1655
Appearance
(Redirected from Deaths in 1655)
Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
---|---|
Centuries: | |
Decades: | |
Years: |
1655 by topic |
---|
Arts and science |
Leaders |
Birth and death categories |
Births – Deaths |
Establishments and disestablishments categories |
Establishments – Disestablishments |
Works category |
Gregorian calendar | 1655 MDCLV |
Ab urbe condita | 2408 |
Armenian calendar | 1104 ԹՎ ՌՃԴ |
Assyrian calendar | 6405 |
Balinese saka calendar | 1576–1577 |
Bengali calendar | 1062 |
Berber calendar | 2605 |
English Regnal year | 6 Cha. 2 – 7 Cha. 2 (Interregnum) |
Buddhist calendar | 2199 |
Burmese calendar | 1017 |
Byzantine calendar | 7163–7164 |
Chinese calendar | 甲午年 (Wood Horse) 4352 or 4145 — to — 乙未年 (Wood Goat) 4353 or 4146 |
Coptic calendar | 1371–1372 |
Discordian calendar | 2821 |
Ethiopian calendar | 1647–1648 |
Hebrew calendar | 5415–5416 |
Hindu calendars | |
- Vikram Samvat | 1711–1712 |
- Shaka Samvat | 1576–1577 |
- Kali Yuga | 4755–4756 |
Holocene calendar | 11655 |
Igbo calendar | 655–656 |
Iranian calendar | 1033–1034 |
Islamic calendar | 1065–1066 |
Japanese calendar | Jōō 4 / Meireki 1 (明暦元年) |
Javanese calendar | 1577–1578 |
Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 10 days |
Korean calendar | 3988 |
Minguo calendar | 257 before ROC 民前257年 |
Nanakshahi calendar | 187 |
Thai solar calendar | 2197–2198 |
Tibetan calendar | 阳木马年 (male Wood-Horse) 1781 or 1400 or 628 — to — 阴木羊年 (female Wood-Goat) 1782 or 1401 or 629 |
1655 (MDCLV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1655th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 655th year of the 2nd millennium, the 55th year of the 17th century, and the 6th year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1655, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events
[edit]
January–March
[edit]- January 5 – Emperor Go-Sai ascends to the throne of Japan.
- January 7 – Pope Innocent X, leader of the Roman Catholic Church and the Papal States, dies after more than 10 years of rule.
- February 14 – The Mapuches launch coordinated attacks against the Spanish in Chile, beginning the Mapuche uprising of 1655.[1]
- February 16 – Dutch Grand Pensionary advisor Johan de Witt marries Wendela Bicker.[2]
- March 8 – John Casor becomes the first legally recognized slave in what will become the United States, as a court in Northampton County in the Colony of Virginia issues its decision in the Casor lawsuit, the first instance of a judicial determination in the Thirteen Colonies holding that a person who has committed no crime could be held in servitude for life.[3]
- March 25 – Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christiaan Huygens.[4]
April–June
[edit]- April 4 – Battle of Porto Farina, Tunis: English admiral Robert Blake's fleet defeats the Barbary pirates.[5]
- April 7 – Pope Alexander VII (born Fabio Chigi) succeeds Pope Innocent X, as the 237th pope.[6]
- April 24 – The Piedmontese Easter Massacre of the Waldensians: Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy slaughters 1,500 men, women and children; this is memorialized in John Milton's sonnet "On the Late Massacre in Piedmont" and apologized for by Pope Francis in 2015.
- April 26 – The Dutch West India Company denies Peter Stuyvesant's request to exclude Jews from New Amsterdam (Manhattan).[7]
- April 28 – Admiral Blake severely damages the arsenal of the Bey of Tunis.
- May 10–27 – Anglo-Spanish War: Invasion of Jamaica – Forces of the English Protectorate led by William Penn and Robert Venables capture the island of Jamaica from Spain.[8]
- June 13 – Adriana Nooseman-van de Bergh becomes the first actress, in Amsterdam theater.[9]
July–September
[edit]- July 20 – The Amsterdam Town Hall (the modern-day Royal Palace) is inaugurated.
- July 27
- The Jews in New Amsterdam petition for a separate Jewish cemetery.[10]
- The Netherlands and Brandenburg sign a military treaty.
- July 30 – Dutch troops capture Fort Assahudi Seram.
- July 31 – Russo-Polish War (1654–67): The Russian army enters the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilnius, which it holds for 6 years.[11]
- August 9 – Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell divides England into 11 districts, under major-generals.
- August 28 – New Amsterdam and Peter Stuyvesant bar colonial Jews from military service.[12]
- August – The governor of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant, attacks the New Sweden (Delaware) colony.[13]
- September 8 – Swedish King Karl X Gustav occupies Warsaw (Poland).
- September 26 – Peter Stuyvesant recaptures the Dutch Fory Casimir, and defeats the New Sweden (Delaware) colony.
October –December
[edit]- October 15 – The Jews of Lublin are massacred.
- October 19 – Swedish King Karl X Gustav occupies Kraków (Poland).[14]
- November 3 – England and France sign military and economic treaties.[15]
- November 24 – English Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell announces measures against the Laudian party, which are enforced starting on January 1.[16][17]
- December 4 – Middelburg, the Netherlands forbids the building of a synagogue.
- December 18 – The Whitehall Conference ends with the determination that there is no law preventing Jews from re-entering England after the Edict of Expulsion of 1290.[18]
- December 27 – Second Northern War/the Deluge: Monks at the Jasna Góra Monastery in Częstochowa are successful in fending off a month-long siege.[19]
Date unknown
[edit]- Stephan Farffler, a 22-year-old paraplegic watchmaker, builds the world's first self-propelling chair on a three-wheel chassis using a system of cranks and cogwheels.[20][21] However, the device has the appearance of a hand bike more than a wheelchair since the design includes hand cranks mounted at the front wheel.[22]
- The Bibliotheca Thysiana is erected,[23] the only surviving 17th century example in the Netherlands, of a building designed as a library.[24]
- 1655 Malta plague outbreak kills 20 people.[25]
- Frederick III of Denmark-Norway gives control of the Faroe Islands to Christoffer Gabel and his son, which will last until 1709.[26]
Births
[edit]- January 1 – Christian Thomasius, German jurist (d. 1728)[27]
- January 5 – John Coney (silversmith), early American silversmith/goldsmith (d. 1722)[28]
- January 6
- Niccolò Comneno Papadopoli, Italian jurist of religious law and historian (d. 1740)
- Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1720)[29]
- January 11
- Charles Sergison, English politician (d. 1732)[30]
- Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk, England (d. 1701)
- January 13 – Bernard de Montfaucon, French Benedictine monk (d. 1741)[31]
- January 19 – Nalan Xingde, Chinese poet (d. 1685)[32]
- January 21 – Antonio Molinari, Italian painter (d. 1704)[33]
- January 25 – Cornelius Anckarstjerna, Dutch-born Swedish admiral (d. 1714)[34]
- January 27 – Henri de Nesmond, French churchman (d. 1727)[35]
- February 2 – William "Tangier" Smith, Moroccan mayor (d. 1705)[36]
- February 7 – Jean-François Regnard, French comic poet (d. 1709)[37]
- February 14 – Jacques-Nicolas Colbert, French churchman (d. 1707)[38]
- February 15 – August, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig, German prince (d. 1715)[39]
- February 16 – Charles, Electoral Prince of Brandenburg, German prince (d. 1674)
- February 25 – Carel de Moor, Dutch painter (d. 1738)[40][a]
- February 28 – Johann Beer, Austrian composer (d. 1700)[42]
- March 4 – Fra Galgario, Italian painter (d. 1743)[43]
- March 6 – Frederik Krag, Danish nobleman and senior civil servant (d. 1728)[44]
- March 23
- Richard Hill of Hawkstone, English statesman (d. 1727)[45]
- Sir Richard Myddelton, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1716)[46]
- April 8 – Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden, Germany (d. 1707)[47]
- April 19 – George St Lo, Royal Navy officer and administrator (d. 1718)[48]
- April 25 – John Lowther, 1st Viscount Lonsdale, English politician (d. 1700)[49]
- April 26
- Rinaldo d'Este (1655–1737), Duke of Modena (d. 1737)
- Ofspring Blackall, Bishop of Exeter (d. 1716)
- May 4 – Bartolomeo Cristofori, Italian maker of musical instruments, invented the piano (d. 1731)[50]
- May 13 – Pope Innocent XIII (d. 1724)[51]
- May 31 – Jacques Eléonor Rouxel de Grancey, Marshal of France (d. 1725)[52]
- June 4 – Thomas of Cori, Italian Friar Minor and preacher (d. 1729)[53]
- June 11 – Antonio Cifrondi, Italian painter (d. 1730)
- June 12 – Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (d. 1715)[54]
- July 7 – Christoph Dientzenhofer, German architect (d. 1722)[55]
- July 20 – Ford Grey, 1st Earl of Tankerville, England (d. 1701)[56]
- August 2 – Sir John Hotham, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1691)
- August 13 – Johann Christoph Denner, German musical instrument maker, invented the clarinet (d. 1707)[57]
- August 16 – Frederick Christian, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe (d. 1728)
- August 18 – James Collett, English-born merchant who settled in Norway (d. 1727)[58]
- August 22 – Joseph Robineau de Villebon, governor of Acadia (d. 1700)[59]
- September 2 – Andries Pels, Dutch banker (d. 1731)
- September 9 – James Johnston (Secretary of State), diplomat, Secretary of State for Scotland (d. 1737)[60]
- September 12 – Sébastien de Brossard, French composer and music theorist (d. 1730)[61]
- September 14 – Éléonor Marie du Maine du Bourg, French nobleman and general (d. 1739)[62]
- September 21 – Roger Cave, English politician (d. 1703)[63]
- September 29 – Johann Ferdinand of Auersperg, Duke of Münsterberg (d. 1705)[64]
- September 30 – Charles III, Prince of Guéméné, French nobleman (d. 1727)
- October 4 – Lothar Franz von Schönborn, Archbishop of Mainz (d. 1729)[65]
- October 12 – Richard Neville (the younger), English politician (d. 1717)[66]
- October 25 – Fabio Brulart de Sillery, French churchman (d. 1714)[67]
- November 1 – Ferdinand Kettler, Duke of Courland and Semigallia (d. 1737)[68]
- November 6 – Daniel Lascelles (1655–1734), English Member of Parliament (d. 1734)[69]
- November 12
- Eustache Restout, French painter (d. 1743)[70]
- Francis Nicholson, British Army general, colonial administrator (d. 1727)[71]
- November 16 – Alessandro Gherardini, Italian painter (d. 1726)[72]
- November 18 – Walter Norborne, English politician (d. 1684)[73]
- November 19 – Sir William Robinson, 1st Baronet, British politician (d. 1736)[74]
- November 20 – Sir Thomas Grosvenor, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1700)[75]
- November 24 – King Charles XI of Sweden (d. 1697)[76]
- December 9 – Isaac van Hoornbeek, Grand Pensionary of Holland (d. 1727)[77]
- December 10 – Sir William Forester, British politician (d. 1718)[78]
- December 13 – John Evelyn the Younger, English translator (d. 1699)[79]
- December 14 – Philip, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal, son of William VI (d. 1721)[80]
- December 27 – Abstrupus Danby, English politician (d. 1727)[81]
- December 28 – Charles Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis, First Lord of the British Admiralty (d. 1698)[82]
- December 29 – Lewis Watson, 1st Earl of Rockingham, English politician (d. 1724)[83]
- date unknown – Zumbi, runaway slave in Brazil (d. 1695)[84]
Deaths
[edit]- January 6 – Louis Philip, Count Palatine of Simmern-Kaiserslautern, Prince of Paltinate (b. 1602)[85]
- January 7 – Pope Innocent X (b. 1574)[86]
- February 15 – Pier Luigi Carafa, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1581)[87]
- February 21 – John X of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck (1634–1655) (b. 1606)[88]
- February 25 – Daniel Heinsius, Flemish scholar (b. 1580)[89]
- February 27 – Francesco Molin, Doge of Venice (b. 1575)[90]
- March 28 – Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, German princess and queen consort of Sweden (b. 1599)[91]
- March 30 – James Stewart, 1st Duke of Richmond (b. 1612)[92]
- April 6 – David Blondel, French Protestant clergyman (b. 1591)[93]
- April 14 – Johann Erasmus Kindermann, German composer and organist (b. 1616)[94]
- April 29 – Cornelis Schut, Flemish painter, draughtsman and engraver (b. 1597)[95]
- April 30 – Eustache Le Sueur, French painter (b. 1617)[96]
- May 5 – Richard Harrison, English politician (b. 1583)[97]
- May 8 – Edward Winslow, American Pilgrim leader (b. 1596)[98]
- May 30 – Christian, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (b. 1581)
- June 26 – Margaret of Savoy, Vicereine of Portugal (b. 1589)[99]
- June 27 – Eleonora Gonzaga, Holy Roman Empress, married to Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1598)[100]
- June 30 – Jacobus Boonen, Dutch Catholic archbishop (b. 1573)[101]
- July 15 – Girolamo Rainaldi, Italian architect (b. 1570)[102]
- July 28
- Cyrano de Bergerac, French soldier and writer (b. 1619)[103]
- Suzuki Shōsan, Japanese samurai (b. 1579)
- July 30 – Sigmund Theophil Staden, important early German composer (b. 1607)[104]
- August 10 – Alfonso de la Cueva, 1st Marquis of Bedmar, Spanish cardinal and diplomat (b. 1572)[105]
- September 7 – François Tristan l'Hermite, French dramatist (b. 1601)[106]
- September 24 – Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse-Eschwege (b. 1617)[107]
- October 13 – Tobie Matthew, English Member of Parliament (b. 1577)[108]
- October 14 – Arnold Möller, German calligrapher (b. 1581)[109]
- October 16 – Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, Italian physician, mathematician and music theorist (b. 1591)[110]
- October 18 – Joachim Lütkemann, German theologian (b. 1608)[111]
- October 24 – Pierre Gassendi, French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist (b. 1592)[112]
- November 3 – Paulus Aertsz van Ravesteyn, Dutch printer (born c. 1586)[113]
- November 6 – Maximilian, Prince of Dietrichstein, German prince (b. 1596)[114]
- November 16 – Giuseppe Marcinò, Italian priest, member of the Order of Friars Minor (b. 1589)[115]
- November 23 – Elizabeth Wriothesley, Countess of Southampton (b. 1572)
- November 28 – John Oglander, English politicians (b. 1585)[116]
- December 17 – Ukita Hideie, Japanese daimyō (b. 1573)[117]
- December 20 – Gregers Krabbe, Danish noble (b. 1594)[118]
- December 22 – Tsugaru Nobuyoshi, Japanese daimyō (b. 1619)
- December 31 – Sir John Wray, 2nd Baronet, English politician (b. 1586)[119]
- date unknown – Kocc Barma Fall, Senegambian philosopher (b. 1586)[120][121]
References
[edit]- ^ Barros Arana, Diego. Historia general de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. 4 (Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000 ed.). Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. p. 349.
- ^ Rowen, Herbert Harvey (1978). John de Witt, grand pensionary of Holland, 1625-1672. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press. pp. 100–102. ISBN 978-0-691-05247-2. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
- ^ Goldsmyth, Samll; Radford, James; Jones, David; Hawkins, Peter; Russell, John H. (June 1916). "Colored Freemen as Slave Owners in Virginia". The Journal of Negro History. 1 (3): 234–235. doi:10.2307/3035621. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 3035621. S2CID 149783730. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
- ^ Lynn, W.T. (1888). "The Discovery of Titan". The Observatory. 11: 338. Bibcode:1888Obs....11..338L. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
- ^ Authors, Multiple (September 17, 2013). "Tunisia". Early Modern Wars 1500–1775. Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78274-121-3. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
- ^ Delbeke, Maarten (2009). ""Custos Montium". A Prophecy on the Election of Alexander VII in Jean Lepautre's Depiction of the Chapel of Notre Dame de la Paix in the Louvre". Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte. 72 (3): 369–388. ISSN 0044-2992. JSTOR 40379424. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
- ^ Oppenheim, Samuel (1909). The Early History of the Jews in New York, 1654-1664: Some New Matter on the Subject. Reprint Services Corporation. pp. 1, 8. ISBN 978-0-7812-5313-0. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
- ^ Robertson, James (May 5, 2005). "Cromwell and the Conquest of Jamaica". History Today. Vol. 55, no. 5. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
- ^ Schama, Simon (1997). The embarrassment of riches : an interpretation of Dutch culture in the Golden Age. New York : Vintage Books. p. 408. ISBN 978-0-679-78124-0. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
- ^ Pool, David de Sola (1955). An old faith in the New World; portrait of Shearith Israel, 1654-1954. New York, Columbia University Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780231878159. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
- ^ BATŪRA, Romas (July 29, 2017). "Pamiršta kovos su priešais vieta" (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
- ^ Kohler, Max J. (1897). "Civil Status of the Jews in Colonial New York". Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society (6): 87. ISSN 0146-5511. JSTOR 43058641. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
- ^ "The History of the Colony of New Sweden". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 8, no. 2. University of Pennsylvania Press. October 1, 1884. pp. 146–148. JSTOR 20084647. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
- ^ Milewski, Dariusz (May 18, 2011). "Szwedzi w Krakowie - Wiadomości w Onet.pl". onet.pl (in Polish). Wiadomości. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
- ^ Scott, James Brown (1921). "The Development of Modern Diplomacy: II: Peaceful Settlement of Controversies Between Nations by Means of Arbitration, Congresses, or Judicial Decisions". Advocate of Peace Through Justice. 83 (3): 97. ISSN 2155-7802. JSTOR 20659646.
The case was different with the Treaty of Westminster of November 3, 1655, between Cromwell, of the British Commonwealth, on the one hand, and Louis XIV, on the other.
- ^ Packer, John William (1969). The Transformation of Anglicanism, 1643-1660: With Special Reference to Henry Hammond. Manchester University Press. p. 41. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
- ^ Bosher, Robert S. (Robert Semple) (1951). The making of the Restoration settlement : the influence of the Laudians, 1649-1662. Westminster : Dacre Press. pp. 40–41. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
- ^ Osterman, Nathan (1941). "The Controversy over the Proposed Readmission of the Jews to England (1655)". Jewish Social Studies. 3 (3): 301–303. ISSN 0021-6704. JSTOR 4464425. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
- ^ Dabrowski, Patrice M. (October 1, 2014). Poland: The First Thousand Years. Cornell University Press. pp. 203–204. ISBN 978-1-5017-5740-2. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
- ^ Bellis, Mary. "History of the Wheelchair". thoughtco.com. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
- ^ Koerth-Baker, Maggie (February 2, 2009). "Who Invented the Wheelchair?". mentalfloss.com. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
- ^ "History of Wheelchairs". wheelchair-information.com. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
- ^ Mourtis, E.V.M. (December 14, 2016). "Introduction". Een kamer gevuld met de mooiste boeken : de bibliotheek van Johannes Thysius (1622-1653) (PhD) (in Dutch). Vantilt. p. 11. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
- ^ Tuinstra, Willemijn (2019). "The Calvinist Connection". Conscience & Connections. Marcellus Franckheim (1587-1644) and his contacts in the Habsburg World at the eve of the Thirty Years War (MA). p. 10. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
- ^ Savona-Ventura, Charles (2015). Knight Hospitaller Medicine in Malta [1530–1798]. Self-published. pp. 224–225. ISBN 9781326482220.
- ^ Wylie, Jonathan (1987). The Faroe Islands : interpretations of history. University Press of Kentucky. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-8131-1578-8. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
- ^ McReynolds, Paul; Ludwig, Klaus (September 1984). "Christian Thomasius and the Origin of Psychological Rating Scales". Isis. 75 (3): 546–553. doi:10.1086/353573. ISSN 0021-1753. PMID 6389428. S2CID 32584049.
- ^ "John Coney". www.americansilversmiths.org. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
- ^ "Eleonore Magdalena (Theresia) von Pfalz-Neuburg (1655 – 1720)" (PDF). www.pfalzneuburg.de (in German). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
Eleonore Magdalena Theresia wird am 6. Januar 1655 als ältestes Kind (von insgesamt 17 Kindern, 9 Knaben, 8Mädchen) des Neuburger Pfalzgrafen und Herzogs Philipp Wilhelm und seiner 2.
- ^ "SERGISON, Charles (1655-1732), of Cuckfield Park, Suss". History of Parliament.
- ^ Broglie, Emmanuel (1891). La société de l'abbaye de Saint-Germain des Prés au dixhuitième siècle. Bernard de Montfaucon et les Bernardins, 1715-1750 (in French). Paris, E. Plon, Nourrit. p. 305. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
- ^ Hummel, Arthur W. (2018). "SINGDE". Eminent Chinese of the Qing Period. United States Government Printing Office. ISBN 9781614720331. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
- ^ Green, Richard C. (2003). "Molinari, Antonio". Grove Art Online. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T058911. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
- ^ Aereboe, Rasmus (1889). Notarius publicus Rasmus Aereboes autobiografi (1685-1744) (in Danish). Gyldendal. p. 86. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
- ^ Bunel, Arnaud. "Archevêques de Toulouse - Henri de Nesmond". Retrieved March 23, 2022.
- ^ "William Tangier Smith". www.nycourts.gov. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
- ^ Lancaster, Henry Carrington (1966). A history of French dramatic literature in the seventeenth century. --. Vol. 2. New York, United States: Gordian Press. p. 731. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
- ^ Olmos, José María de Francisco; Bautista, Antonio Carpallo (2017). "Estudio de las encuadernaciones de Jacques-Nicolas Colbert depositadas en la Biblioteca Complutense". Revista General de Información y Documentación (in Spanish). 27 (2): 559. doi:10.5209/RGID.58208. ISSN 1988-2858. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
- ^ Hübners, Johann (1708). Johann Hübners, Rectoris des Fürstlichen Gymnasii zu Merseburg, Drey hundert und drey und dreyßig Genealogische Tabellen. Germany. p. 170. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
- ^ Waller, François Gerard (1974). Biographisch woordenboek van noord Nederlandsche graveurs. Amsterdam : B.M. Israël. p. 229. ISBN 978-90-6078-070-1. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
- ^ Eric Jan, Sluijter (1988). Leidse fijnschilders : van Gerrit Dou tot Frans van Mieris de Jonge 1630-1760. Zwolle. pp. 182–185. ISBN 9789066301412.
- ^ Beer, Johann; Russell, John Raymond. German Winter Nights. Camden House. p. VII. ISBN 978-1-57113-195-9. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
- ^ Frangi, Francesco (2000). "GHISLANDI, Vittore, known as Fra Galgario". Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian). Vol. 54. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
- ^ Heiberg, Steffen (July 18, 2011). "Frederik Krag". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (in Danish). Retrieved April 5, 2022.
- ^ "Richard HILL". venn.lib.cam.uk. University of Cambridge. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
- ^ Pink, William (1891). Notes on the Middleton family of Denbighshire & London. Chester, England: Chester Courant. p. 28. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
- ^ Ripley, George; Anderson Dana, Charles (1879). "Baden-Baden, Ludwig Wilhelm I.". The American Cyclopædia. Vol. 2. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
- ^ "ST. LOE, George (1655-1718), of Covent Garden, London". History of Parliament. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
- ^ Owen, Hugh (1990). The Lowther family : eight hundred years of a family of ancient gentry and worship. Sussex, England: Phillimore & Co. p. 197. ISBN 0-85033-721-6. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
- ^ Pollens, Stewart (August 3, 2017). Bartolomeo Cristofori and the Invention of the Piano. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-108-16166-4. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
- ^ "Innocent XIII | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
- ^ "Jacques Eléonor.0 Rouxel". roglo.eu. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
- ^ "Tommaso da Cori (1655-1729) - biography". www.vatican.va. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
- ^ Human, Rudolf Armin (1886). Chronik der Stadt Hildburghausen (in German). p. 190. ISBN 9781168163332. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
- ^ "Deutsche Biographie - Dientzenhofer, Christoph von". February 23, 2015. Archived from the original on February 23, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
- ^ Greaves, Richard L. (2004). "Grey, Ford, earl of Tankerville (bap. 1655, d. 1701), conspirator and politician". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11531. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved April 10, 2022. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ "Klarinette - Die Geburt der Königin des guten Tons". Deutschlandfunk Kultur (in German). January 14, 2015.
- ^ "James Collett". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian Bokmål). November 25, 2020. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
- ^ "Biography – ROBINAU DE VILLEBON, JOSEPH – Volume I (1000-1700) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography". www.biographi.ca. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- ^ "JOHNSTON, James (1655-1737), of Orleans House, Twickenham, Mdx". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
- ^ La Province du Maine (in French). Maine, France: Le Mans au Siege de la Societe, Librairie A. Goupil. 1908. p. 182. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
- ^ Muller, Claude (September 1, 2006). "Diplomatie et religion en Alsace au temps du cardinal de Fleury (1726-1743)". Revue d'Alsace (in French) (132): 129–173. doi:10.4000/alsace.1529. ISSN 0181-0448. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
- ^ "BARONETAGE". Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
- ^ "Germany, Lutheran Baptisms, Marriages, and Burials, 1500-1971". familysearch.org (in German). Retrieved April 18, 2022.
- ^ Stolberg-Wernigerode, Otto Zu (1987). "Lothar Friedrich v. Mainz - Lothar Franz v. Mainz". Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 15. Germany: Maltza. p. 227. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
- ^ "NEVILLE, Richard (1655-1717)". History of Parliament. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
- ^ "Fabio BRULART de SILLERY". Académie Française. July 1, 2008. Archived from the original on July 1, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
- ^ "Courland, Ferdinand Hzg. v. (1655-1737)". Baltischen Biographischen Lexikon Digital (in German). Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ "LASCELLES, Daniel (1655-1734), of Stank Hall, Kirby Sigston, Yorks". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ "Restout, Eustache". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00151314. ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ "Biography – NICHOLSON, FRANCIS – Volume II (1701-1740) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography". www.biographi.ca. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ Coltellacci, Stefano (2000). "GHERARDINI, Alessandro". Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian). Vol. 53. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ "NORBORNE, Walter (1655-84), of Castle House, Calne, Wilts". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ "ROBINSON, Sir William, 1st Bt. (1655-1736), of Newby, Yorks". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
- ^ Handley, Stuart (2004). "Grosvenor, Sir Thomas, third baronet". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11674. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved April 24, 2022. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ "Karl XI". Enzyklopädie Brockhaus (in German). Retrieved April 24, 2022.
- ^ "3.01.20 Inventaris van het archief van Isaak van Hoornbeek, 1720-1727". Nationaal Archief (in Dutch). p. 9. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
- ^ Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. 3. Vol. 2. Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. 1902. p. 333. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
- ^ Stephen, Leslie (1889). Dictionary Of National Biography Vol.18 (18 ed.). Smith, Elder & Co. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-19-861368-8. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ "Hessen-Philippsthal, Philipp Landgraf von". www.lagis-hessen.de (in German). Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ "Sir Abstrupus Danby, Of an Ancient Yorkshire Family - Twickenham Museum". www.twickenham-museum.org.uk. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ Edward, George (1910). The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom : extant, extinct, or dormant. London : The St. Catherine Press, ltd. p. 366. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ "WATSON, Hon. Lewis (1655-1724), of Rockingham Castle, Northants". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ Smulewicz-Zucker, Gregory R. (April 20, 2009). "Zumbi (ca. 1655-1695)". The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1–3. doi:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp1653. ISBN 9781405198073. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ Wille, Jakob (1884). Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (in German) (19 ed.). Duncker & Humblot. p. 580. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ "Death of the Pope". www.csun.edu. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ Biaudet, Henry (1910). Les nonciatures apostoliques permanentes jusqu'en 1648. Suomalainen tiedeakatemia. p. 259. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ "Biographisches Lexikon für Schleswig-Holstein and Lübec" (PDF). BioLex Digital (in German). Wachholtz. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2022.
- ^ Becker-Cantarino, Barbara (1978). Daniel Heinsius. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8057-6318-8. Retrieved April 29, 2022.
- ^ Benzoni, Gino (2011). "MOLIN, Francesco". Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian). Vol. 75. Retrieved April 29, 2022.
- ^ Schattkowsky, Martina (2003). Witwenschaft in der frühen Neuzeit: fürstliche und adlige Witwen zwischen Fremd- und Selbstbestimmung (in German). Leipziger Universitätsverlag. p. 312. ISBN 978-3-936522-79-2. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
- ^ Cokayne, George E. (1910). The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom : extant, extinct, or dormant. The St. Catherine Press, ltd. p. 310. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
- ^ Perrault, Charles (1700). Des hommes illustres qui ont paru en France pendant ce siècle, avec leurs portraits au naturel (in French) (2 ed.). A. Dezallier. p. 76. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
- ^ Schreiber, Felix (1913). Der Nurnberger Organist Johannes Erasmus Kindermann (1616-1655) (in German). Druck von Breitkopf & Härtel. p. XXXIV. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
- ^ "Cornelis Schut". Archive of Fine Arts. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
- ^ "Le Sueur, Eustache". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00108538. ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
- ^ "Harmar-Hawtayne". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
- ^ Peirce, Ebenezer Weaver (1881). Peirce's Colonial Lists: Civil, Military and Professional Lists of Plymouth and Rhode Island Colonies, Comprising Colonial, County and Town Officers, Clergymen, Physicians and Lawyers. A. Williams & Company. p. 6. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
- ^ "Margarita de Saboya". Real Academia de la Historia (in Spanish). Retrieved May 5, 2022.
- ^ Semenov, Ilʹi︠a︡ Semenovich (2002). Семенов И. С. Христианские династии Европы (in Russian). ОЛМА Медиа Групп. p. 198. ISBN 978-5-224-02516-9. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
- ^ "Archbishop Jacques Boonen". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
- ^ Passeri, Giovanni Battista; Baglione, Giovanni; Bianconi, Giovanni Lodovico; Bottari, Giovanni Gaetano (1772). Vite de' pittori, scultori ed architetti, che anno lavorato in Roma : morti dal 1641 fino al 1673 (in Italian). Rome, Italy: Presso Gregorio Settari. p. 222. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
- ^ Richardson, Isobel (1935). "Life of Cyrano de Bergerac". Cyrano de Bergerac, Precursor of the Eighteenth Century Spirit (M.A.). Fordham University. p. 5. ProQuest 2491954886. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
- ^ Biographie, Deutsche. "Staden, Sigismund Theophil". www.deutsche-biographie.de (in German). Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ "Alfonso Cardinal de la Cueva-Benavides y Mendoza-Carrillo [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
- ^ Pellisson-Fontanier, Paul (1729). Histoire de l'Academie françoise .... [T. 1], Depuis son établissement jusqu'à 1652. Par M. Pellisson. Avec des remarques et des additions (in French). Jean-Baptiste Coignard fils. p. 304. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
- ^ "Hessen-Eschwege, Friedrich Landgraf von". www.lagis-hessen.de (in German). Retrieved May 17, 2022.
- ^ Venn, John. Alumni cantabrigienses; a biographical list of all known students, graduates and holders of office at the University of Cambridge, from the earliest times to 1900. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 162. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
- ^ "Möller, Arnold". data.cerl.org. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
- ^ "DELMEDIGO, JOSEPH SOLOMON". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
- ^ Wille, Jakob (1884). Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (in German) (19 ed.). Duncker & Humblot. p. 696. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
- ^ Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas; Bracher, Katherine; Jarrell, Richard; Marché, Jordan D.; Ragep, F. Jamil (September 18, 2007). Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 408. ISBN 978-0-387-30400-7. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
- ^ Genealogy
- ^ Wurzbach, Constantin von (1858). Biographisches Lexikon des Kaisertums Österreich (in German). p. 299. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
- ^ "Innocenzo da Caltagirone (1589-1655) (N. Prot. 1674)". Ordo Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum (in Italian). January 7, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
- ^ "Oade-Oxwick". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved June 9, 2022.
- ^ "宇喜多秀家とは". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved June 10, 2022.
- ^ Gjeruldsen, Ole H. (February 25, 2020). "Gregers Krabbe". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved June 10, 2022.
- ^ "Wray, John". venn.lib.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
- ^ Diagne, Léon Sobel, « Le problème de la philosophie africaine » (2004), p. 10 (archived by French Wikipedia) [1]
- ^ Kocc Barma Fall disait… [in] Au Senegal (26 Sep 2013) [2]