Deception

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (October 2009)

It has been suggested that Deception (in psychological research) be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

Deception, beguilement, deceit, bluff, and subterfuge are acts to propagate beliefs that are not true, or not the whole truth (as in half-truths or omission). Deception can involve dissimulation, propaganda, sleight of hand. It can employ distraction, camouflage or concealment. There is also self-deception.

Contents 1 Camouflage 2 Disguise appearance 3 Dazzle 4 Simulation 4.1 Mimicry 4.2 Fabricate 4.3 Distractions 5 In social research 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading

[edit] Camouflage

The camouflage of a physical object often works by breaking up the visual boundary of that object. This usually involves colouring the camouflaged object with the same colours as the background against which the object will be hidden. In the realm of deceptive half-truths camouflage is realized by 'hiding' some of the truths.

Example:

• Camouflage as a form of visual deception is an essential part of military deception.

[edit] Disguise appearance

A disguise is an appearance to create the impression of being somebody or something else; for a well-known person this is also called incognito.

Example:

• The fictional Sherlock Holmes often disguised himself as somebody else to avoid being recognized.

In a more abstract sense, 'disguise' may refer to the act of disguising the nature of a particular proposal in order to hide an unpopular motivation or effect associated with that proposal. This is a form of political spin or propaganda. See also: rationalisation and transfer within the techniques of propaganda generation.

Example:

• Depicting an act of war as a "peace" mission.

[edit] Dazzle

Examples:

• The defensive mechanisms of most octopuses to eject black ink in a large cloud to aid in escape from predators.

[edit] Simulation

Simulation consists of exhibiting false information. There are three simulation techniques: mimicry (copying another model), fabrication (making up a new model), and distraction (offering an alternative model)

[edit] Mimicry

In the biological world, mimicry involves unconscious deception by similarity to another organism, or to a natural object. Animals for example may deceive predators or prey by visual, auditory or other means.

[edit] Fabricate

To make something that in reality is not what it appears to be. For example, in World War II, it was common for the Allies to use hollow tanks made out of cardboard to fool German reconnaissance planes into thinking a large armor unit was on the move in one area while the real tanks were well hidden and on the move in a location far from the fabricated "dummy" tanks.

[edit] Distractions

To get someone's attention from the truth by offering bait or something else more tempting to divert attention away from the object being concealed. For example, a security company publicly announces that it will ship a large gold shipment down one route, while in reality take a different route.

[edit] In social research

Some methodologies in social research, especially in psychology involve deception. The researchers purposely mislead or misinform the participants about the true nature of the experiment.

In an experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram in 1963 the researchers told participants that they would be participating in a scientific study of memory and learning. In reality the study looked at the participants' willingness to obey commands, even when that involved inflicting pain upon another person.

Use of deception raises many problems of research ethics and it is strictly regulated by professional bodies such as the American Psychological Association .

[edit] See also

[edit] References

• Association, A. P. (2003). ethics: Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved February 18, 2008, from APA Online
• Bassett, Rodney L.. & Basinger, David, & Livermore, Paul. (1992, December). Lying in the Laboratory: Deception in Human Research from a Psychological, Philosophical, and Theological Perspectives. [1]
• Cohen, Fred. (2006). Frauds, Spies, and Lies and How to Defeat Them. ASP Peess. ISBN 1-878109-36-7. 
• Behrens, Roy R. (2002). False colors: Art, Design and Modern Camouflage. Bobolink Books. ISBN 0-9713244-0-9. 
• Behrens, Roy R. (2009). Camoupedia: A Compendium of Research on Art, Architecture and Camouflage. Bobolink Books. ISBN 978-0-9713244-6-6.
• Bennett, W Lance; Entman, Robert M The Politics of Misinformation
• Blechman, Hardy and Newman, Alex (2004). DPM: Disruptive Pattern Material. DPM Ltd. ISBN 0-9543404-0-X. 
• Edelman, Murray Constructing the political spectacle 1988
• Latimer, Jon. (2001). Deception in War. John Murray. ISBN 978-0719556050. 
• Shaughnessy, J. J., Zechmeister, E. B., & Zechmeister, J. S. (2006). Research Methods in Psychology Seventh Edition. Boston: McGraw Hill.
• Bruce Schneier, Secrets and Lies
• Robert Wright The Moral Animal: Why We Are the Way We Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology. Vintage, 1995. ISBN 0-679-76399-6

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2007)

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (February 2008)

[edit] Further reading

• Mitchell, Robert W.; Thompson, Nicholas S., eds., Deception. Perspectives on Human and Nonhuman Deceit. New York: State University of New York Press.
• Scientists Pick Out Human Lie Detectors, MSNBC.com/Associated Press

v • d • e Psychological manipulation Positive reinforcement Attention · Flattery · Giving gifts · Giving money · Grooming · Praise · Seduction · Smiling · Superficial charm · Superficial sympathy Negative reinforcement Anger · Character assassination · Crying · Frowning · Glaring · Guilt trip · Inattention · Intimidation · Nagging · Nit-picking criticism · Passive aggression · Relational aggression · Shaming · Silent treatment · Sulking · Swearing · Threats · Victim blaming · Victim playing · Yelling Other techniques Deception · Denial · Disinformation · Distortion · Diversion · Evasion · Exaggeration · Gaslighting · Indoctrination · Lying · Minimisation · Rationalisation Contexts Abuse · Advertising · Bullying · Confidence trick · Media manipulation · Mind control · Mobbing · Propaganda · Scapegoating · Smear campaign · Spin · Whispering campaign Related topics Assertiveness · Blame · Dumbing down · Enabling · Fallacy · Narcissism · Personal boundaries · Personality disorders · Persuasion · Projection · Psychopathy · Self-esteem · Sheeple · Sycophancy · Vulnerabilities · Weasel words · Whistleblowing