Cygnus (constellation)

Cygnus

Constellation
List of stars in Cygnus
Abbreviation	Cyg
Genitive	Cygni
Pronunciation	/ˈsɪɡnəs/, genitive /ˈsɪɡnaɪ/
Symbolism	the Swan or The Northern Cross
Right ascension	20.62 h
Declination	+42.03°
Quadrant	NQ4
Area	804 sq. deg. (16th)
Main stars	9
Bayer/Flamsteed stars	84
Stars with planets	12
Stars brighter than 3.00m	4
Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly)	1
Brightest star	Deneb (α Cyg) (1.25m)
Nearest star	61 Cyg (11.36 ly, 3.48 pc)
Messier objects	2
Meteor showers	October Cygnids Kappa Cygnids
Bordering constellations	Cepheus Draco Lyra Vulpecula Pegasus Lacerta
Visible at latitudes between +90° and −40°. Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of September.

Cygnus ( /ˈsɪɡnəs/) is a northern constellation lying on the plane of the Milky Way. Its name is the Latinized Hellenic (Greek) word for swan. One of the most recognizable constellations of the northern summer and autumn, it features a prominent asterism known as the Northern Cross (in contrast to the Southern Cross). Cygnus was among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations.

Notable features

Stars

Albireo (β Cygni, designated by the Greek letter β in the diagram), a double star with blue and yellow components is at the swan's "head". Deneb (α Cygni), its brightest star, is at the tail and is one star of the summer triangle.

The two component stars of Albireo are easily distinguished, even in a small telescope.

Deep-sky objects

Several star clusters and nebulae are found in Cygnus due to its position on the Milky Way. The North America Nebula (NGC 7000) is found a bit to the east of Deneb. Its resemblance to the continent is best appreciated in photographs. The Pelican Nebula (IC 5070) is nearby.

To the south of Epsilon Cygni is the Veil Nebula (NGC 6960, 6962, 6979, 6992, and 6995) which is an ancient supernova remnant covering approximately 3 degrees of the sky.

Also of note is the Crescent Nebula (NGC 6888), located between Gamma and Eta Cygni, which was formed by the Wolf-Rayet star HD 192163.

More supernovae have been seen in the Fireworks Galaxy (NGC 6946) than in any other galaxy.

The constellation also contains the X-ray source Cygnus X-1, which is now thought to be caused by a black hole accreting matter in a binary star system. The system is located close to the star Eta Cygni on star charts.

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  This Hubble Space Telescope picture captures a brief but beautiful phase late in the life of a star in the constellation of Cygnus.

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  A bubbling cauldron of star birth is highlighted in this image from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope.

Extrasolar planets

Several extrasolar planets including HAT-P-7b, HAT-P-11b, HD 185269 b, HD 187123 b and c, Gliese 777 b and c, and 16 Cygni Bb, have been discovered in Cygnus, but the most notable is Kepler 22b, which is believed to be the first "Earth-twin" planet ever discovered, with an estimated average surface temperature of 73 degrees Fahrenheit. In January 2010 the Kepler Mission announced the discovery of the additional planets Kepler-5b and Kepler-6b, which are expected to be the first of many discovered by the mission, which has a significant part of its field of view in Cygnus.

History and mythology

Cygnus as depicted in Urania's Mirror, a set of constellation cards published in London c.1825. Surrounding it are Lacerta, Vulpecula and Lyra.

In Greek mythology, Cygnus has been identified with several different legendary swans. Zeus disguised himself as a swan to seduce Leda, who gave birth to the Gemini, Helen of Troy and Clytemnestra; Orpheus was transformed into a swan after his murder, and was said to have been placed in the sky next to his lyre (Lyra); and the King Cycnus was transformed into a swan.

In Ovid's Metamorphoses, there are three people named Cygnus, all of whom are transformed into swans. Alongside Cycnus, noted above, he mentions a boy from Tempe who commits suicide when Phyllius refuses to give him a tamed bull that he demands, but is transformed into a swan and flies away. He also mentions a son of Neptune who is an invulnerable warrior in the Trojan War who is eventually defeated by Achilles, but Neptune saves him by transforming him into a swan.

Cygnus, together with other avian constellations near the summer solstice, Vultur cadens and Aquila, may be a significant part of the origin of the myth of the Stymphalian Birds, one of The Twelve Labours of Hercules.

Equivalents

In Chinese astronomy, the stars of Cygnus are located within the Black Tortoise of the North (北方玄武, Běi Fāng Xuán Wǔ). In Chinese mythology, the area of Cygnus is the site of the once-a-year magpie bridge (鹊桥, Que Qiao) which connects the lovers Niu Lang and Zhi Nu (see Qi Xi).^{[citation needed]}

Musical references

Biosphere (musician)'s song Cygnus-A, The Mars Volta's song Cygnus....Vismund Cygnus, the Cygnus X-1 duology by Rush, and throughout The Lonely Forest's concept album Nuclear Winter, all include references to Cygnus.

Namesakes

• USS Cygnus (AF-23), a former cargo ship of the United States Navy, is named after the constellation.

See also

• Cygnus Loop
• John Birmingham (astronomer)
• Cygnus Bubble
• Cygnus (Chinese astronomy)
• Kronberger 61

References

• Allen, R. H., (1963). Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning (Reprint ed.). New York, NY: Dover Publications Inc.. ISBN 0486210790. 
• Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). Stars and Planets Guide, Collins, London. ISBN 978-0007251209. Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 978-0691135564.

External links

• The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Cygnus
• Northern Cygnus Mosaic Pan and Zoom In on deep sky objects in Cygnus.
• The clickable Cygnus
• Star Tales – Cygnus