Dardic languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Dardic | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution: |
Afghanistan (eastern) Pakistan (northern) India Jammu and Kashmir (northwestern) |
| Genetic classification: |
Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan? Dardic |
| Subdivisions: |
—
|
The Dardic languages is a sub-group of the Indo-Aryan languages spoken in northern Pakistan, eastern Afghanistan, and in the Indian region of Jammu and Kashmir.
Contents |
[edit] Position in Indo-Iranian languages
The Dardic group has traditionally been defined as a sub-group of the Indo-Aryan languages which experienced strong influence from the Nuristani and East Iranian languages. Nuristani, a group of languages spoken in northeast Afghanistan, has sometimes been included in Dardic, but is today generally regarded as an independent group, as one of the three sub-groups of Indo-Iranian, following the studies of Georg Morgenstierne in 1973 to 1975 CE.
There is still some dispute regarding the ultimate classification of the Dardic languages. The very existence of the family may at some point cease to be. This is due to the fact that Shina is very similar to the Northwest Indo-Aryan languages, Khowar has a substantial Iranic influence and Kashmiri may be a separate Indo-Aryan sub-group to itself. Thus the Dardic languages are a group of Indo-European languages which share some similarities, but are classified together largely for geographic convenience.
Except for Kashmiri, all of the Dardic languages are small minority languages which have not been sufficiently studied. In many cases they are spoken in areas difficult to access due to mountainous terrain and/or armed conflicts in the region. All of the languages (including Kashmiri) have been historically influenced by more prominent (non-Dardic) neighboring languages, which blurs their classification.
[edit] List of Dardic languages
- Kunar languages
- Pashayi
- Gawar-Bati
- Dameli
- Shumashti
- Nangalami (includes Grangali)
- Chitral languages
- Kohistani languages
- Shina languages
- Kashmiri
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Morgenstierne, G. Irano-Dardica. Wiesbaden 1973;
- Morgenstierne, G. Die Stellung der Kafirsprachen. In Irano-Dardica, 327-343. Wiesbaden, Reichert 1975
- Decker, Kendall D. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, Volume 5. Languages of Chitral.
- The Comparative study of Urdu and Khowar. Badshah Munir Bukhari National Language Authority Pakistan 2003.
- National Institute of Pakistani Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University & Summer Institute of Linguistics [1]
- Dardic language tree
[edit] Notes
[edit] External links
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
