David Headley

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David Coleman Headley
Born Daood Sayed Gilani
(1960-06-30) 30 June 1960 (age 52)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Nationality Pakistani-American
Charge(s) 1) plotting against employees of a newspaper in Copenhagen;
2) conspiring to bomb targets in Mumbai, India;
3) providing material support to Lashkar-e-Taiba, a militant Pakistani Islamist group; and
4) aiding and abetting the murder of U.S. citizens in the 2008 Mumbai attacks (27 October & 8 December 2009)
Conviction(s) Pleaded guilty
(18 March 2010)
Parents Sayed Salim Gilani (father);
Serrill Headley (mother)
Children none

David Coleman Headley (born Daood Sayed Gilani; 30 June 1960) is a Pakistani-American from Chicago who conspired with the Lashkar-e-Taiba group[1][2][3] and, he claims, Pakistani military officers[3][4][5] in the numerous 2008 Mumbai attacks and other terrorist activity.[6][7][8][9][10]

Between 2002 and 2005, Headley made several trips to Pakistan for terrorist training while simultaneously working as an informant for the United States Drug Enforcement Administration.[11] Between 2006 and 2008, Headley performed five spying missions in Mumbai scouting targets for the planned 2008 attacks, on behalf of Lashkar-e-Taiba and Pakistani ex-military officers. The attacks killed 168 people. In 2009, Headley traveled to Britain to help plan an attack against the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten, which had published cartoons of the prophet Muhammad. He was arrested in October 2009 at O'Hare International Airport in Chicago on his way to Pakistan.[11][12]

Since his arrest and guilty plea, Headley has been cooperating with U.S. and Indian authorities. He had given them much information about his associates.[10][13][14][15]

The public in India has followed Headley's story closely, as it was the latest discovery in the unfolding saga of the 2008 Mumbai attacks. U.S. authorities gave Indian investigators direct access to Headley,[16] but some in India questioned why the United States had not shared suspicions about him with Indian authorities.[17] At the trial of Tahawwur Hussain Rana, Headley provided detailed information about the participation of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) in carrying out the Mumbai attacks.[18][19] But, on May 31, 2011, Headley testified that the ISI leadership was not involved in planning the Mumbai attacks.[20]

On January 24, 2013 Headley was convicted in U.S. federal court for his role in the Mumbai attacks and sentenced to 35 years in prison.

Contents

Early life [edit]

Headley, a Pakistani American, was born Daood Gilani in Washington, D.C., where his father, Sayed Salim Gilani, worked for the Voice of America. His father was also a diplomat who worked in the Pakistani embassy in Washington D.C. for some time.[21] His Maryland-born American mother, (Alice) Serrill Headley (1939–2008), worked as a secretary at the Pakistani embassy in Washington at the time of his birth. She was a socialite, the daughter of L. Coleman Headley, a former University of Maryland football star, and Frances Ladd Kercher. The family in 1960 left the United States and settled in Lahore, but Serrill could not tolerate the culture. She and her husband separated in the mid-1960s, and she left her children with him in Pakistan. After divorcing Daood's father, his mother Serrill married four more times.[22][23] Daood has a younger sister, Syedah, and a half-brother Danyal Gilani. The latter as an adult became the spokesman for then-Prime Minister of Pakistan, Yousaf Raza Gillani; he presently serves as Pakistan's press attaché in Beijing.[24]

In Pakistan, Daood Gilani attended the Cadet College Hasan Abdal, a preparatory boys' high school for the military. In 1977, after the Pakistani government was overthrown in a coup, Serrill Headley traveled to Pakistan and arranged to take Daood back with her to the United States. They lived in an apartment above the Khyber Pass Pub, the bar she owned in Philadelphia.[23]

Gilani has stayed in regular contact with classmates from his military high school in Pakistan, and often engaged in impassioned debates with them about politics and Islam in recent years through e-mails.[25] For example, in early 2009, Headley complained about “NATO criminal vermin dropping 22,000 lbs bombs on unsuspecting, unarmed Afghan villagers” or “napalming southeast Asian farmers.” Writing about Pakistan’s chief enemy, he said, “We will retaliate against India.”[25][26]

In 1985 in the United States, Gilani married a Pennsylvania State University student. They divorced in 1987 due to cultural conflicts.[27]

Drug conviction and DEA deal [edit]

In the late 1980s, Gilani opened two video rental stores in New York City.[28] In 1987 he was first arrested on drug charges, and cooperated with the DEA in exchange for a lighter sentence.[29]

In 1997 he was arrested with another man for smuggling heroin into the country from Pakistan.[25] In exchange for information about his long-term Pakistani drug contacts, Gilani received a considerably lighter sentence than his co-defendant: fifteen months in jail and five years of supervised release. In November 1998, Headley was delivered to the low-security Federal Correctional Institution in Fort Dix. He later started a supervised release period.[30]

In July 1999, Howard Leader, Headley's attorney, requested permission for Headley to travel to Pakistan from August 10, 1999, through September 15. Judge Carol Amon granted the unusual request for the travel. On November 16, 2001, Leader and the assistant U.S. attorney Loan Hong made a joint application to Judge Amon to terminate Headley’s supervised release three years early. The Judge agreed to their request and discharged Headley from any further probation.[30] Headley traveled to Pakistan multiple times to conduct undercover surveillance operations for the Drug Enforcement Administration.[11][25] In 2002 and three times in 2003, he attended Lashkar-e-Taiba training camps in Pakistan.[27]

Domestic arrest and terror training [edit]

Gilani's 1999 trip to Pakistan was for an arranged marriage.

In 2002, he married his girlfriend of 8 years in New York.[31] They had four children together. In August 2005 Gilani was arrested in New York after a fight with his then wife.[31] His wife told federal agents that Gilani was an active member of Lashkar-e-Taiba, had trained extensively in its Pakistani camps, and had shopped for night-vision goggles and other equipment.

Gilani trained five times with Lashkar-e-Taiba at a camp in Pakistan. A 2007 court testimony by a fellow militant Willie Brigitte described the Lashkar training camp, which was guarded and supplied by Pakistan army soldiers.[4]

In October 2010, when it was revealed that Headley's wives had complained in 2005 and in 2007 to U.S. authorities about his terrorist activities to no effect, the U.S. Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper, Jr. undertook a review of how Headley had been handled.[12]

Name change and move to Chicago [edit]

In 2006, he changed his name to David Headley so as to make border crossings between the United States and other countries easier. He moved his family to Chicago, where he claimed to work for Tahawwur Hussain Rana's immigration agency. Rana had been in the Cadet College Hasan Abdal with him.[25]

Lashkar-e-Taiba and Pakistani intelligence [edit]

Headley visited his family home in Lahore in 2000. While there, he befriended Lashkar's spiritual leader, Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, whose ideology he came to embrace. Pakistan officially outlawed the Lashkar group in 2002. But, after that and through 2005, Headley allegedly did a stint at secret Lashkar terror camps. Lashkar assigned him to work with Sajid Mir, also known as Sajid Majid, a militant chief who allegedly became a lead plotter of the Mumbai attacks.

In January 2006, a Lashkar officer named Samir Ali interviewed Headley and referred him to Iqbal, who became his main handler in Lahore. Iqbal, described by Headley as fat, deep-voiced and in his mid-thirties, introduced the American to a man identified as Shah. He promised Headley financial support for terrorist operations against India.

At subsequent meetings in safe houses, Iqbal gave Headley secret documents on India. He assigned a soldier to give standard intelligence training to the American. Headley learned techniques for detecting surveillance, developing sources and other skills, and practiced with the lower-ranking officer on the streets of Lahore. The specialized training lasted several months and continued intermittently afterward as Iqbal taught Headley how to use cameras and other devices for missions.

Headley said Iqbal gave him $25,000 to set up a front company in Mumbai as a cover while conducting reconnaissance for the attacks. Headley spent months scouting the Taj Mahal Hotel and other targets for Mir and Iqbal. The latter also sent him on separate missions to gather intelligence on an atomic research center and military sites around India. Iqbal contributed advice about tactical issues to the Mumbai plot: escape routes for the gunmen, setting up a safe house, hijacking an Indian vessel at sea.

Charges by FBI, and guilty plea [edit]

David Coleman Headley, 48, and Tahawwur Hussain Rana, 48, were charged by U.S. federal authorities in Chicago, in complaints unsealed on October 27, 2009, of plotting against the employees of a newspaper in Copenhagen.[32] Headley is accused of traveling to Denmark to scout the building of the Jyllands-Posten newspaper, and a nearby synagogue, for an attack by terrorists.[33]

On December 8, 2009, the FBI additionally accused Headley of conspiring to bomb targets in Mumbai, India; providing material support to Lashkar-e-Taiba.[1][34] He faces life in prison and a three million dollar fine when he is sentenced.[35]

Accusations by India's NIA [edit]

India's new National Investigation Agency (NIA) registered a case against Headley and Rana for allegedly plotting the 2008 Mumbai attacks in India.[36][37] After having interrogated Headley in Chicago for a week, the NIA has requested a Delhi court to issue non-bailable warrants to arrest Headley and others.[15]

Headley's arrest and guilty plea got close media attention in India, with the Home Minister Palaniappan Chidambaram addressing it in frequent questions from reporters. Chidambaram said the United States authorities have shared "significant information" about the case. U.S. assistant secretary of state Robert O. Blake, Jr. said India would have "full access" to question Headley in the United States, although the possibility of extraditing him to India appears to be precluded by Headley's plea agreement.[38][39] Chidambaram said they would continue to try to get the man extradited.[40]

Headley's admissions, e.g., that he made video recordings of terrorism targets for the LeT, had corroborated other evidence in the trial of Ajmal Amir Kasab in Mumbai.[41]

A classified Indian report, based on Headley's interrogation by Indian investigators in Chicago, concludes that some of Headley's scouting trips to Mumbai were financed and planned by the ISI.[12] When this report was leaked to U.S. media in October 2010, its conclusions were denied by Pakistani authorities.

Associations with current and former Pakistani military officers [edit]

Both Headley and Rana are accused in the FBI complaints of reporting to Ilyas Kashmiri, an Islamist militant commander associated with both Al Qaeda and Lashkar-e-Taiba.[32] Kashmiri is reported by many sources to be a former Pakistani military commando,[32][42][43] although he denied this in an interview in October 2009.[44] Headley made contact with the al-Qaeda member when he made two trips to North Waziristan, in FATA (a tribal area under limited central government authority).[45]

Another former military officer is suspected as a co-conspirator and identified only by a pseudonym (Individual A) in the first FBI complaint against Headley. He is said to have recently left the Pakistani Army as a Colonel or Brigadier.[32] This second officer, suspected in the complaint as affiliated with Lashkar-e-Taiba, was arrested in 2009 in Pakistan on unspecified charges and later released.[32] He was identified by the FBI in December 2009 as Abdur Rehman Hashim Syed.[5] Abdur Rehman, also known as "Pasha", is also wanted by the FBI.[46]

An Associated Press story on November 24, 2009 said that five Pakistan army officers, including a retired brigadier and two active lieutenant colonels, had been detained for questioning in Pakistan.[47] They had all been in telephone contact with Headley. But the next day, Pakistan military spokesman Athar Abbas said that "security agencies" had only detained a single former army major in connection with the FBI case.[48][49][50]

Separately, Headley told Indian investigators in June 2010 that his trip to Mumbai in 2006 was sponsored by a Pakistani officer of the ISI. This officer, named Maj. Iqbal, handed Mr. Headley $25,000 to open an office and set up a house in Mumbai to be used as a front during his scouting trips. Maj. Iqbal served as the supervisor of Lashkar’s planning, helping to arrange a communications system for the attack, and overseeing a model of the Taj Mahal Hotel, so that gunmen could find their way around.[51]

The FBI investigation into the 2008 Mumbai attacks focuses on Major Iqbal and Sajid Mir, who are both suspected of being Headley's handlers for Pakistani intelligence. They instructed him to use the money to open a front company and begin reconnaissance in Mumbai.[4]

Association with Lashkar-e-Taiba [edit]

Another individual named in the complaint as "LeT member A", a member of Lashkar-e-Taiba, gave instructions to Headley on which locations to scout for future attacks, including both the Danish newspaper and locations in India,[7] such as the National Defense College in New Delhi. Indian intelligence officials believe that LeT member A is Sajid Mir,[52] Lashkar's head of international operations.[53] Sajid Mir was a ranking member of the Pakistani army until several years ago,[53] and attended the same military high school, with Headley and Rana.[53]

Court documents allege that Headley corresponded with the Lashkar-e-Taiba associates in coded messages about the “Mickey Mouse Project,” code for the plot against the Danish newspaper. After his visit to Denmark in 2009, Headley allegedly traveled to Pakistan to meet with the LeT associate. After his arrest in October 2009, Headley told federal agents that he received training from LeT.[54]

Participation in 2008 Mumbai attacks [edit]

Scouting target locations [edit]

Headley traveled five times to India to scout locations for terrorist attacks on behalf of Lashkar-e-Taiba. He revealed that Major Iqbal has given him $25,000 to set up a front company to do reconnaissance for the Mumbai attacks.[55] During his visits to Mumbai, he gathered video footage and GPS coordinates. After each visit, Headley returned to Pakistan and provided Lashkar operatives with videotapes of the potential targets and seaborne landing locations nearby. This information was used to execute the 2008 Mumbai attacks.[52][56]

Visits to India [edit]

Front view of Nariman House,
a week after the attacks

Headley's visits to India on a business visa were ostensibly to set up an office for First World Services, an immigration agency belonging to Rana. Headley posed as a Jew to scout the Jewish center at Nariman House for attack.[57] Headley made multiple visits to India before and after the 2008 Mumbai attacks, while Rana visited it only once.[58]

Faiza Outalha, a Moroccan citizen believed to be Headley's wife, visited India twice: in 2007 she flew to Mumbai from Karachi and stayed with Headley in the Taj Mahal Hotel and the Oberoi Trident, both of which were targets in the 2008 Mumbai attacks. In 2008 she crossed from Pakistan via the road at Wagah and spent time in Manali.[54][59] They have since divorced.

Planning for additional attacks in India [edit]

In March 2009, Headley made another trip to India to conduct surveillance of the National Defence College in Delhi, and of Chabad Houses in various cities in India.[38]

Ease of entry with U.S. passport [edit]

Indian investigators were surprised at how easily Headley had obtained a visa to enter India, a process that is extremely difficult for Pakistani nationals. Headley's U.S. passport, his new Western and English sounding name, and the fact that the passport and his visa application made no mention of his prior name or his father's nationality, made it easy for him to obtain an Indian visa from the Indian consulate in Chicago. He falsely stated on his visa application that his father's name was William Headley and that his own name at birth was "Headley", a claim that was difficult to refute since the U.S. passport, unlike the Indian one, does not provide the father's name, and does not require endorsements on name changes by the passport holder.[60] Indian government officials said that if the name change been noted on his passport, Indian immigration officials would have been alerted during his multiple visits to India.[61]

On his visits to India, Headley befriended several people, including Rahul Bhatt, the son of Mahesh Bhatt, a famous movie producer,[62] who said he never suspected Headley of any wrongdoing.[62]

Suspicions in India about U.S. government relationship with Headley [edit]

While government officials in India cite full cooperation by U.S. authorities, the opposition parties and others in India have demanded explanations of why Headley was allowed to travel freely for years between India, Pakistan, and the U.S., and why he was working undercover for the DEA. Some Indian analysts have speculated that David Headley was a double agent for the Central Intelligence Agency that had infiltrated LeT,[63] an accusation denied by the CIA.[64] As soon as Headley was arrested in Chicago, the Indian media had a barrage of questions for the government about him, whose answers were slow in coming. Among other questions, Indian investigators wanted the FBI to share its tapes of Headley's communications with his Pakistani handlers to match with the voices taped on cell phones during the 2008 Mumbai attacks.[65]

Following intense coverage and speculation in the Indian press, U.S. ambassador Timothy J. Roemer told reporters in New Delhi that the United States is working at the "highest level" to provide India access to Headley, even as it is passing along answers to questions in "real time".[66]

News reports in October 2010 revealed that U.S. authorities had much advance knowledge about Headley's terrorist associations and activities. Headley's American and Moroccan wives had contacted American authorities in 2005 and 2007, respectively, complaining about his terrorist activities. The Moroccan wife told reporters that she had even shown the U.S. embassy in Islamabad photographs of their stay at the Taj Mahal hotel in Mumbai, warning them that he was doing something on behalf of Lashkar-e-Taiba.[51]

Domestic criticism of Indian government [edit]

Since Headley's guilty plea, Home Minister P. Chidambaram was repeatedly asked why the U.S. cannot extradite Headley to India. Analysts in some media outlets have speculated that the United States conspired to have Headley work undercover despite knowledge that he was involved in terrorism.[67][68]

Interrogation of Headley by NIA in the US [edit]

In June 2010, US National Security Adviser James Jones announced that India's National Investigation Agency (NIA) has been given access to Headley.[69] The investigation has confirmed that Lashkar-e-Taiba terrorists carried out the Mumbai attack under the "guidance" of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). Headley stated that the ISI was engaged with the Lashkar commanders responsible for the Mumbai deaths and injuries at each and every stage of the plot. Headley mentioned that Major Sameer Ali, Major Iqbal and Major Haroon Ashique, who are serving officers of the Pakistan Army, collaborated with the LeT.[citation needed]

Headley has also spoken of how post-26/11, ISI wanted LeT to disown the Mumbai attack in order to prevent global attention to the terror group. Pakistan considers it to be an important strategic asset to be used against India. With Ajmal Kasab as the only terrorist captured, ISI wanted to blame the terrorist act on al-Qaida. It prepared a list of 4-5 al-Qaida figures who were to be projected as the conspirators. The plan, however, did not work due to resistance from Lashkar leaders, particularly Zakiur Rahman Lakhvi.[citation needed]

Headley said that while he had started off as a Lashkar recruit, he started drifting towards Al Qaida under the influence of Major Abdul Rahman Saeed, who retired in 2002. Headley was respected by the retired major because of the data which he provided for the 26/11 attack.[citation needed]

Saeed, with the help of Ilyas Kashmiri, drafted Headley for the plan to attack the Danish newspaper Jylland Posten, which had published cartoons of Prophet Mohammad considered controversial by some Muslims. Headley's original handler, Sajid Mir, wanted him to focus on Lashkar's anti-India mission.[70]

Headley has claimed that Ishrat Jahan, thought to be a case of staged police "encounter killing", was a trained L-e-T suicide bomber.[71] On May 31, 2011, however, Headley contradicted his previous statements, and testified that the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) leadership was not involved in planning the 2008 Mumbai attacks.

Claims relating to 2010 Pune German Bakery blast [edit]

In relation to the 2010 Pune blast at the German bakery that injured at least 53 people and killed 15, of whom 4 were foreigners,[72] Indian Home Secretary, G. K. Pillai[73] and the Hindustan Times[74] referred to Headley. The Hindustan Times stated that Headley had visited Pune in July 2008 and March 2009 and referred to him as a Lashkar-e-Taiba member.[74] The Hindustan Times also reported that the CCTV footage which has been accessed by the Investigating agency, can, as per The Hindustan Times, help solve the mystery. The Times of India has also reported similar reports, along with The Telegraph, The Hindu, The Pioneer and also Indian Express.[citation needed]

Review of the handling of Headley by U.S. authorities [edit]

The United States Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper conducted a review of slip-ups in handling Headley's involvement in the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks. His report was shared with India's Union Home Ministry.[75]

Trial and conviction [edit]

Wikinews has related news: Mumbai 2008 attack plotter sentenced to 35 years

On January 24, 2013 Headley was convicted by the United States federal court in Chicago, Illinois for his part in the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Based on the recommendation of the prosecutors in the case, he was sentenced to 35 years in prison. The judge in the case, Harry Leinenweber, stated that the sentence was sufficient to put him "under lock and key for the rest of his life," and that he would "never [be] in a position again to commit a terrorist attack." However, others, including survivors of the attacks, have been critical of the sentence, saying that the length of the sentence was an "appalling dishonor" and that Headley had "has no right to live." Headley could have faced up to the maximum sentence of life imprisonment, but got a lighter sentence due to his cooperation with U.S. federal prosecutors, specifically in providing testimony against the those who plotted to attack a Danish newspaper.[76][77][78]

See also [edit]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b "Terror suspect likely to change plea". New York Times. March 16, 2010. 
  2. ^ Sebastian Rotella (December 29, 2010). "Mumbai Case Offers Rare Picture of Ties Between Pakistan’s Intelligence Service, Militants". ProPublica. Retrieved January 3, 2011.  Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help)
  3. ^ a b Sebastian Rotella (May 24, 2011). "Key witness in Chicago trial offers more details on 2008 Mumbai attacks". Washington Post. Retrieved May 29, 2011.  Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help)
  4. ^ a b c Sebastian Rotella (13 November 2010). "On the trail of Pakistani terror group's elusive mastermind behind the Mumbai siege". Washington Post. Retrieved 14 November 2010. "We can only push so far. It's very political. Sajid Mir is too powerful for them to go after. Too well-connected. We need the Pakistanis to go after the Taliban and al-Qaeda."  Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help)
  5. ^ a b Johnson, Carrie (December 8, 2009). "U.S. charges Chicago man with conspiring in Mumbai attacks". Washington Post. 
  6. ^ "Headley travelled to India nine times on business visa". Indian Express. November 9, 2009. 
  7. ^ a b PRNewswire-USNewswire (Oct 27, 2009). "Two Chicago Men Charged in Connection With Alleged Roles in Foreign Terror Plot". Reuters. 
  8. ^ Allison Roy (November 11, 2010). "Security expert discusses missed warnings on terrorist suspect". Medill Reports Chicago. Retrieved November 11, 2010. 
  9. ^ "Headley twisted facts while applying India visa: Report". Rediff.com. December 8, 2009. 
  10. ^ a b "US citizen David Headley admits role in Mumbai attacks". BBC. March 18, 2010. 
  11. ^ a b c Sebastian Rotella (October 17, 2010). "Scout in Mumbai attacks was DEA informant while in terror camp, authorities say". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 17, 2010. ""U.S. authorities took seriously what Headley's former wives said," a senior administration official said. "Their information was of a general nature and did not suggest any particular terrorist plot." But Headley's wife's considerable knowledge of Lashkar should have reinforced her credibility, because the Pakistani extremist group is not well known to the average American." 
  12. ^ a b c Emily Wax and Greg Miller (October 21, 2010). "Indian report accuses Pakistan's intelligence service of significant role in Mumbai siege". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 21, 2010.  Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help)
  13. ^ Chuck Goudie (June 4, 2010). ""India's top crime-fighter in Chicago for terror case",". ABC News 7.  Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help)
  14. ^ Narayan Lakshman (June 12, 2010). "NIA's seven-day access to Headley "useful"". Chennai, India: The Hindu.  Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help)
  15. ^ a b PTI news wire (2010-07-09). "NIA seeks non-bailable warrant against Headley, Rana, Saeed". The Hindu.  Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help)
  16. ^ K.P. Nayar (April 11, 2010). "Cautious Steps on Headley". The Telegraph.  Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Vishwa Mohan (June 7, 2010). "Headley won’t be able to hide behind US law". Times of India.  Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help)
  18. ^ Burke, Jason (18 October 2010). "Pakistan intelligence services 'aided Mumbai terror attacks'". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 June 2011. 
  19. ^ Freeze, Colin (23 May 2011). "Pakistani spies work with terrorists, U.S. court hears at trial of Canadian". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 10 June 2011. 
  20. ^ "Mumbai Attacks: ISI leaders had no involvement, says Headley", Tribune, Pakistan
  21. ^ "Did not attend funeral of Headley's father: Gilani", Economic Times
  22. ^ Alice Serrill Headley, born on her father's farm in Laurel, Maryland, 29 July 1939, was a daughter of L. Coleman Headley and his wife, the former Frances Ladd Kercher. She was educated at Catholic schools in the Philadelphia area, ran away from home at age 15, and married five times. After her divorce from Sayed Gilani in the mid-1960s, she wed Shahzada "Musleh" Muslehuddin (married 1966); the Pakistani movie director Aejay "AJ" Kardar (married 1969, annulled after four months, died 2002); Richard Pothier (married 1980, divorced circa 1991); and a man named Forrester (married 2006). Information on her birth, parents, marriages, and family is posted at ancestry.com, where it was accessed on 16 October 2010.
  23. ^ a b "Full transcript of David Headley's uncle's interview". Ndtv.com. Retrieved 2010-11-01. 
  24. ^ Parashar, Sachin; Mohan, Vishwa (November 29, 2009). "Pak PM's PRO admits he is Headley's half-brother". The Times of India. Retrieved January 7, 2010. 
  25. ^ a b c d e Ginger Thompson (November 21, 2009). "An Accused Plotter With Feet in East and West". The New York Times. 
  26. ^ Wood, Sam (November 19, 2009). "From Pakistan to Phila.: A terror suspect's journey". Philadelphia Inquirer. Philly.com. Retrieved March 18, 2010. [dead link]
  27. ^ a b Headley's ex-wife told reporters, "when he would go to Pakistan he would get all riled up again" and use words like "infidels" and "when he would see an Indian person in the street, he used to spit, spit in the street".Joseph Tanfani, John Shiffman, and Kathleen Brady Shea (December 14, 2009). "Who was David Headley? Was he involved in the Mumbai shootings?". McClatchy Newspapers. Retrieved December 15, 2009. 
  28. ^ Thompson, Ginger (November 22, 2009). "A Terror Suspect With Feet in East and West". The New York Times. 
  29. ^ Thompson, Ginger; Schmitt, Eric; Mekhennet, Souad (November 7, 2010). "D.E.A. Deployed Mumbai Plotter Despite Warning". The New York Times. 
  30. ^ a b Gerald Posner (December 8, 2009). "The Making of a Terrorist". The Daily Beast. 
  31. ^ a b Sebastian Rotella (October 16, 2010). "Before '08 Mumbai attacks, U.S. was warned key figure in plot had terror ties". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 16, 2010.  Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help)
  32. ^ a b c d e DAVID JOHNSTON and ERIC SCHMITT (November 18, 2009). "Ex-Military Officer in Pakistan Is Linked to 2 Chicago Terrorism Suspects". The New York Times.  Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help)
  33. ^ Sebastian Rotella (October 31, 2009). "In alleged terror plot, a troubling twist". Chicago Tribune. 
  34. ^ "Mumbai terror suspect pleads guilty". CNN. March 18, 2010.  Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help)
  35. ^ Mike Robinson, Associated Press (March 18, 2010). "Terror suspect admits scouting for Mumbai massacre". Washington Post. 
  36. ^ Vinay Kumar (November 13, 2009). "NIA registers case against Headley, Rana". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 
  37. ^ "India Plans to Try Chicago Man For Mumbai Attacks". Reuters. December 8, 2009. [dead link]
  38. ^ a b The entire plea agreement between U.S. attorney Patrick Fitzgerald and David Headley and his lawyers, is available online in the Indian newspaper The Hindu. International News section (March 19, 2010). "David Headley's Plea Agreement (PDF – 61.27 KB)". The Hindu. 
  39. ^ Steve Herman (March 20, 2010). "US Promises India 'Full Access' to Mumbai Attack Planner". Voice of America.  Unknown parameter |dateline= ignored (help)
  40. ^ India wants to interrogate Headley or be able to ask him questions in a court testimony, Chidambaram said. Nigam Prusty (March 19, 2010). "India wants to question U.S. man on Mumbai attack". Reuters. 
  41. ^ Ajmal Amir Kasab said that the 26/11 attackers were shown a video of targets in Mumbai at a training camp in Pakistan by LeT leaders. Headley has confessed to making those videos and explaining them to his LeT co-conspirators. PTI (March 19, 2010). "Headley's confession has strengthened 26/11 case: Nikam". The Hindu. 
  42. ^ In congressional testimony, a Heritage Foundation analyst said that Ilyas Kashmiri was a former Pakistani SSG commando and is now the leader of the Harakat-ul-Jihad-i-Islami (HUJI). Lisa Curtis (March 11, 2010). "Bad company: Lashkar-e-Tayyiba and the growing ambition of Islamist militancy in Pakistan". The Heritage Foundation. 
  43. ^ Roggio writes that Kashmiri is a longtime asset of Pakistan's military and intelligence services and was a commando in the SSG. In the early 1990s, Kashmiri was ordered by the military to join the Harkat-ul Jihad-i-Islami, and later the Jaish-e-Mohammed. When he refused, he dropped out of favor with the military. Bill Roggio (October 13, 2009). "Ilyas Kashmiri survived last month's airstrike in Pakistan". The Long War Journal. 
  44. ^ Ilyas Kashmiri claimed he was never a part of Pakistan's special forces, nor even of the army. Nearly 30 years ago when he joined the Afghan jihad against the Soviets from the platform of the HUJI, he developed expertise in guerrilla warfare and explosives. Syed Saleem Shahzad (October 19, 2009). "Al-Qaeda's guerrilla chief lays out strategy". Asia Times. 
  45. ^ Waraich, Omar (May 6, 2010). "Faisal Shahzad Bomb Inquiry Looks at Pakistan Training". TIME. Retrieved May 7, 2010. 
  46. ^ US Attorney's Office, Northern District of Illinois (December 7, 2009). "Chicagoan Charged with Conspiracy in 2008 Mumbai Attacks in Addition to Foreign Terror Plot in Denmark". Department of Justice. 
  47. ^ Ashraf Khan (November 24, 2009). "Pakistani officials: 5 army officers detained". Associated Press. [dead link]
  48. ^ Zeeshan Haider, Reuters (November 25, 2009). "Pakistan court charges Mumbai attack suspects". Washington Post. 
  49. ^ Shah, Saeed (November 24, 2009). "Pakistani army officer arrested for alleged link to U.S. terror plot". McClatchy Newspapers. Retrieved December 1, 2009. [dead link]
  50. ^ Khan, Zarar (December 2, 2009). "Pakistan holding retired officer in US terror case". Associated Press. Retrieved December 2, 2009. [dead link]
  51. ^ a b While working for Lashkar, which has close ties to the ISI, Mr. Headley was also enlisted by the Pakistani spy agency to recruit Indian agents to monitor Indian troop levels and movements, an American official said. Jane Perlez, Eric Schmitt, and Ginger Thompson (October 16, 2010). "U.S. Had Warnings on Plotter of Mumbai Attack". The New York Times. Retrieved October 16, 2010. 
  52. ^ a b Swami, Praveen (December 8, 2009). "American jihadist helped plan 26/11 carnage". The Hindu. 
  53. ^ a b c Jeff Coen and Josh Meyer (December 15, 2009). "Second Chicago terrorism suspect linked to Mumbai attack". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 15, 2009. 
  54. ^ a b ""Chicago Men Charged with Plotting Terrorist Attack in Denmark," October 28, 2009". Adl.org. Retrieved 2010-11-01. 
  55. ^ http://www.propublica.org/article/mumbai-case-offers-rare-picture-of-ties-between-pakistans-intelligence-serv/
  56. ^ Carrie Johnson (March 19, 2010). "U.S. citizen David Coleman Headley admits role in Mumbai attacks". Washington Post. 
  57. ^ "Pakistani American posed as Jew to case Mumbai Chabad". JTA. November 15, 2009. 
  58. ^ Vinay Kumar (November 18, 2009). "Headley-Rana hand seen in 26/11 conspiracy". Chennai, India: The Hindu Online. 
  59. ^ PTI New Delhi (Jan 3, 2010). "Headley’s estranged Moroccan wife gives more Mumbai links". The Hindu. Retrieved Jan 8, 2010. 
  60. ^ IANS (December 26, 2009). "Headley hid Pakistani origin from Indian consulate in Chicago". The Hindu. Retrieved January 8, 2010. 
  61. ^ Allison Roy (November 11, 2010). "Security expert discusses missed warnings on terrorist suspect". Medill Reports Chicago. Retrieved November 11, 2010.  Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help)
  62. ^ a b Jonathan Miller (21-Jan-2010). "Exclusive: I had a hunch he was an agent". Channel 4. 
  63. ^ "Headley may have tipped off US about 26/11- Politics/Nation-News-The Economic Times". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. December 16, 2009. Retrieved March 18, 2010. 
  64. ^ ; "Any suggestion that Headley was working for the CIA is complete and utter nonsense. It’s flat-out false," Paul Gimigliano, from the CIA’s Office of Public Affairs, said. Blakely, Rhys (December 17, 2009). "Mumbai terror suspect David Headley was ‘rogue US secret agent’". Times of London. 
  65. ^ India is interested in finding out the identity of member A that figured in Headley's jihadi mails. The member A is believed to be none other than retired Pakistan army major Sajid Mir, one of the men who allegedly directed the 26/11 terrorists in Mumbai. Sangwan, Soni (December 20, 2009). "India seeks Headley probe tape from FBI". India Today. 
  66. ^ Citing the U.S. legal system, ambassador Timothy Roemer said it was extraordinary to provide direct access to Headley. Special Correspondent (April 19, 2010). "Access to Headley being worked out at the highest level: Roemer". The Hindu. 
  67. ^ A series of provocative questions about the relationship between the U.S. government and Headley. Anonymous (March 17, 2010). "David Headley: Truth & lies". NDTV. 
  68. ^ A summary of attitudes in the Indian press toward the U.S. government's relationship with Headley, possible motives, and the players, as of March 2010. Jeremy Kahn (March 22, 2010). "Headley Pleads Guilty Fueling Double Agent Speculation". The Faster Times. 
  69. ^ "India granted access to Headley". Indianexpress.com. 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2010-11-01. 
  70. ^ Diwakar & Vishwa Mohan, TNN, Jun 10, 2010, 02.40am IST (2010-06-10). "ISI guided LeT at every step for 26/11". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2010-11-01. 
  71. ^ "Ishrat Jahan was an LeT suicide bomber: Headley to NIA". Ndtv.com. 2010-07-05. Retrieved 2010-11-01. 
  72. ^ "Abhishek, 24, victim 10 of Pune blasts". Retrieved February 20, 2010. 
  73. ^ "Eight die in India's first big attack since Mumbai". Thomson Reuters. February 13, 2010. pp. Bhowmik. Archived from the original on February 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2010. 
  74. ^ a b "Eight killed, 33 injured in Pune terror attack". Retrieved February 13, 2010. 
  75. ^ “The review finds that while some information relating to Headley was available to U.S. officials prior to the Mumbai attacks, under the policies and procedures that existed at the time, it was not sufficiently established that he was engaged in plotting a terrorist attack in India. Therefore, the U.S. government did not pass on information on Headley to the Indian government prior to the attacks,” Clapper said. Vinay Kumar (8 November 2010). "Slip-ups over Headley issue: U.S. sends review findings to India". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 November 2010. 
  76. ^ Tarm, Michael; Sophia Tareen (24 January 2013). "American Mumbai Plotter Sentenced to 35 Years". Associated Press appearing on ABCNEWS.com. Retrieved 24 January 2013. 
  77. ^ Sweeney, Annie (24 January 2013). "Chicago man gets 35 years in Mumbai terror attack". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 24 January 2013. 
  78. ^ "David Headley has no right to live: relative of 26/11 US victims". Press Trust of India appearing on NDTV.com. 24 January 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013. 

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