Danube Vilayet
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The Vilayet of the Danube or Danubian Vilayet (Ottoman Turkish: ولايت طونه, Vilâyet-i Tuna)[2] was a vilayet of the Ottoman Empire from 1864 to 1878.[3] In the late 19th century it reportedly had an area of 34,120 square miles (88,400 km2).[4]
The vilayet was created from the northern parts of Silistria Province along the Danube River and eyalets of Niš, Vidin and Silistra. This vilayet was meant to become a model province, showcasing all the progress achieved by the Porte through the modernising Tanzimat reforms.[5] Other vilayets modelled on the vilayet of the Danube were ultimately established throughout the empire by 1876, with the exception of the Arabian peninsula and the by then semi-independent Egypt.[5]
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Government [edit]
Midhat Pasha was the first governor of the vilayet (1864–1868).[5] During his time as a governor, steamship lines were established on the Danube River; the Ruse-Varna railroad was completed; agricultural credit cooperatives providing farmers with low-interest loans were introduced; tax incentives were also offered to encourage new industrial enterprises.[5]
The first official vilayet newspaper in the Ottoman Empire, Tuna/Dunav, was published in both Ottoman Turkish and Bulgarian and had both Ottoman and Bulgarian editors. Its editors in chief included Ismail Kemal and Ahmed Midhat Efendi.[5]
The vilayet had an Administrative Assembly that included state officials appointed by Istanbul as well as six representatives (three Muslims and three non-Muslims) elected from among the inhabitants of the province.[5] Non-Muslims also participated in the provincial criminal and commercial courts that were based on a secular code of law and justice.[5] Mixed Muslim-Christian schools were also introduced, but this reform was abolished after it was met by strong opposition by the populace.[5]
Governors [edit]
Governors of the Vilayet:[6]
- Hafiz Ahmed Midhat Shefik Pasha (October 1864 - March 1868)
- Mehmed Sabri Pasha (March 1868 - December 1868)
- Arnavud Mehmed Akif Pasha (February 1869 - October 1870)
- Kücük ömer Fevzi Pasha (October 1870 - October 1871)
- Ahmed Rasim Pasha (October 1871 - June 1872)
- Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (June 1872 - April 1873)
- Abdurrahman Nureddine Pasha (April 1873 - April 1874)
- Mehmed Asim Pasha (April 1874 - September 1876)
- Halil Rifat Pasha (October 1876 - February 1877)
- Oman Mazhar Ahmed (1876–1877)
Administrative divisions [edit]
The province included the following sanjaks:[7]
- Sanjak of Tulcea
- Sanjak of Varna
- Sanjak of Ruse
- Sanjak of Turnovo
- Sanjak of Vidin
- Sanjak of Sofia
- Sanjak of Niš
References [edit]
- ^ Palairet, Michael R. The Balkan Economies c.1800-1914: Evolution without Development.
- ^ Hathi Trust Digital Library - Holdings: Salname-yi Vilâyet-i Tuna
- ^ Rumelia at Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Europe by Éliseé Reclus, page 152
- ^ a b c d e f g h Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire at Google Books By Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters
- ^ World Statesmen — Bulgaria
- ^ History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Volume 2; Stanford J. Shaw, Ezel Kural Shaw;[1]
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