Cucumber mosaic virus
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| Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) | |
|---|---|
| Virus classification | |
| Group: | IV: (+)sense RNA Viruses |
| Family: | Bromoviridae |
| Genus: | Cucumovirus |
| Species: | Cucumber mosaic virus |
| Synonyms | |
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banana infectious chlorosis virus |
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Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a plant pathogenic virus [1] in the family Bromoviridae [2]. It is the type member of the plant virus [3] genus, Cucumovirus [4]. This virus has a worldwide distribution and a very wide host range [5]. In fact it has the reputation of having the widest host range of any known plant virus (191 hosts in 40 families [6]). It can be transmitted from plant to plant both mechanically by sap and by aphids in a stylet-borne fashion. It can also be transmitted in seeds and by the parasitic weeds, Cuscuta sp. (dodder).
In plant tissue this virus makes characteristic viral inclusion bodies which can be diagnostic. They are hexagonal in shape (Fig.1) and stain both in a protein stain and a nucleic acid stain[7]. These inclusions [8] are made up of virus particles.
Figure 1. The red-violet-stained hexagonal body is an accumulation of CMV particles. The inclusions can also be rhomboidal (Fig. 2b), may appear hollow (Fig. 1) and can form larger aggregates (Fig. 3b). The inclusions are not uniformly distributed and can be found in epidermal (Figs. 1 and 2b), mesophyll (Fig. 3b), and stomata cells (Fig. 4b). The blue-colored body below the virus inclusion is the nucleus of the cell. (The tissue is stained with the nucleic acid stain, Azure A.)
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[edit] Host range and symptoms
This virus was first found in cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) showing mosaic symptoms in 1934 [9] hence the name Cucumber mosaic. Since it was first recognized it has been found to infect a great variety of other plants [10], including other vegetables such as squash, melons, peppers, beans [11], tomatoes, carrots, celery, lettuce, spinach [12] and beets, various weeds and many ornamentals and bedding plants. Symptoms seen with ths virus include leaf mosaic or mottling (Fig. 2a), yellowing (Fig. 3a), ringspots (Fig. 4a), stunting, and leaf [13], flower and fruit distortion.
a. 
b. 
Figure 2. An ornamental host: Desert rose (Adenium obesum) infected with CMV [14]. a) Symptoms b.) Inclusions (I).
a. 
b. 
Figure 3. Squash (Cucurbita pepo) infected with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). a) Symptoms b.) Inclusions (I) and nucleus (N).
a. 
b. 
Figure 4. A common weed host: Cucumber mosaic virus in Commelina diffusa [15] a.) Symptoms b.) Inclusions.
[edit] Properties
CMV [16] is a linear positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Its total genome size 8.621 kb and is broken into three parts. The largest part is 3.389 kb; the second largest is 3.035 kb; the third largest is 2.197 kb. The RNA is surrounded by a protein coat consisting of 32 copies of a single structural protein which form isometric particles [17].
[edit] Diagnosis
Correct diagnosis [18] of any plant disease requires some expertise. Plants suspected of a viral infection should be sent to a plant disease diagnostic laboratory where the presence or absence of the virus can be confirmed by serological ( ELISA ), genetic (PCR), or host range tests.
[edit] Prevention and control
No chemicals can cure a plant of this virus infection or of any other. Control measures for all plant viruses include prevention and eradication. (See Disease Management [19])
[edit] References
- ^ Description of Plant Viruses:What are viruses?
- ^ Description of Plant Viruses: Bromovirideae
- ^ About Plant Viruses
- ^ Description of Plant Viruses:Cucumovirus
- ^ Plant Viruses Online:Cucumber mosaic host range
- ^ Crop Knowledge Master: Cucumber Mosaic Virus
- ^ Materials and Methods for the Detection of Viral Inclusions
- ^ Inclusions of Cucumber mosaic virus
- ^ Price, W.C. 1934. Phytopathology 24: 743.
- ^ Douine, L., Quiot, J.B., Marchoux, G. and Archange, P. 1979. Annls. Phytopath. 11: 439
- ^ Vegetable MD Online: Bean – Cucumber mosaic Cucumovirus
- ^ Vegetable MD Online: Virus Diseases of Leafy Vegetables and Celery
- ^ Vegetable MD Online: Important New York Vegetable Diseases
- ^ Baker, C.A., Achor, D, and Adkins, S. 2003. Cucumber mosaic virus diagnosed in Desert Rose in Florida. Plant Disease 87: 1007.
- ^ Baker, C.A and F.W. Zettler. 1988. Viruses infecting wild and cultivated species of the Commelinaceae. Plant Disease 72:513-518
- ^ ICTVd Descriptions:Cucumber mosaic virus
- ^ ICTVdB - Picture Gallery:Images of CMV
- ^ How do you diagnose a virus infection in a plant?
- ^ Pest Alert: Cucumber mosaic virus
Other on-line Links about CMV for growers and gardeners
1. Texas Plant Disease Handbook: Cucumber Mosaic
2. Weekend Gardener: Cucumber mosaic virus
3. Ohio Floriculture: Cucumber mosiac virus
