victim of property crime. For example, 3.03% of crimes committed against a young person were theft, while 20% of crimes committed against an elderly person were theft. Thus, one can conclude that the probability of becoming a violent crime victim decreases as income and age increase, in addition to being lower for European Americans and females.[20]

Crimes against the homeless

A 2007 study found that the number of violent crimes against the homeless is increasing.[21][22] The rate of such documented crimes in 2005 was 30% higher than of those in 1999.[23] 75% of all perpetrators are under the age of 25. Studies and surveys indicate that homeless people have a much higher criminal victimization rate than the non-homeless, but that most incidents never get reported to authorities.[citation needed]

In recent years, largely due to the efforts of the National Coalition for the Homeless (NCH) and academic researchers the problem of violence against the homeless has gained national attention. The NCH called deliberate attacks against the homeless hate crimes in their report Hate, Violence, and Death on Mainstreet USA (they retain the definition of the American Congress).[citation needed]

The Center for the Study of Hate & Extremism at California State University, San Bernardino in conjunction with the NCH found that 155 homeless people were killed by non-homeless people in "hate killings", while 76 people were killed in all the other traditional hate crime homicide categories such as race and religion, combined.[22] The CSHE contends that negative and degrading portrayals of the homeless contribute to a climate where violence takes place.

Prison statistics

Main article: Incarceration in the United States
A map of US states according to number of incarcerated individuals per population of 100,000 in 2008.[24]

The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world. As of 2006, a record 7 million people were behind bars, on probation or on parole, of which 2.2 million were incarcerated. The People's Republic of China ranks second with 1.5 million. The United States has 5% of the world's population and 25% of the world's incarcerated population.[25][needs update]

In terms of federal prison, 57% of those incarcerated were sentenced for drug offenses. However, the federal prison population is a very small percentage of the massive state prison population, which also holds numerous people convicted of drug offenses. Currently, considering county jails as well, almost a million of those incarcerated are in prison for non-violent crime.[26] In 2002, 93.2% of prisoners were male. 10.4% of the black males in the United States between the ages of 25 and 29 were sentenced and in prison by year end, as were 2.4% of Hispanic males and 1.2% of white males.[27]

Many sociologists and criminal justice academics argue that this disparity in prison population is reflective of discriminatory sentencing.[citation needed] In a study conducted by the Rand Corporation, it has been estimated that Blacks and Latinos received longer sentences and spent more time in prison than their white counterparts who were convicted of similar crimes and with similar criminal records. One particular example revealed the state of California statistically imposed sentences that averaged 6.5 months longer for Hispanics, and 1.5 months longer for Blacks when compared to white inmates.[28]

More than one in 100 adults in the United States is in jail or prison, an all-time high that costs state governments nearly $50 billion a year and the federal government $5 billion more.[29] With more than 2.3 million people behind bars, the United States leads the world in both the number and percentage of residents it incarcerates, leaving China a remote second, according to a study by the Pew Center on the States. For example, Florida, which has almost doubled its prison population over the past 15 years, has experienced a smaller drop in crime than New York, which, after a brief increase, has reduced its number of inmates to below the 1993 level.[citation needed]

International comparison

The manner in which America's crime rate compared to other countries of similar wealth and development depends on the nature of the crime used in the comparison.[30] Overall crime statistic comparisons are difficult to conduct, as the definition of crimes significant enough to be published in annual reports varies across countries. Thus an agency in a foreign country may include crimes in its annual reports which the United States omits.

Some countries such as Canada, however, have similar definitions of what constitutes a violent crime, and nearly all countries had the same definition of the characteristics that constitutes a homicide. Overall the total crime rate of the United States is similar to that of other highly developed countries. Some types of reported property crime in the U.S. survey as lower than in Germany or Canada, yet the homicide rate in the United States is substantially higher.

Homicide

The US homicide rate, which has declined substantially since 1991 from a rate per 100,000 persons of 9.8 to 4.8 in 2010, is still among the highest in the industrialized world. There were 14,748 homicides in the United States in 2010, including non-negligent manslaughter.[31] (666,160 murders from 1960 to 1996).[32] In 2004, there were 5.5 homicides for every 100,000 persons, roughly three times as high as Canada (1.9) and six times as high as Germany (0.9). A closer look at The National Archive of Criminal Justice Data indicates that per-capita homicide rates over the last 30 years on average of major cities, New Orleans' average annual per capita homicide rate of 52 murders per 100,000 people overall (1980–2009) ranks highest of U.S. cities with average annual homicide totals among the 10 highest during the same period.[33][34] Most industrialized countries had homicide rates below the 2.5 mark.[35][36]

Country Ireland[37] Germany[38] Netherlands[39] Norway[39] United Kingdom[39] France[39] Canada[33] United States[40] Russia[41] Venezuela[42] El Salvador[43] Honduras[43]
Homicide rate (per hundred thousand) 1.3 0.9 1.0 0.5 1.4 1.6 1.9 4.8 13 48 65 78
Year 2010 2007 2007 2006 2000 2004 2004 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010

In the United States, the number of homicides where the victim and offender relationship was undetermined has been increasing since 1999 but has not reached the levels experienced in the early 1990s. In 14% of all murders, the victim and the offender were strangers. Spouses and family members made up about 15% of all victims, about one-third of the victims were acquaintances of the assailant, and the victim and offender relationship was undetermined in over one-third of homicides. Gun involvement in homicides were gang-related homicides which increased after 1980, homicides that occurred during the commission of a felony which increased from 55% in 1985 to 77% in 2005, homicides resulting from arguments which declined to the lowest levels recorded recently, and homicides resulting from other circumstances which remained relatively constant. Because gang killing has become a normal part of inner cities, many including police hold preconceptions about the causes of death in inner cities. When a death is labeled gang-related it lowers the chances that it will be investigated and increases the chances that the perpetrator will remain at large. In addition, victims of gang killings often determine the priority a case will be given by police. Jenkins (1988) argues that many serial murder cases remain unknown to police and that cases involving Black offenders and victims are especially likely to escape official attention.[44]

Violent crime

The burglary rates of selected developed countries as published by the US Bureau of Justice Statistics

The reported US violent crime rate includes only Aggravated Assault, whereas the Canadian violent crime rate includes all categories of assault, including the much-more-numerous Assault level 1 (i.e., assault not using a weapon and not resulting in serious bodily harm).[33][34] A government study concluded that direct comparison of the 2 countries' violent crime totals or rates was "inappropriate".[45]

Property crime

According to a 2004 study by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, looking at the period from 1981 to 1999, the United States had a lower surveyed residential burglary rate in 1998 than Scotland, England, Canada, the Netherlands, and Australia. The other two countries included in the study, Sweden and Switzerland, had only slightly lower burglary rates. (Note: The rate of burglary in police records remained higher in the U.S. than most other countries during the study period (see graph)). For the first nine years of the study period the same surveys of the public showed only Australia with rates higher than the U.S. The authors noted various problems in doing the comparisons including infrequent data points (The U.S. performed 5 surveys from 1995 to 1999 when its rate dipped below Canada's while Canada ran a single telephone survey during that period for comparison).[30]

Physical abuse and neglect of children

According to a 2001 report from UNICEF, the United States has the highest rate of deaths from child abuse and neglect of any industrialized nation, at 2.4 per 100,000 children; France has 1.4, Japan 1, UK 0.9 and Germany 0.8. According to the US Department of Health, the state of Texas has the highest death rate, at 4.05 per 100,000 children, New York has 2.46, Oregon 1.49 and New Hampshire 0.35. [46] it is widely accepted that children who come from abusive and neglectful households are 60% more likely to commit crimes of rape and/or murder, and there is a 75% chance that they themselves will be abusive and neglectful to their own children.

Geography of crime

File:Homicide Rate 04.jpg
This graph shows the homicide rate for America's three worst and five best ranking jurisdictions in 2004.[47]
Further information: United States cities by crime rate

Location has a very significant impact on crime in the United States. While some responding jurisdictions are nearly free of serious crime, others are plagued by some of the highest serious crime rates in the industrialized world. The homicide rate exemplifies the stark differences between communities.

For example, in 2004 the New Orleans police departments reported more homicides per 100,000 residents than any other jurisdiction. The rate of homicide per 100,000 was 56.0, which was ten times the national average. By contrast, in 2005 Forbes magazine listed Long Island, one of the suburban areas of New York City, which is also one of the wealthiest and most expensive communities in the United States, as having 2.042 crimes per 100,000 residents; the lowest crime rate and less than half the US average [4].

Fairfax County, Virginia, a very affluent suburban enclave of the nation's capital with 1,041,200 residents, had the lowest homicide rate of any jurisdiction. In 2004, Fairfax County's homicide rate was reported at 0.3 homicides per 100,000 persons, 94.5% below the national average and 1/145 of Philadelphia's homicide rate. It is therefore important to remember that the risk of being victimized by crime in the United States varies greatly from locale to locale.[48][49]

Large cities

Crime among the country's twenty largest cities tended to be above the national average. It is, however, important to note that these statistics exclude the given city's suburbs and only reflect the crime rates within the jurisdiction of a given city's police department.

Rates are based on cases per 100,000 for all of calendar 2007.

City State Population Violent crime Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter Forcible rape Robbery Aggravated assault Property crime Burglary Larceny-theft Motor vehicle theft Arson
Foo Foo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Austin Texas 716,817 540 4 46 203 287 6,341 1,120 4,808 413 16
Baltimore Maryland 624,237 1,631 45 23 624 939 4,796 1,182 2,682 932 65
Chicago Illinois 2,824,434 N/A[50] 16 N/A[50] 546 617 4,472 876 2,937 659 25
Columbus Ohio 735,981 852 11 90 523 228 6,996 1,952 4,198 846 87
Dallas Texas 1,239,104 1,069 16 41 583 429 6,776 1,814 1,113 73
Detroit Michigan 860,971 6,772 2,064 2,430 2,278 88
El Paso Texas 616,029 418 3 42 77 297 3,201 349 2,361 492 13
Fort Worth Texas 670,693 667 9 50 242 367 5,469 1,343 3,726 400 34
Houston Texas 2,169,544 1,132 16 32 529 555 5,684 1,339 3,449 897 48
Indianapolis Indiana 797,268 1,234 14 63 507 649 6,308 1,679 3,666 963 42
Jacksonville Florida 797,350 1,022 15 31 391 584 5,696 1,394 3,698 604 23
Los Angeles California 3,870,487 718 10 26 348 334 2,621 507 1,506 608 57
Memphis Tennessee 669,264 1,951 19 68 728 1,136 8,062 2,183 4,953 926 22
New York New York 8,220,196 614 6 11 265 332 1,819 254 1,403 161 N/A
Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,635,533 1,475 47 37 1215 767 4,305 803 2,728 774 N/A
Phoenix Arizona 1,541,698 724 14 33 321 356 5,826 1,246 3,227 1,353 32
San Antonio Texas 1,316,882 556 9 48 186 313 6,390 1,272 4,607 511 35
San Diego California 1,261,196 502 5 23 166 308 3,502 609 1,845 1,049 16
San Francisco California 733,799 1,037 14 17 514 493 4,696 692 3,199 804 32
San Jose California 934,553 402 4 23 114 261 2,575 476 1,412 686 36

SOURCES: FBI Uniform Crime Reports (2007)[51]

States

Map of violent crime per 100,000 people in the USA by state in 2004.

Crime rates vary greatly across the states. Overall, New England had the lowest crime rates, for both violent and property crimes. New England states also had the lowest homicide rates in the country.

A closer look at per capita homicide rates for each state from FBI Uniform Crime Reports Bureau of Justice Statistics indicate that Louisiana's per capita homicide rate has ranked first every single year from 1989 to 2010, which is 22 consecutive years.

Southern states had the highest overall crime rates. Crime can also be isolated to one particular part of a state. Lafayette, Louisiana, for instance had 6 murders per 100,000 people in 2004, while New Orleans, Louisiana, had 56 murders per 100,000 people according to Bureau of Justice Statistics for the same year.[52]

Almost all of the nation's wealthiest twenty states, which included northern mid-western and western states such as Minnesota and California, had crime rates below the national average. In addition to having the country's lowest crime rates, New England states also had the country's highest median household income, while the Southern states have the lowest.

This contrasts starkly to some of the nation's poorer states such as Florida or Louisiana. Louisiana had a crime rate 27% and a homicide rate 130.9% above the national average and ranked as the nation's fourth poorest state with a median household income 20% below the national median. While poorer states generally have higher crime rates, several states who fell below the national median for household income such as Maine and Kentucky also had crime rates below the national average, while some wealthier states such as Maryland had crime rates above the national average.[52][53]

See also

Related:

Regional:

References

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  44. ^ Jenkins, P. (1988). Myth and murder: the serial killer panic of 1983-1985, Criminal Justice Research Bulletin. 3(11) 1-7.
  45. ^ Feasibility Study on Crime Comparisons Between Canada and the United States Maire Gannon, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada, Cat. no. 85F0035XIE, Accessed June 28, 2009
  46. ^ BBC - America's child death shame, 17 October 2011
  47. ^ "Crime in CA, FBI, 2005". Retrieved 2006-09-29.
  48. ^ "Crime in PA, FBI, 2005". Retrieved 2006-09-29. [dead link]
  49. ^ "Crime in VA counties, FBI, 2005". Retrieved 2006-09-29. [dead link]
  50. ^ a b The data collection methodology for the offense of forcible rape used by the Illinois state UCR Program (with the exception of Rockford, Illinois) does not comply with national UCR Program guidelines. Consequently, their figures for forcible rape and violent crime (of which forcible rape is a part) are not published in this table. Source: "Illinois Offenses Known to Law Enforcement by City, 2007". Crime in the United States, 2007. September 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-31. [dead link]
  51. ^ [3][dead link]
  52. ^ a b "Crime by State and region, FBI". Retrieved 2006-09-29. [dead link]
  53. ^ "US Census Bureau, median household income by state 2004". Archived from the original on 2006-06-28. Retrieved 2006-07-01.

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