Croatian nationalism
Croatian nationalism (Croatian: hrvatski nacionalizam) refers to strands of ethnic and cultural nationalism of Croats.[1] It first arose in the 19th century in response to magyarization of Croatian territories under Hungarian rule, especially under the influence of Ante Starčević and Eugen Kvaternik,.[1] It became internationally important during World War II and during the breakup of Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav Wars.[1]
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[edit] History
[edit] Austria-Hungary
In the 19th century, opposition by Croats to maygarization and desire for independence from Austria-Hungary led to the rise of Croatian nationalism.[1] The Illyrian movement, originally associated with Croatian cultural nationalism but later with Pan-Slavism, founded the Matica Hrvatska (Croat Literary-Cultural Foundation) in 1842 that promoted the Croatian language and demanded that Croatian ("Illyrian") be adopted as the Croatia's official language.[2] Illyrianists during the Revolutions of 1848 sought to achieve political autonomy of Croatia within a federalized Habsburg monarchy.[3] Ante Starčević founded the Party of Rights in Croatia in 1861 that argued that legally, Croatia's right of statehood had never been abrogated by the Hapsburg monarchy and thus Croatia was legally entitled to be an independent state.[3] Starčević regarded Croatia to include not only present-day Croatia but also Bosnia and Herzegovina , Slovenia, Serbia —all people in this Greater Croatia whether Catholic, Muslim, or Orthodox were defined as Croats.[3]
During the 19th to mid-20th century Croatian nationalists competed with the increasily Pan-Slavic Illyrian movement and Yugoslavists over the identity of Croats.[3] The founder of Yugoslavism, Croatian Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer advocated the unification of Croat lands into a Yugoslav monarchical federal state alongside other Yugoslavs.[3] However in spite of both Starčević's and Strossmayer's competing visions of identity, neither of their views had much influence beyond Croatia's intelligentsia.[3]
[edit] Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Croatian nationalism became a mass movement under the leadership of Stjepan Radić, leader of the Croatian People's Peasant Party after 1918 upon the creation of Yugoslavia.[3] Radić opposed Yugoslav unification, as he feared the loss of Croats' national rights in a highly centralized stated dominated by the numerically larger Serbs.[3] The assassination of Radić in 1928 provoked and angered Croatian nationalists with the centralized Yugoslav state, and from 1928 to 1939, Croatian nationalism was defined as pursuing either some form of autonomy or independence from Belgrade.[3] In 1939, a compromise between the Yugoslav government and the autonomist Croatian Peasant Party led by Vladko Maček was made with the creation of an autonomous Croatia within Yugoslavia known called the Banovina of Croatia.[3]
[edit] Independent State of Croatia
Croatian nationalism reached a critical point in its development during World War II, when the Croatian extreme nationalist and fascist Ustaše movement took to governing the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) after the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis Powers and the creation of the NDH at the behest of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany as an Italo-German client state.[3] The Ustaše committed mass genocide against Serbs and Jews, and persecuted political opponents, including the communist Yugoslav Partisans who fought against them.[3]
[edit] Communist Yugoslavia
After the defeat of the Axis Powers in 1945 and the rise of communist Josip Broz Tito as leader of a new communist-led Yugoslavia, Croatian nationalism along with other nationalisms were suppressed by state authorities.[3] Croatian nationalism did not disappear but remained dormant until the late 1960s to early 1970s with the outbreak of the Croatian Spring movement calling for a decentralized Yugoslavia and greater autonomy for Croatia and the other republics from federal government control.[3] These demands were effectively implemented by Tito's regime.[3] Croatian communists started to indicate on Serbian dominance in commanding party posts, posts in the army, police and secret police.[4] However, main subject was subordinate status of Croatian language.[4] In 1967 Croatian Writers' Association called for designation of Croatian language as a distinct language both for educational and publishing purposes.[4] Because of such demands Tito gave an order to purge reformers in 1971 and 1972.[4] Some 1,600 Croatian communists were ejected from the Communist Party of arrested.[4]
Such measures stopped the rise of nationalism in Yugoslavia, but Croatian nationalism continued to grow among Croat diaspora in South America, Australia, North America and Europe.[4] Croatian political emigration was well-financed and often closely co-ordinated.[4] Those groups were anti-communist since they originate from political emigrants who left Yugoslavia back in 1945.[4]
Croatian nationalism revived in both radical, independentist, and extremist forms in the late 1980s in response to the perceived threat of the Serbian nationalist agenda of Slobodan Milošević who sought a strongly centralized Yugoslavia.[3] Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 leading to the Croatian War from 1991 to 1995.[3]
[edit] Now day's Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatian nationalist movement was led by former communist general and historian Franjo Tuđman.[4] Tuđman was, at first, successful communist and in 1960's he started to convert as nationalist.[5] He soon got sympathies of Croat diaspora which helped him to rise millions of dollars for establishment of an independent Croatia.[5] Tuđman gathered Maspok intellectuals and sympathisers from diaspora and founded Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) in 1989.[5]
In 1990 Tuđman's HDZ rose to power and Croatia faced Serbian aggression. Soon, in 1992, war started in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Croatian ruling elite helped Bosnian HDZ to rise to the power. First leaders of Bosnian HDZ opposed Tuđman's idea of division of Bosnia and Herzegovina between Croatia and Serbia, so soon Mate Boban was installed as leader of HDZ and soon he founded Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia with goal to emerge this creation with Croatia once the war ends.[6] Boban's project crashed in 1994 with creation of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
During the war, Tuđman's acts were criticized by members of Croatian Party of Rights, such as Dobroslav Paraga, [7] Ante Paradžik and Blaž Kraljević. They accused both Tuđman and HDZ for betreyal of Croatian nationalism because of war with Bosniaks and attempts of division of Bosnia and Herzegovina with Serbs. Often such persons ended killed or arrested.[7]
Croatian Party of Rights, among with other rights parties like Croatian Party of Rights dr. Ante Starčević, Croatian Pure Party of Rights etc. are main bearers of Croatian nationalism. Parties of similar orientation exist in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the largest being Croatian Party of Rights of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
[edit] See also
- Croats
- Croatian culture
- Nationalism
- Irredentism
- Serbian nationalism
- Albanian nationalism
- Hungarian nationalism
- Yugoslavism
- Greater Croatia
- Greater Albania
- Greater Hungary
- Greater Serbia
- Yugoslavia
[edit] References
[edit] Bibliography
- Motyl, Alexander J. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II. Academic Press. ISBN 0122272307.
- MacDonald, David Bruce (2002). Balkan holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian victim-centred propaganda and the war in Yugoslavia. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0 7190 6466 X.
- Nizich, Ivana (1992). War Crimes in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Manchester: Helsinki Watch. ISBN 1-56432-083-9.
- Ramet, Sabrina P. (1999). The radical right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989. The Pennsylvania University Press. ISBN 0-271-01810-0.
- Uzelac, Gordana 2006. The Development of the Croatian Nation: An Historical and Sociological Analysis. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
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