Demographics of New Zealand

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Demography of New Zealand)

Demographics of New Zealand
Population pyramid of New Zealand in 2023
Population5,223,100 (Stats NZ June 2023 estimate)
Density19.5/km2 (50.5/sq mi)
Growth rate2.1% (Stats NZ projection)[1]
Birth rate11.4 per 1000 pop. (2022)
Death rate5.5 per 1000 pop. (2022)
Life expectancy
 • male80.3 years[2]
 • female83.7 years[2]
Fertility rate1.56 births per woman (2023)
Infant mortality rate3.53 per 1000 live births (2023)
Net migration rate14.72 per 1000 pop.[1]
Age structure
0–14 years19.6%[1]
15–64 years65.5%[1]
65 and over14.9%[1]
Sex ratio
Total0.97 males/female[1]
Under 151.05 males/female[1]
15–64 years0.97 males/female[1]
65 and over0.87 males/female[1]
Nationality
NationalityNew Zealander
Major ethnicEuropean 71.8%[3]
Minor ethnic
[n 1][3]
Language
Spoken
[4]

The demographics of New Zealand encompass the gender, ethnic, religious, geographic, and economic backgrounds of the 5.2 million people living in New Zealand. New Zealanders predominantly live in urban areas on the North Island. The five largest cities are Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Hamilton, and Tauranga. Few New Zealanders live on New Zealand's smaller islands. Waiheke Island (near Auckland) is easily the most populated smaller island with 9,420 residents, while Great Barrier Island, the Chatham and Pitt Islands, and Stewart Island each have populations below 1,000. New Zealand is part of a realm and most people born in the realm's external territories of Tokelau, the Ross Dependency, the Cook Islands and Niue are entitled to New Zealand passports.

As at the 2018 census, the majority of New Zealand's population of European descent (70 percent; often referred to as Pākehā), with the indigenous Māori being the largest minority (16.5 percent), followed by Asians (15.3 percent), and non-Māori Pacific Islanders known collectively as Pasifika (9.0 percent).[3] This is reflected in immigration, with most new migrants coming from Britain and Ireland, although the numbers from Asia in particular are increasing. Auckland is the most ethnically diverse region in New Zealand with 53.5 percent identifying as Europeans, 28.2 percent as Asian, 11.5 percent as Māori, 15.5 percent as Pasifika, and 2.3 percent as Middle Eastern, Latin American or African (MELAA).[5] New Zealand is considered by some to be unique among Western countries for its high levels of ethnic intermarriage,[6] which has historically been viewed with tolerance.[7][8][6] According to a 2006 study, Māori have on average roughly 43% European ancestry, although the notion of being "mixed-race" is uncommon.[9][10]

English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language are the official languages, with English predominant. New Zealand English is mostly non-rhotic, but has distinct rhotic dialects as well. Rhoticity is widespread among Pasifika and Māori and is becoming increasingly common across the upper North Island.[11] The closest English dialect to non-rhotic New Zealand English is Australian English, but they have several key distinctions, such as the New Zealand centralisation of the short i. The Māori language has undergone a process of revitalisation and is spoken by 4 percent of the population. New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99 percent and over half of the population aged 15–29 hold a tertiary qualification. In the adult population 14.2 percent have a bachelor's degree or higher, 30.4 percent have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4 percent have no formal qualification. As at the 2018 census, 37 percent of the population identify as Christians, with Hinduism and Buddhism being the largest minority religions; almost half of the population (48.5 percent) is irreligious.[3]

Farming is a major occupation in New Zealand, although more people are employed as sales assistants. Most New Zealanders earn wage or salary income, with a median weekly income in 2022 of NZ$848.[12]

Terminology[edit]

While the demonym for a New Zealand citizen is New Zealander, the informal "Kiwi" is commonly used both internationally[13] and by locals.[14] The name derives from the kiwi, a native flightless bird, which is the national symbol of New Zealand. The Māori loanword "Pākehā" usually refers to New Zealanders of European descent, although some reject this appellation,[15][16] and some Māori use it to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders.[17] Most people born in New Zealand or one of the realm's external territories (Tokelau, the Ross Dependency, the Cook Islands and Niue) before 2006 are New Zealand citizens. Further conditions apply for those born from 2006 onwards.[n 2][19]

Population size and distribution[edit]

Change in population by region in New Zealand based on the 2006–2013 censuses

The 2018 census enumerated a resident population of 4,699,755 – a 10.8 percent increase over the population recorded in the 2013 census.[3] As of April 2024, the total population has risen to an 5,346,910 (estimated by extrapolation).[20] The population is increasing at a rate of 1.4–2.0 percent per year.[21] In May 2020, Statistics New Zealand reported that New Zealand's population had climbed above 5 million people in March 2020;[22] in September 2020, this was revised six months earlier to September 2019 when population estimates were rebased to the 2018 census.[23]

The median child birthing age was 30 and the total fertility rate is 2.1 births per woman in 2010. In Māori populations the median age is 26 and fertility rate 2.8.[24] In 2010 the age-standardised mortality rate was 3.8 deaths per 1000 (down from 4.8 in 2000) and the infant mortality rate for the total population was 5.1 deaths per 1000 live births.[24] The life expectancy of a New Zealand child born in 2021-23 was 83.7 years for females, and 80.3 years for males,[2] which is among the highest in the world. Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline.[25] In 2050 the median age is forecast to rise from 36 years to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older rising from 18 percent to 29 percent.[25][n 3] During early migration in 1858, New Zealand had 131 males for every 100 females, but following changes in migration patterns and the modern longevity advantage of women, females came to outnumber males in 1971.[27] As of 2012 there are 0.99 males per female, with males dominating under 15 years and females dominating in the 65 years or older range.[28]

Age structure[edit]

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Provisional) (Because of rounding, totals are not in all cases the sum of the respective components.): [29]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 2 542 600 2 580 000 5 122 600 100
0–4 156 710 148 800 305 510 5.96
5–9 167 260 158 310 325 570 6.36
10–14 173 620 163 920 337 540 6.59
15–19 161 330 153 550 314 880 6.15
20–24 172 020 161 240 333 260 6.51
25–29 190 640 181 390 372 030 7.26
30–34 191 640 192 470 384 110 7.50
35–39 168 840 172 260 341 110 6.66
40–44 154 820 157 780 312 600 6.10
45–49 158 830 164 650 323 490 6.31
50–54 161 590 169 610 331 200 6.47
55–59 157 610 166 540 324 150 6.33
60–64 144 220 153 870 298 090 5.82
65-69 122 810 130 780 253 590 4.95
70-74 106 650 112 880 219 540 4.29
75-79 71 690 79 510 151 200 2.95
80-84 46 770 56 990 103 760 2.03
85-89 23 540 32 880 56 420 1.10
90+ 12 010 22 570 34 580 0.68
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 497 590 471 030 968 620 18.91
15–64 1 661 540 1 673 360 3 334 900 65.10
65+ 383 470 435 610 819 080 15.99
Population pyramid of New Zealand from 1950 to 2020

The age structure of New Zealand is getting increasingly older. Due to undergoing the demographic transition from a 'pre-industrial' age structure to a 'post-industrial' age structure, the country has a sub-replacement fertility rate which is consequently leading to an older population and more evenly balanced population pyramid.[30]

The average age of the citizen has gone from 25.8 years old in 1965 to 38 in 2020 and is projected to rise to 43.7 years old in 2050.[31] The population of 90 year olds is also expected to rise dramatically, in the 1930s there were approximately 1,000 90+ year olds, in 2016 the number had risen to 29,000, in 2030 it is expected to exceed 50,000 and by the 2060s it is to rise above 180,000 people.[32]

Population density[edit]

Population density as of the 2018 census
Legend
  Fewer than 1 person per square km
  1 person per square km and above
  10 people per square km and above
  250 people per square km and above
  1000 people per square km and above
  4000 people per square km and above
See also: List of cities in New Zealand

New Zealand's population density is relatively low, at 19.5 per square kilometre (50.5 per square mile) (June 2023 estimate).[33] The vast majority of the population live on the main North and South Islands, with New Zealand's major inhabited smaller islands being Waiheke Island (9,420), the Chatham and Pitt Islands (730), and Stewart Island (381).[33] Over three-quarters of the population (76.5%) live in the North Island, with one-third of the total population (33.3%) living in the Auckland Region. Most Māori live in the North Island (86.0 percent), although less than a quarter (23.8 percent) live in Auckland.[34]

New Zealand is a predominantly urban country, with 84.2 percent of the population living in an urban area. About 64.6 percent of the population live in the 20 main urban areas (population of 30,000 or more) and 43.3 percent live in the four largest cities of Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington, and Hamilton.[33]

Approximately 14 percent of the population live in four different categories of rural areas as defined by Statistics New Zealand. About 18 percent of the rural population live in areas that have a high urban influence (roughly 12.9 people per square kilometre), many working in the main urban area. Rural areas with moderate urban influence and a population density of about 6.5 people per square kilometre account for 26 percent of the rural population. Areas with low urban influence where the majority of the residents work in the rural area house approximately 42 percent of the rural population. Remote rural areas with a density of less than 1 person per square kilometre account for about 14 percent of the rural population.[35]

Before local government reforms in the late 1980s, a borough council with more than 20,000 people could be proclaimed a city.[36][37] The boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built-up area, so there was little difference between the urban area and the local government area. In 1989, all councils were consolidated into regional councils (top tier) and territorial authorities (second tier) which cover a much wider area and population than the old city councils.[38] Today a territorial authority must have a predominantly urban population of at least 50,000 before it can be officially recognised as a city.[39]

Vital statistics[edit]

Vital statistics since 1921[40]
Population[n 4] Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000) Natural change (per 1,000) Crude Migration change (per 1,000) Total fertility rate[n 5]
1921 29,623 11,474 18,149 3.08
1922 30,448 11,874 18,574 3.08
1923 29,148 12,239 16,909 2.96
1924 29,260 11,540 17,720 2.93
1925 29,869 11,844 18,025 2.90
1926 29,904 12,517 17,387 2.88
1927 1,429,700 29,278 12,600 16,678 20.3 8.8 11.6 2.9 2.79
1928 1,450,400 28,938 12,860 16,078 19.8 8.8 11.0 0.7 2.70
1929 1,467,400 28,859 13,220 15,639 19.5 9.0 10.6 2.1 2.64
1930 1,486,100 28,822 13,145 15,677 19.3 8.8 10.5 3.4 2.60
1931 1,506,800 28,867 13,062 15,805 19.1 8.6 10.4 0.2 2.56
1932 1,522,800 27,535 12,875 14,660 18.0 8.4 9.6 -1.8 2.38
1933 1,534,700 27,204 12,862 14,342 17.7 8.3 9.3 -1.2 2.31
1934 1,547,100 27,220 13,810 13,410 17.5 8.9 8.6 -1.3 2.29
1935 1,558,400 27,150 13,664 13,486 17.4 8.7 8.6 -1.3 2.25
1936 1,569,700 28,395 14,658 13,737 18.0 9.3 8.7 0.8 2.30
1937 1,584,600 29,896 15,215 14,681 18.8 9.6 9.2 1.7 2.39
1938 1,601,800 30,845 16,874 13,971 19.2 10.5 8.7 1.6 2.44
1939 1,618,300 32,872 15,933 16,939 20.2 9.8 10.4 4.0 2.56
1940 1,641,600 36,945 15,875 21,070 22.6 9.7 12.9 -17.8 2.84
1941 1,633,600 39,170 17,047 22,123 24.0 10.4 13.6 -15.1 2.93
1942 1,631,200 37,818 18,117 19,701 23.1 11.1 12.1 -8.9 2.87
1943 1,636,400 34,684 17,122 17,562 21.2 10.4 10.7 -7.3 2.61
1944 1,642,000 38,037 17,049 20,988 22.9 10.3 12.7 8.2 2.85
1945 1,676,300 41,534 17,686 23,848 24.4 10.4 14.0 16.7 3.10
1946 1,727,800 47,524 17,720 29,804 27.1 10.1 17.0 13.9 3.45
1947 1,781,200 49,698 17,442 32,256 27.6 9.7 17.9 2.5 3.63
1948 1,817,500 49,062 17,285 31,777 26.7 9.4 17.3 2.7 3.57
1949 1,853,900 48,841 17,578 31,263 26.1 9.4 16.7 3.9 3.53
1950 1,892,100 49,331 18,084 31,247 25.8 9.5 16.4 2.4 3.55
1951 1,927,700 49,806 18,836 30,970 25.6 9.7 15.9 6.3 3.60
1952 1,970,500 51,846 18,896 32,950 26.0 9.5 16.5 11.0 3.67
1953 2,024,600 51,888 18,354 33,534 25.3 9.0 16.4 8.3 3.65
1954 2,074,700 54,055 18,876 35,179 25.8 9.0 16.8 4.3 3.78
1955 2,118,400 55,596 19,225 36,371 26.0 9.0 17.0 4.9 3.88
1956 2,164,800 56,531 19,696 36,835 25.8 9.0 16.8 3.7 3.98
1957 2,209,200 58,425 20,862 37,563 26.1 9.3 16.8 7.5 4.03
1958 2,262,800 60,556 20,301 40,255 26.5 8.9 17.6 5.9 4.11
1959 2,316,000 61,798 21,128 40,670 26.4 9.0 17.4 1.5 4.18
1960 2,359,700 62,779 20,892 41,887 26.4 8.8 17.6 1.0 4.24
1961 2,403,600 65,390 21,782 43,608 26.9 9.0 17.9 6.1 4.31
1962 2,461,300 65,014 22,081 42,933 26.1 8.9 17.3 4.8 4.19
1963 2,515,800 64,527 22,416 42,111 25.4 8.8 16.6 3.7 4.05
1964 2,566,900 62,302 22,861 39,441 24.0 8.8 15.2 4.3 3.80
1965 2,617,000 60,047 22,976 37,071 22.7 8.7 14.0 3.9 3.54
1966 2,663,800 60,003 23,778 36,225 22.3 8.8 13.5 4,3 3.41
1967 2,711,300 61,022 23,007 38,015 22.4 8.4 13.9 -1.5 3.35
1968 2,745,000 62,112 24,464 37,648 22.5 8.9 13.6 -3.4 3.34
1969 2,773,000 62,360 24,161 38,199 22.4 8.7 13.7 -2.5 3.28
1970 2,804,000 62,050 24,840 37,210 21.9 8.8 13.2 4.0 3.17
1971 2,852,100 64,460 24,309 40,151 22.4 8.5 14.0 2.3 3.18
1972 2,898,500 63,215 24,801 38,414 21.6 8.5 13.1 8.0 3.00
1973 2,959,700 60,727 25,312 35,415 20.3 8.5 11.8 10.2 2.76
1974 3,024,900 59,336 25,261 34,075 19.4 8.3 11.1 11.0 2.58
1975 3,091,900 56,639 25,114 31,525 18.2 8.1 10.1 6.7 2.37
1976 3,143,700 55,105 25,457 29,648 17.5 8.1 9.4 -3.1 2.27
1977 3,163,400 54,179 25,961 28,218 17.1 8.2 8.9 -8.0 2.21
1978 3,166,400 51,029 24,669 26,360 16.1 7.8 8.3 -8.7 2.07
1979 3,165,200 52,279 25,340 26,939 16.5 8.0 8.5 -8.9 2.12
1980 3,163,900 50,542 26,676 23,866 15.9 8.4 7.5 -3.5 2.03
1981 3,176,400 50,794 25,150 25,644 15.9 7.9 8.1 -2.4 2.01
1982 3,194,500 49,938 25,532 24,406 15.6 8.0 7.6 2.5 1.95
1983 3,226,800 50,474 25,991 24,483 15.6 8.0 7.5 4.3 1.92
1984 3,264,800 51,636 25,378 26,258 15.7 7.7 8.0 0.6 1.93
1985 3,293,000 51,798 27,480 24,318 15.7 8.3 7.4 -4.3 1.93
1986 3,303,100 52,824 27,045 25,779 16.0 8.2 7.8 -4.7 1.96
1987 3,313,500 55,254 27,419 27,835 16.6 8.2 8.4 0.2 2.03
1988 3,342,100 57,546 27,408 30,138 17.2 8.2 9.0 -8.1 2.10
1989 3,345,200 58,091 27,042 31,049 17.3 8.1 9.2 -1.8 2.12
1990 3,369,800 60,153 26,531 33,622 17.7 7.8 9.9 2.18
1991 3,516,000 [41] 59,911 26,389 33,522 17.3 7.6 9.7 2.09
1992 3,552,200 59,166 27,115 32,051 16.7 7.7 9.1 1.2 2.06
1993 3,597,800 58,782 27,100 31,682 16.4 7.6 8.9 3.9 2.04
1994 3,648,300 57,321 26,953 30,368 15.8 7.4 8.4 5.6 1.98
1995 3,706,700 57,671 27,813 29,858 15.7 7.6 8.1 7.9 1.98
1996 3,762,300 57,280 28,255 29,025 15.3 7.6 7.8 7.2 1.96
1997 3,802,700 57,604 27,471 30,133 15.2 7.3 8.0 2.7 1.96
1998 3,829,200 55,349 26,206 29,143 14.5 6.9 7.6 -0.6 1.89
1999 3,851,100 57,053 28,122 28,931 14.9 7.3 7.5 -1.8 1.97
2000 3,873,100 56,605 26,660 29,945 14.7 6.9 7.8 -2.1 1.98
2001 3,916,200 55,800 27,825 27,972 14.36 7.16 7.20 3.9 1.97
2002 3,989,500 54,021 28,065 25,956 13.67 7.10 6.57 12.1 1.89
2003 4,061,600 56,136 28,011 28,125 13.94 6.95 6.99 11.1 1.93
2004 4,114,300 58,074 28,419 29,655 14.20 6.95 7.25 5.7 1.98
2005 4,161,000 57,744 27,033 30,711 13.96 6.54 7.42 3.9 1.97
2006 4,209,100 59,193 28,245 30,948 14.14 6.75 7.39 4.2 2.01
2007 4,245,700 64,044 28,521 35,520 15.15 6.75 8.40 0.3 2.18
2008 4,280,300 64,341 29,187 35,154 15.10 6.85 8.25 -0.1 2.19
2009 4,332,100 62,541 28,965 33,579 14.53 6.73 7.80 4.3 2.13
2010 4,373,900 63,897 28,437 35,457 14.68 6.53 8.15 1.5 2.17
2011 4,399,400 61,404 30,081 31,320 14.00 6.86 7.14 -1.3 2.09
2012 4,425,900 61,179 30,099 31,080 13.87 6.82 7.05 -1.0 2.10
2013 4,477,400 58,719 29,568 29,148 13.20 6.65 6.55 5.1 2.01
2014 4,564,400 57,243 31,062 26,181 12.68 6.88 5.80 13.6 1.92
2015 4,663,700 61,038 31,608 29,430 13.27 6.87 6.40 15.4 1.99
2016 4,767,600 59,430 31,179 28,251 12.65 6.64 6.01 16.3 1.87
2017 4,858,500 59,610 33,339 26,271 12.43 6.95 5.48 13.6 1.81
2018 4,941,200 58,020 33,222 24,798 11.76 6.73 5.03 12.0 1.71
2019 5,040,400 59,637 34,260 25,377 12.13 6.97 5.16 14.9 1.75
2020 5,103,700 57,573 32,613 24,960 11.33 6.40 4.93 7.6 1.61
2021 5,116,500 58,659 34,932 23,727 11.44 6.81 4.63 -2.1 1.64
2022 5,157,100 58,887 38,574 20,313 11.43 7.49 3.94 4.0 1.66
2023 5,305,600 56,955 37,884 19,071 1.56
Life expectancy at birth in New Zealand
Current vital statistics[42]
Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January - September 2022 45,159 29,472 +15,687
January - September 2023 43,170 28,464 +14,706
Difference Decrease -1,989 (-4.40%) Positive decrease -1,008 (-3.42%) Decrease -981
Total fertility rates since the first years of British colonisation

Migration[edit]

Main article: Immigration to New Zealand
Lion dancers wearing bright red and yellow costumes
New Zealand's fastest growing ethnic groups are Asians. Here, lion dancers perform at the Auckland Lantern Festival.
Countries of birth of New Zealand residents, 2018 census[43]
Country Number %
 New Zealand 3,370,122 72.60
 England 210,915 4.54
 Mainland China 132,906 2.86
 India 117,348 2.53
 Australia 75,696 1.63
 South Africa 71,382 1.54
 Philippines 69,036 1.46
 Fiji 62,310 1.34
 Samoa 55,512 1.20
 South Korea 30,975 0.67
 United States 27,678 0.60
 Tonga 26,856 0.58
 Scotland 26,136 0.56
 Malaysia 19,860 0.43
 Netherlands 19,329 0.42
 Germany 16,605 0.36
 United Kingdom (nfd) 14,601 0.31
 Sri Lanka 14,349 0.31
 Japan 13,107 0.28
 Canada 11,928 0.26
 Cook Islands 11,925 0.26
 Hong Kong 10,992 0.24
 Ireland 10,494 0.23
 Taiwan 10,440 0.22
 Thailand 10,251 0.22
Other countries 202,548 4.36

East Polynesians were the first people to reach New Zealand about 1280, followed by the early European explorers, notably James Cook in 1769 who explored New Zealand three times and mapped the coastline. Following the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 when the country became a British colony, immigrants were predominantly from Britain, Ireland and Australia. Due to restrictive policies, limitations were placed on non-European immigrants.[44] During the gold rush period (1858–1880s) large number of young men came from California and Victoria to New Zealand goldfields. Apart from British, there were Irish, Germans, Scandinavians, Italians and many Chinese. The Chinese were sent special invitations by the Otago Chamber of Commerce in 1866. By 1873 they made up 40 percent of the diggers in Otago and 25 percent of the diggers in Westland.[45] From 1900 there was also significant Dutch, Dalmatian,[46] and Italian immigration together with indirect European immigration through Australia, North America, South America and South Africa.[47] Following World War II, policies were relaxed and migrant diversity increased. In 2008–09, a target of 45,000 migrants was set by the New Zealand Immigration Service (plus a 5,000 tolerance).[48]

At the 2018 census, 27.4 percent of people counted were not born in New Zealand, up from 25.2 percent in 2013. In 2018, over half (50.7 percent) of New Zealand's overseas-born population lived in the Auckland Region, including 70 percent of the country's Pacific Island-born population, 61.5 percent of its Asian-born population, and 52 percent of its Middle Eastern and African- born population.[49] In the late 2000s, Asia overtook the British Isles as the largest source of overseas migrants; in 2013 around 32 percent of overseas-born New Zealand residents were born in Asia (mainly China, India, the Philippines and South Korea) compared to 26 percent born in the UK and Ireland.[50] The number of fee-paying international students increased sharply in the late 1990s, with more than 20,000 studying in public tertiary institutions in 2002.[51]

To be eligible for entry under the skilled migrant plan applicants are assessed by an approved doctor for good health, provide a police certificate to prove good character and speak sufficient English. Migrants working in some occupations (mainly health) must be registered with the appropriate profession body before they can work within that area.[52] Skilled migrants are assessed by Immigration New Zealand and applicants that they believe will contribute are issued with a residential visa, while those with potential are issued with a work to resident visa.[53] Under the work to residency process applicants are given a temporary work permit for two years and are then eligible to apply for residency.[54] Applicants with a job offer from an accredited New Zealand employer, cultural or sporting talent, looking for work where there has been a long-term skill shortage or to establish a business can apply for work to residency.[54][55]

While most New Zealanders live in New Zealand, there is also a significant diaspora abroad, estimated as of 2001 at over 460,000 or 14 percent of the international total of New Zealand-born. Of these, 360,000, over three-quarters of the New Zealand-born population residing outside of New Zealand, live in Australia. Other communities of New Zealanders abroad are concentrated in other English-speaking countries, specifically the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, with smaller numbers located elsewhere.[56] Nearly one quarter of New Zealand's highly skilled workers live overseas, mostly in Australia and Britain, more than any other developed nation.[57] However many educated professionals from Europe and lesser developed countries have recently migrated to New Zealand.[58][59] A common pathway for New Zealanders to move to the UK is through a job offer via the Tier 2 (General) visa, which grants a 3-year initial stay in the country and can later be extended with three more years. After 5 years the person can apply for permanent residency. Another popular option is the UK Working Holiday visa, also known as "Youth Mobility Scheme" (YMS), which grants New Zealanders 2-year rights to live and work in the UK.[60]

Ethnicity[edit]

See also: List of ethnic origins of New Zealanders
Ethnic groups as per the 2013 census.[61][needs update]
  European
  Mixed European-Māori
  Māori
  Asian
  Pasifika
  Other
  Mixed (excluding European-Māori)

New Zealand is a multiethnic society, and home to people of many different national origins. Originally composed solely of the Māori who arrived in the thirteenth century, the ethnic makeup of the population later became dominated by New Zealanders of European descent.[62] In the nineteenth century, European settlers brought diseases for which the Māori had no immunity. By the 1890s, the Māori population was approximately 40 percent of its size pre-contact.[62] The Māori population increased during the twentieth century,[63] though it remains a minority. The 1961 New Zealand census recorded that the population was 92 percent European and 7 percent Māori, with Asian and Pasifika minorities sharing the remaining 1 percent.[64]

At the latest census in 2018, 70.2 percent identified as European, 16.5 percent as Māori, 15.1 percent as Asian, 8.1 percent as Pasifika, and 1.2 percent as Middle-Eastern, Latin American, and African (MELAA).[n 1][5] Most New Zealanders are of English,[65] Scottish,[66] and Irish ancestry,[67] with smaller percentages of other European ancestries, such as Dutch, Dalmatian, French, German and Scandinavian.[68] Auckland was the most diverse region with 53.5 percent identifying as European, 28.2 percent as Asian, 11.5 percent as Māori, 15.5 percent as Pasifika and 1.1 percent as MELAA.[5] According to Massey University sociologist Paul Spoonley, ethnic intermarriage has consistently been very common in New Zealand since colonisation. Unlike the United States, New Zealand has never prohibited interracial marriages; they have in fact been historically enouraged by many.[8] In 2015, more than half of Maori, or 53.5 per cent, and almost four in 10, or 37.2 per cent of Pasifika, identified with two or more ethnic groups. At current rates of population growth, Asians, Pasifika and Māori will outnumber Europeans in Auckland within the next decade.[6]

All major ethnic groups except European increased when compared with the 2013 census, in which 74 percent identified as European, 14.6 percent as Māori, 11.8 percent as Asian, and 7.4 percent of Pasifika origin.[61] Heightened immigration from Asia and the Pacific,[50] and higher fertility rates amongst Māori and Pasifika,[69] have resulted in the population of Māori, Asian and Pasifika descent growing at a higher rate than those of European descent.[70] Moreover, non-European ethnic groups make up a greater proportion of younger people, whereas European ethnic groups make up a large proportion of older people due to historic immigration trends and lower life expectancy in Māori and Pasifika ethnic groups.[71] For instance, in 2013, the population aged under 15 years was 67 percent European, 27 percent Māori, 14 percent Pacific, 16 percent Asian, and 2 percent MELAA, while the population aged 65 years and older consisted of 86 percent European, 7 percent Māori, 6 percent Asian and 3 percent Pacific.[72]

There was significant public discussion about usage of the term "New Zealander" during the months leading up to the 2006 census.[73] The number of people identifying with this term increased from approximately 80,000 (2.4 percent) in 2001 to just under 430,000 people (11.1 percent) in 2006.[74] The European grouping significantly decreased from 80.0 percent of the population in 2001 to 67.6 percent in 2006, however, this is broadly proportional to the large increase in "New Zealanders".[74] The number of people identifying as a "New Zealander" dropped back to under 66,000 in 2013,[74] and further declined to about 45,300 in 2018.[5]

Statistics New Zealand has not released official statistical counts of Māori iwi (tribes) from the 2018 census due to a low response rate.[75] As last recorded in the 2013 census, the largest iwi is Ngāpuhi with 125,601 people (or 18.8 percent of people of Māori descent).[34] Between 2006 and 2013 the number of people of Māori descent stating Ngāpuhi as their iwi increased by 3,390 people (2.8 percent). The second-largest was Ngāti Porou, with 71,049 people (down 1.2 percent from 2006). Ngāi Tahu was the largest in the South Island and the third-largest overall, with a count of 54,819 people (an increase of 11.4 percent from 2006). A total of 110,928 people (or 18.5 percent) of Māori descent did not know their iwi (an increase of 8.4 percent compared with 2006).[34] A group of Māori migrated to Rēkohu, now known as the Chatham Islands, where they developed their distinct Moriori culture.[76][77] The Moriori population was decimated, first, by disease brought by European sealers and whalers and, second, by Taranaki Māori, with only 101 surviving in 1862 and the last known full-blooded Moriori dying in 1933.[77] The number of people identifying as having Moriori descents increased from 105 in 1991 to 945 in 2006,[78] but decreased to 738 in 2013.[79]

Ethnicity 2001 census 2006 census 2013 census 2018 census
Number % Number % Number % Number %
European 2,871,432 80.1 2,609,589 67.6 2,969,391 74.0 3,297,864 70.2
   New Zealand European 2,696,724 75.2 2,381,076 61.7 2,727,009 68.0 3,013,440 64.1
   British & Irish 100,668 2.6 105,765 2.6 121,986 2.6
   South African European 14,913 0.4 21,609 0.6 28,656 0.7 37,155 0.8
   European (not further defined) 23,598 0.7 21,855 0.6 26,472 0.7 34,632 0.7
   Dutch 27,507 0.8 28,644 0.7 28,503 0.7 29,820 0.6
   Australian 20,784 0.6 26,355 0.7 22,467 0.6 29,349 0.6
Māori 526,281 14.7 565,329 14.6 598,605 14.9 775,836 16.5
Asian 238,179 6.6 354,552 9.2 471,708 11.8 707,598 15.1
   Chinese 100,680 2.8 139,731 3.6 163,101 4.1 247,770 5.3
   Indian 60,213 1.7 97,443 2.5 143,520 3.6 239,193 5.1
   Southeast Asian 43,962 1.1 77,733 1.9 124,932 2.7
   Other Asian 59,739 1.5 68,004 1.7 90,627 1.9
Pasifikas 231,798 6.5 265,974 6.9 295,941 7.4 381,642 8.1
   Samoan 115,017 3.2 131,103 3.4 144,138 3.6 182,721 3.9
   Tongan 40,716 1.1 50,481 1.3 60,333 1.5 82,389 1.8
   Cook Islands Māori 51,486 1.4 56,895 1.5 61,077 1.5 80,532 1.7
   Niuean 20,148 0.6 22,476 0.6 23,883 0.6 30,867 0.7
Middle Eastern/Latin American/African 24,084 0.7 34,743 0.9 46,953 1.2 70,332 1.5
Other 801 <0.1 430,881 11.2 67,752 1.7 58,053 1.2
   New Zealander — 429,429 11.1 65,973 1.6 45,330 1.0
Total people stated 3,586,644 3,860,163 4,011,399 4,699,755
Not elsewhere included 150,702 4.0 167,784 4.2 230,646 5.4

The maps below (taken from 2013 census data[61]) show the percentages of people in each census area unit identifying themselves as European, Māori, Asian, or Pacific Islander (as defined by Statistics New Zealand). As people could identify themselves with multiple groups, percentages are not cumulative.

  • European from 2006 to 2018
  • Māori in 2018
  • Asian in 2018
  • Pasifikas in 2018

Language[edit]

Main article: Languages of New Zealand

English has long been entrenched as a de facto national language due to its widespread use.[80] In the 2018 census, 95.4 percent of respondents spoke English,[3] down from 96.1 percent in 2013.[4] The New Zealand English dialect is mostly non-rhotic with an exception being the Southern Burr found principally in Southland and parts of Otago.[81] It is similar to Australian English and many speakers from the Northern Hemisphere are unable to tell the accents apart.[82] In New Zealand English the short i (as in kit) has become centralised, leading to the phrase fish and chips sounding like "fush and chups" to the Australian ear.[83] The words rarely and really, reel and real, doll and dole, pull and pool, witch and which, and full and fill can sometimes be pronounced as homophones.[84][85][81] Some New Zealanders pronounce the past participles grown, thrown and mown using two syllables, whereas groan, throne and moan are pronounced as one syllable.[86] New Zealanders often reply to a question or emphasise a point by adding a rising intonation at the end of the sentence.[87]

Map of New Zealand showing the percentage of people in each census area unit who speak Māori. Areas of the North Island exhibit the highest Māori proficiency.
Speakers of Māori according to the 2013 census:
  Less than 5%
  More than 5%
  More than 10%
  More than 20%
  More than 30%
  More than 40%
  More than 50%

Initially, the Māori language (te reo Māori) was permitted in native schools to facilitate English instruction, but as time went on official attitudes hardened against any use of the language. Māori were discouraged from speaking their own language in schools and work places and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas.[88] The language underwent a revival beginning in the 1970s, and now more people speak Māori.[89][90] The future of the language was the subject of a claim before the Waitangi Tribunal in 1985. As a result, Māori was declared an official language in 1987.[91] In the 2013 census, 21.3 percent of Māori people—and 3.7 percent of all respondents, including some non-Māori people—reported conversational fluency in the language.[92][n 6] There are now Māori language immersion schools and two Māori Television channels, the only nationwide television channels to have the majority of their prime-time content delivered in Māori.[94] Many places have officially been given dual Māori and English names in recent years.

In the 2018 census, 22,987 people reported the ability to use New Zealand Sign Language.[3] It was declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 2006.[95]

Samoan is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.2 percent), followed by "Northern Chinese" (including Mandarin; 2.0 percent), Hindi (1.5 percent) and French (1.2 percent).[3] A considerable proportion of first- and second-generation migrants are multilingual.[3]

Religion[edit]

Main article: Religion in New Zealand
Religious affiliation in New Zealand (2018)[3]
Affiliation[n 7] % of New Zealand population
Religious 44.93 44.93
 
Anglican 6.70 6.7
 
Roman Catholic 6.29 6.29
 
Presbyterian 4.71 4.71
 
Other Christian[n 8] 20.23 20.23
 
Hindu 2.63 2.63
 
Muslim 1.31 1.31
 
Buddhist 1.12 1.12
 
Other religions 2.83 2.83
 
Irreligious 48.47 48.47
 
Object to answering 6.66 6.66
 

The predominant religion in New Zealand is Christianity. As recorded in the 2018 census, about 38 percent of the population identified themselves as Christians,[3] although regular church attendance is estimated at 15 percent.[97] Another 48.5 percent indicated that they had no religion[3] (up from 41.9 percent in 2013 and 34.7 percent in 2006[98]) and around 7.5 percent affiliated with other religions.[3]

The indigenous religion of the Māori population was animistic, but with the arrival of missionaries from the early nineteenth century most of the Māori population converted to Christianity.[99] In the 2018 census, 3,699 Māori identify themselves as adhering to "Māori religions, beliefs and philosophies".[3]

In the 2018 census, the largest reported Christian affiliations are Anglican (6.7 percent of the population), Roman Catholic (6.3 percent), Presbyterian (4.7 percent). There are also significant numbers of Christians who identify themselves with Methodist, Pentecostal, Baptist and Latter-day Saint churches, and the New Zealand-based Rātana church has adherents among Māori.[3] Immigration and associated demographic change in recent decades has contributed to the growth of minority religions,[100] especially Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam.[101][102]

Other subjects[edit]

Education[edit]

Main article: Education in New Zealand

Education follows the three-tier model, which includes primary schools, followed by secondary schools (high schools) and tertiary education at universities or polytechnics. The Programme for International Student Assessment ranked New Zealand's education as the seventh highest in 2009.[103] The Education Index, published with the UN's 2014 Human Development Index and based on data from 2013, listed New Zealand at 0.917, ranked second after Australia.[104]

In July 2019 there were 476,240 primary students, 278,266 secondary students, and 58,340 students attending composite (combined primary and secondary) schools.[105] Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16[106] with most children starting at 5. Early leaving exemptions may be granted to 15-year-old students that have been experiencing some ongoing difficulties at school or are unlikely to benefit from continued attendance.[107] Parents and caregivers can home school their children if they obtain approval from the Ministry of Education and prove that their child will be taught "as regularly and as well as in a registered school".[108] There are 13 school years and attending state (public) schools is nominally free from an individual's fifth birthday until the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday.[108][109]

The academic year in New Zealand varies between institutions, but generally runs from late January until mid-December for primary and secondary schools and polytechnics, and from late February until mid-November for universities. New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99 percent,[110] and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification.[106][n 9] In the adult population 14.2 percent have a bachelor's degree or higher, 30.4 percent have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4 percent have no formal qualification.[111]

Income[edit]

Main article: Economy of New Zealand

New Zealand's early economy was based on sealing, whaling, flax, gold, kauri gum, and native timber.[112] During the 1880s agricultural products became the highest export earner and farming was a major occupation within New Zealand.[113] Farming is still a major employer, with 75 000 people indicating farming as their occupation during the 2006 census,[114] although dairy farming has recently taken over from sheep as the largest sector.[113] The largest occupation recorded during the 2018 census was sales assistant with 108,702 people, followed by office managers (65,907 people), chief executives or managing directors (54,480 people), and sales representatives not elsewhere included (51,747 people).[115] The largest industries of employment were cafes and restaurants (67,608 people), supermarkets and grocery stores (57,609 people), primary education (55,779 people), hospitals (52,887 people), and house construction (51,804 people).[115] Most people earn their income from wages or salaries (60.6 percent), with the other sources of income being superannuation or pensions (17.3 percent), interest and investments (16.8 percent) and self-employment (14.8 percent).[115]

In 1982 New Zealand had the lowest per-capita income of all the developed nations surveyed by the World Bank.[116] In 2010 the estimated gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita was roughly US$28,250, between the thirty-first and fifty-first highest for all countries.[n 10] The median personal income in 2006 was $24,400. This was up from $15,600 in 1996, with the largest increases in the $50,000 to $70,000 bracket.[120] Men earn more than women on average, with the median income for men in 2011 being $31,500, $12,400 more than women.[121] The highest median personal income were for people identifying with the European or "other" ethnic group, while the lowest was from the Asian ethnic group. The median income for people identifying as Māori was $20,900.[122] In 2013, the median personal income had risen slightly to $28,500.[123]

Unemployment peaked above 10 percent in 1991 and 1992,[124] before falling to a record low of 3.7 percent in 2007 (ranking third from twenty-seven comparable OECD nations).[125] Unemployment rose back to 7 percent in late 2009.[126] In the June 2017 quarter, unemployment had fallen to 4.8 percent. This is the lowest unemployment rate since December 2008, after the start of the global financial crisis, when it was 4.4 percent.[127] That census held in 2006 stated that 15% of New Zealanders did some form of voluntary work through any organisation, group or marae (men 14%, women 17%).[128] Home ownership has declined since 1991, from 73.8 percent to 66.9 percent in 2006.[129]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b When completing the census people could select more than one ethnic group. The proportions of people adding up to each ethnic group do not therefore add up to 100 percent.
  2. ^ A person born on or after 1 January 2006 acquires New Zealand citizenship at birth only if at least one parent is a New Zealand citizen or permanent resident. People born on or before 31 December 2005 acquired citizenship at birth (jus soli).[18]
  3. ^ By 2036 the number of people aged 65 and over is projected to increase by 77 percent over 2016. One in 4.5 will be aged 65 and over.[26]
  4. ^ For 1921–2000, population in the table means population on 1 January on the year.
    For 1991 onwards, population December 31.
  5. ^ In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and have been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an ageing population with the result that the population reduces.
  6. ^ In 2015, 55 percent of Māori adults (aged 15 years and over) reported some knowledge of te reo Māori. Of these speakers, 64 percent use Māori at home and 50,000 can speak the language "very well" or "well".[93]
  7. ^ This table includes all people who stated each religious affiliation, whether as their only religious affiliation or as one of several. Where a person reported more than one religious affiliation, they were counted in each applicable group.
  8. ^ Including churches designated as "Māori Christian", such as the Rātana church.[96]
  9. ^ Tertiary education in New Zealand describes all aspects of post-school education and training. Its ranges from informal non-assessed community courses in schools through to undergraduate degrees and advanced, research-based postgraduate degrees.
  10. ^ PPP GDP estimates from different organisations vary. The International Monetary Fund's estimate is US$27,420, ranked 32.[117] The CIA World Factbook estimate is $28,000, ranked 51.[118] The World Bank's estimate is US$29,352, ranked 31.[119]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "National Population Estimates: At 30 June 2016". Statistics New Zealand. 12 August 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  2. ^ a b c "Life expectancy". Statistics New Zealand. 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "2018 Census totals by topic" (Microsoft Excel spreadsheet). Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  4. ^ a b "2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity – Languages spoken". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d "2018 Census population and dwelling counts | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  6. ^ a b c "More Kiwis saying 'I do' to intermarriage". NZ Herald. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  7. ^ Matters of the Heart: A History of Interracial Marriage in New Zealand.
  8. ^ a b "Intermarriage in colonial society – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand".
  9. ^ "Research shows Maori at least 43 per cent pakeha". NZ Herald. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  10. ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268285485_Ethnic_Intermarriage_in_New_Zealand"One might argue that a Maori  and Maori-European  union  is endogamous  –  that  is  within-group  -  mostly because of  the historical  New Zealand convention  of seeing  “half-castes” more as Maori  than  as  European.  Because  of  this  complexity  a  clear  definition  of  ethnic intermarriage is not  offered."
  11. ^ "Stuff". www.stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  12. ^ "Labour market statistics (income): June 2022 quarter | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  13. ^ Dalby, Simon (September 1993). "The 'Kiwi disease': geopolitical discourse in Aotearoa/New Zealand and the South Pacific". Political Geography. 12 (5): 437–456. doi:10.1016/0962-6298(93)90012-V.
  14. ^ Callister, Paul (2004). "Seeking an Ethnic Identity: Is "New Zealander" a Valid Ethnic Category?" (PDF). New Zealand Population Review. 30 (1&2): 5–22.
  15. ^ Misa, Tapu (8 March 2006). "Ethnic Census status tells the whole truth". The New Zealand Herald.
  16. ^ "Draft Report of a Review of the Official Ethnicity Statistical Standard: Proposals to Address the 'New Zealander' Response Issue". Statistics New Zealand. April 2009. Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  17. ^ Ranford, Jodie. "'Pākehā', Its Origin and Meaning". Māori News. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  18. ^ "Check if you are a citizen". New Zealand Government. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  19. ^ "Am I a New Zealand Citizen?". New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
  20. ^ "Population clock". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 14 April 2016. The population estimate shown is automatically calculated daily at 00:00 UTC and is based on data obtained from the population clock on the date shown in the citation.
  21. ^ "National population projections: 2016(base)–2068" (Press release). Statistics New Zealand. 18 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  22. ^ "New Zealand population tops 5 million". Stuff.co.nz. 18 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  23. ^ "New Zealand's population nears 5.1 million". www.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  24. ^ a b "Births and Deaths: Year ended December 2010". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
  25. ^ a b Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009). "World Population Prospects" (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2009.
  26. ^ "Our ageing population - Super Seniors". New Zealand Ministry of Social Development. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  27. ^ "Sex ratios". Population Statistics Unit, Statistics New Zealand Statistics House. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  28. ^ "Sex Ratio". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
  29. ^ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  30. ^ "The Ageing of the New Zealand Population, 1881-2051 (WP 03/27)". www.treasury.govt.nz. September 2003. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  31. ^ "New Zealand - average age of the population 1950-2050". Statista. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  32. ^ "Interactive population pyramid for New Zealand | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  33. ^ a b c "Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (regional councils); "Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (territorial authorities); "Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (urban areas)
  34. ^ a b c "2013 Census QuickStats about Māori". Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  35. ^ "Appendix 2: Rural Area Population Statistics". Ministry of Economic Development. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
  36. ^ McLintock, A. H., ed. (2009) [1966]. "Borough and City Status". An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  37. ^ Davidson, Kate (28 July 2014). "Is Nelson really a city?". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  38. ^ "Subnational population estimates at 30 June 2010 (boundaries at 1 November 2010)". Statistics New Zealand. 26 October 2010. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
  39. ^ "Local Government Act 2002 No 84 (as at 01 July 2017), Public Act 16 Cities". New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  40. ^ Data from 1921 to 2000 were taken from: "Developed Countries Demography". Institut national d'études démographiques. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
    Population data from 2001 onwards were taken from: "Table: Estimated Resident Population (Mean Quarter Ended) by Sex (1991+) (Qrtly-Mar/Jun/Sep/Dec)". Stats NZ Tatauranga Aotearoa. 2018. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
    Other data from 2001 onwards were taken from: "Births and deaths: Year ended December 2017". Stats NZ Tatauranga Aotearoa. 18 February 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  41. ^ stats New Zealand, Download historical population summary figures, visited Oktober 1 2023
  42. ^ "Live births and deaths, New Zealand residents, overseas visitors and total registrations (Qrtly-Mar/Jun/Sep/Dec)".
  43. ^ "2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  44. ^ Socidad Peruana de Medicina Intensiva (SOPEMI) (2000). Trends in international migration: continuous reporting system on migration. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. pp. 276–278.
  45. ^ Diggers, Hatters and Whores.p 197-198. Eldred-Grigg. Random House. 2011.
  46. ^ Walrond, Carl (21 September 2007). "Dalmatians". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  47. ^ "New Zealand Peoples". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  48. ^ Hoadley, Stephen (2004). "Our immigration policy: rationality, stability, and politics: Stephen Hoadley discusses New Zealand's approach to the vexed question of immigration controls". New Zealand International Review. 29 (2): 14. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  49. ^ "Birthplace (detailed), for the census usually resident population count, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB)". nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  50. ^ a b "Birthplace and people born overseas". 2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity. Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  51. ^ Butcher, Andrew; McGrath, Terry (2004). "International Students in New Zealand: Needs and Responses" (PDF). International Education Journal. 5 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
  52. ^ "Requirements for the Skilled Migrant Category". Immigration New Zealand. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
  53. ^ "Overview of the Skilled Migrant Category". Immigration New Zealand. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
  54. ^ a b "New Zealand Work to Residence Visa". New Zealand Visa Bureau. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
  55. ^ "Residence from Work – quick check". Immigration New Zealand. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
  56. ^ John Bryant and David Law (September 2004). "New Zealand's Diaspora and Overseas-born Population: The diaspora". New Zealand Treasury. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  57. ^ Collins, Simon (March 2005). "Quarter of NZ's brightest are gone". The New Zealand Herald.
  58. ^ Winkelmann, Rainer (2000). "The labour market performance of European immigrants in New Zealand in the 1980s and 1990s". The International Migration Review. 33 (1): 33–58. doi:10.2307/2676011. JSTOR 2676011. Journal subscription required
  59. ^ Bain 2006, p. 44.
  60. ^ "UK visa options for New Zealand citizens". Visa First Migration Agency. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  61. ^ a b c "Ethnic group (detailed single and combination) by age group and sex, for the census usually resident population count, 2013 (RC, TA)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  62. ^ a b Pool, Ian (July 2012). "Death rates and life expectancy - Effects of colonisation on Māori". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  63. ^ Pool, Ian (5 May 2011). "Population change - Māori population change". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  64. ^ Collins, Simon (October 2010). "Ethnic mix changing rapidly". The New Zealand Herald.
  65. ^ Hearn, Terry (25 March 2015). "English". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
  66. ^ Wilson, John (25 March 2015). "Scots". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
  67. ^ Phillips, Jock (25 March 2017). "Irish". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
  68. ^ "History of immigration". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 8 February 2005. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
  69. ^ "Births and deaths: Year ended June 2021 | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  70. ^ Gillian Smeith and Kim Dunstan (June 2004). "Ethnic Population Projections: Issues and Trends". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  71. ^ "Growth in life expectancy slows | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  72. ^ "Ethnic group (detailed total response - level 3) by age and sex, for the census usually resident population count, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB)". nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  73. ^ Kukutai, Tahu; Didham, Robert. "In Search of Ethnic New Zealanders: National Naming in the 2006 Census". Social Policy Journal of New Zealand. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  74. ^ a b c "2013 Census information by variable". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  75. ^ "2018 Census – real data about real people". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  76. ^ Clark, Ross (1994). "Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence". In Sutton, Douglas (ed.). The Origins of the First New Zealanders. Auckland: Auckland University Press. pp. 123–135.
  77. ^ a b Davis, Denise; Solomon, Māui (September 2007). "The impact of new arrivals". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  78. ^ Denise Davis and Māui Solomon (4 March 2009). "Moriori – Facts and figures'". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
  79. ^ "Iwi individual profiles: Moriori". Statistics New Zealand. 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  80. ^ Woolf, Amber-Leigh (20 August 2015). "Petition to make English an official language in New Zealand". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  81. ^ a b Kortmann et al. 2004, p. 605.
  82. ^ Hay, Maclagan & Gordon 2008, p. 14.
  83. ^ Crystal 2003.
  84. ^ Kortmann et al. 2004, p. 582, 589, 592, 610.
  85. ^ Trudgill, Peter and Jean Hannah. (2002). International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English, 4th ed. London: Arnold., p 24.
  86. ^ Kortmann et al. 2004, p. 611.
  87. ^ Crystal 2003, p. 355.
  88. ^ Phillips, Jock (March 2009). "The New Zealanders – Bicultural New Zealand". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  89. ^ "Māori Language Week – Te Wiki o Te Reo Māori". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
  90. ^ Squires, Nick (May 2005). "British influence ebbs as New Zealand takes to talking Māori". The Telegraph. Great Britain.
  91. ^ "Waitangi Tribunal claim – Māori Language Week". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. July 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  92. ^ "Māori language speakers". Statistics New Zealand. 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  93. ^ "Ngā puna kōrero: Where Māori speak te reo – infographic". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  94. ^ "Māori Television Launches 100 percent Māori Language Channel". Māori Television. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  95. ^ New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006 No 18 (as at 30 June 2008), Public Act. New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  96. ^ Table 28, 2013 Census Data – QuickStats About Culture and Identity – Tables.
  97. ^ Opie, Stephen (June 2008). Bible Engagement in New Zealand: Survey of Attitudes and Behaviour (PDF). Bible Society of New Zealand. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
  98. ^ "QuickStats About Culture and Identity: Religious affiliation". Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  99. ^ Wagstrom, Thor (2005). "Broken Tongues and Foreign Hearts". In Brock, Peggy (ed.). Indigenous Peoples and Religious Change. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 71 and 73. ISBN 978-90-04-13899-5.
  100. ^ Morris, Paul (May 2011). "Diverse religions". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  101. ^ "2006 Census Data – QuickStats About Culture and Identity – Tables". 2006 Census. Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original (XLS) on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2010. In tables 28 (Religious Affiliation) and 19 (Languages Spoken by Ethnic Group)
  102. ^ "Quick Stats About culture and Identity— 2006 Census" (PDF). Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2007.
  103. ^ "Figure 1: Comparing countries' and Economies' performance" (PDF). Programme for International Student Assessment OECD.
  104. ^ "Human Development Reports - Education Index". UNDP. 2014. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  105. ^ "Students enrolled in New Zealand schools". Figure.NZ. July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  106. ^ a b Dench, Olivia (July 2010). "Education Statistics of New Zealand: 2009". Education Counts. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  107. ^ "Early leaving exemptions". Ministry of Education. Archived from the original on 12 October 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
  108. ^ a b "Types of school". Ministry of Education website. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
  109. ^ "Fees". Ministry of Education. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
  110. ^ "The World Factbook – New Zealand". CIA. 15 November 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2007.
  111. ^ "Educational attainment of the population". Education Counts. 2006. Archived from the original (xls) on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
  112. ^ McLintock, A. H., ed. (2009) [1966]. "Historical evolution and trade patterns". An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
  113. ^ a b Stringleman, Hugh; Peden, Robert (October 2009). "Sheep farming – Importance of the sheep industry". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  114. ^ "Occupation for the Employed Census Usually Resident Population Count". Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original (xml) on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  115. ^ a b c "2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights (updated) | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  116. ^ Evans, N. "Up From Down Under: After a Century of Socialism, Australia and New Zealand are Cutting Back Government and Freeing Their Economies". National Review. 46 (16): 47–51.
  117. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". International Monetary Fund. October 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
  118. ^ "GDP – per capita (PPP)". The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  119. ^ "GDP per capita (current US$)". World Bank. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  120. ^ "QuickStats About Incomes: Personal Income". New Zealand Statistics. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  121. ^ "QuickStats About Incomes: Personal Income by Sex". New Zealand Statistics. Archived from the original on 6 March 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  122. ^ "QuickStats About Incomes: Personal income by ethnic group". New Zealand Statistics. Archived from the original on 6 March 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  123. ^ "Total Personal Income". Statistics New Zealand. 9 September 2014. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  124. ^ "Unemployment". 2010 Social report. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  125. ^ "Unemployment: the Social Report 2016 – Te pūrongo ōranga tangata". Ministry of Social Development. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  126. ^ Bascand, Geoff (February 2011). "Household Labour Force Survey: December 2010 quarter – Media Release". Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  127. ^ "Labour Market Statistics: June 2017 quarter". Statistics New Zealand. 2 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  128. ^ "QuickStats About Unpaid Work". New Zealand Statistics. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  129. ^ "QuickStats About Housing: Dwelling ownership". New Zealand Statistics. Archived from the original on 19 November 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_New_Zealand&oldid=1216625187"