Deobandi

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Deobandi Movement
Jameah Darul Uloom Deoband.jpg
Key figures

Qasim Nanotvi · Rashid Gangohi
Husain Madani · Mehmud Hasan
Shabbir Usmani · Ashraf Ali Thanwi
Anwar Kashmiri · Ilyas Kandhlawi
Ubaidullah Sindhi · Taqi Usmani
Notable Institutions

Darul Uloom Deoband, India
Mazahirul Uloom Saharanpur, India
Hathazari Madrassah, Bangladesh
Darul-uloom Nadwatul Ulama, India
Darul Uloom Karachi, Pakistan
Jamia Uloom ul Islamia, Pakistan
Jamiah Darul Uloom Zahedan, Iran
Darul Uloom London, England
Darul Uloom New York, United States
Darul Uloom Canada, Canada
Madrasah In'aamiyyah, South Africa
Darul Uloom Zakariyya, South Africa
Movements

Tablighi Jamaat
Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind
Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam
Tehreek-e-Khatme Nabuwwat
Sipah-e-Sahaba
Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
Taliban

Deobandi (Urdu: دیو بندی‎, Hindi: देवबन्दी) is a term used for a revivalist movement in Sunni Islam (Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah) under the Hanafi School.[1] It is centered primarily in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh and has recently spread to the United Kingdom and has a presence in South Africa.[2] The name derives from Deoband, India, where the school Darul Uloom Deoband is situated. The movement was inspired by the spirit of scholar Shah Waliullah (1703–1762),[3] while the foundation of Darul Uloom Deoband was laid on 30 May 1866.[4]

Contents

History

The movement developed as a reaction to British colonialism in India, which was believed by a group of prominent Indian scholars consisting of Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi, Shah Rafi al-Din, Sayyid Muhammad Abid, Zulfiqar Ali, Fadhl al-Rahman Usmani and Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi to be corrupting the Islamic religion. They therefore founded an Islamic seminary known as Darul Uloom Deoband. From here the Islamic revivalist and anti-imperialist ideology of the Deobandis began to develop.[5] Gradually Darul Uloom Deoband became the second largest focal point of Islamic teachings and research after the Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. Through organisations such as Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and Tablighi Jamaat its ideology began to spread and the graduates of Darul Uloom Deoband from countries like Saudi Arabia, China and Malaysia opened up thousands of madrasas throughout South Asia, specifically in parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan.[6]

A large group of Deobandi scholars opposed the establishment of Pakistan being established along sectarian lines, particularly the demands of Muhammad Ali Jinnah's Muslim League for the Partition of British India into Muslim and non-Muslim sections.[7] The Deobandi movement advocated a notion of a composite nationalism according to which Hindus and Muslims constituted one nation.[8]

Presence

In Pakistan

Some 15 per cent of Pakistan's Sunni Muslims would consider themselves Deobandi [9] and according to Heritage Online, nearly 65% of the total seminaries (Madrasah) in Pakistan are run by Deobandis, 25% by Barelvis, 6% by Ahle Hadith and 3% by various Shia organizations. The Deobandi movement in Pakistan was a major recipient of funding from Saudi Arabia from the early 1980s up until the early 2000s, whereby this funding was pulled in favor of the rival Ahl al-Hadith movement.[10] Having seen Deoband as a counterbalance to Iranian influence in the region, Saudi funding is now stricly reserved for the Ahl al-Hadith.[10]

In the United Kingdom

According to The Times, about 600 of Britain's nearly 1,500 mosques are run by Deobandi affiliated scholars, and 17 of the country's 26 Islamic seminaries follow Sunni Deobandi teachings, producing 80% of all domestically trained Ulema.[11]

Beliefs

Deobandis primarily follow the Hanafi school of jurisprudence,[12] and follow the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of Islamic theology.[13] Shah Waliullah the founder of deobandi was influenced by Ibn Taymiyyah whom also inspired abdul wahab founder of wahabism in Saudi Arabia.[14]

According to Qari Muhammad Tayyib—the 8th rector or Mohtamim of the Darul Uloom Deoband who died in 1983 -- "the Ulema of Deoband ... in conduct ... are Sufis, ... in Sulook they are Chisti [a sufi order] .... They are initiates of the Chistiyyah, Naqshbandiya, Qadriyah and Suhrawardiyya Sufi orders.”[13][15][16][17] Not all sources agree that Deobandis are sufi.[18][19][20]

Movements

Tablighi Jamaat

Tablighi Jamaat, a Muslim missionary organisation, began as an offshoot of the Deobandi movement. Its inception is believed to be a response to Hindu reform movements, which were considered a threat to vulnerable and non-practicing Muslims. It gradually expanded from a local to a national organisation, and finally to a transnational movement, and it now has followers in over 150 countries. Although its beginnings were from the Deobandi movement, no particular interpretation of Islam has been endorsed since the beginning of the movement.[21]

Sipah-e-Sahaba

Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP) is a Deobandi Pakistani banned organization, and a formerly registered Pakistani political party. Established in the early 1980s in Jhang by Maulana Haq Nawaz Jhangvi, its stated goal is to primarily to deter major Shiite influence in Pakistan in the wake of the Iranian Revolution.[22][23] The organization was banned by President Pervez Musharraf in 2002 as a terrorist organization under the Anti-Terrorism Act of 1997.[22][23] In October 2000 Maulana Masood Azhar, founder of Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), was quoted as saying that "Sipah-e-Sahaba stands shoulder to shoulder with Jaish-e-Muhammad in Jehad."[24] A leaked U.S. diplomatic cable described JeM as "another SSP breakaway Deobandi organization."[25]

Lashkar-e-Jhangvi

Lashkar-e-Jhangvi; alternately Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, LJ; English: Army of Jhangvi) is a militant organization. Formed in 1996, it has operated in Pakistan since Sipah-e-Sahaba (SSP) activist Riaz Basra broke away from the SSP over differences with his seniors.[26] The group is considered a terrorist organisation by Pakistan and the United States,[27] and continues to be involved in attacks on Shi'a civilians and protectors of them.[28][29] Lashkar-e-Jhangvi is predominantly Punjabi.[30] The group has been labelled by intelligence officials in Pakistan as a major security threat.[31]

Taliban

The Taliban ("students"), alternative spelling Taleban,[32] is an Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan. It spread into Afghanistan and formed a government, ruling as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan from September 1996 until December 2001, with Kandahar as the capital. While in power, it enforced its strict interpretation of Sharia law,[33] and leading Muslims have been highly critical of the Taliban's interpretations of Islamic law.[34] The Taliban were condemned internationally for their brutal treatment of women.[35][36] The majority of their leaders were influenced by Deobandi fundamentalism,[37] while Pashtunwali, the Pashtun tribal code, also played a significant role in Taliban legislature.[38]

Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan

Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (the TTP) (Student Movement of Pakistan), alternatively referred to as the Pakistani Taliban, is an umbrella organization of various Islamist militant groups based in the northwestern Federally Administered Tribal Areas along the Afghan border in Pakistan.In December 2007 about 13 groups united under the leadership of Baitullah Mehsud to form the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.[39][40] Among the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan's stated objectives are resistance against the Pakistani state, enforcement of their interpretation of sharia and a plan to unite against NATO-led forces in Afghanistan.[39][40][41]

The TTP is not directly affiliated with the Afghan Taliban movement led by Mullah Omar, with both groups differing greatly in their histories, strategic goals and interests although they both share a primarily Deobandi interpretation of Islam and are predominantly Pashtun.[41][42]

Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam

Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam JUI is a Deobandi organization, part of the Deobandi movement.[43] The JUI formed when members broke from the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in 1945 after that organization backed the Indian National Congress against the Muslim League's lobby for a separate Pakistan.[44] The first president of the JUI was Shabbir Ahmad Usmani.

Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind

Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind is an Deobandi organizations in India. It was founded in 1919 by Abdul Mohasim Sajjad, Qazi Hussain Ahmed, Ahmed Saeed Dehlvi, and Abdul Bari Firangi Mehli.[45] Currently the Jamiat-Ulema-e-Hind is split into two factions. In 2008 the interim President Arshad Madani took steps to constitute a new executive council to replace the old one. This triggered a reaction following which a faction led by Mahmood Madani, prominent in the old council, removed Arshad Madani as interim President by initiating a no-confidence motion against him.

Notable Institutions

Scholars

Associated political organizations

See also

References

  1. ^ "INDIA". Darul Uloom Deoband. Retrieved 2013-04-29. 
  2. ^ Muslim Schools and Education in Europe and South Africa - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. Retrieved 2013-04-29. 
  3. ^ Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities - Anjali Nirmal - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. Retrieved 2013-04-29. 
  4. ^ Brief Introduction to Deoband at Darululoom.com
  5. ^ The Six Great Ones at Darul Uloom Deoband
  6. ^ Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience - Tahir Abbas - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. Retrieved 2013-04-29. 
  7. ^ A History of Pakistan and Its Origins By Christophe Jaffrelot, Gillian Beaumont, p. 224, ISBN 1-84331-149-6.
  8. ^ A History of Pakistan and Its Origins By Christophe Jaffrelot page 222
  9. ^ John Pike. "Barelvi Islam". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2013-04-29. 
  10. ^ a b Sushant Sareen, The Jihad Factory: Pakistan's Islamic Revolution in the Making, pg. 282. New Delhi: Har Anand Publications, 2005.
  11. ^ Hardline takeover of British Masjid, The Times, 7 September 2007
  12. ^ Metcalf, Barabara. "Traditionalist" Islamic Activism: Deoband, Tablighis, and Talibs. "These orientations --"Deobandi," "Barelvi" or "Ahl-i Hadith" -- would come to define sectarian divisions among Sunni Muslims of South Asian background to the present."
  13. ^ a b ibnummabd on February 19, 2009 at 6:04 pm (2009-02-19). "About". Deoband.org. Retrieved 2013-04-29. 
  14. ^ Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan page 109
  15. ^ Fatawa Rahimiyyah (Eng. Trans.), vol.1, p.58.
  16. ^ The Deobandis are followers of Sufism| ahya.org
  17. ^ Traversing the path of Suluk| January 26, 2012
  18. ^ "The Wahhabi (Arabia), Deobandi (Pakistan and India) and Jamaat-I-Islami all are anti-sufi," Barelvi Islam| globalsecurity.org
  19. ^ Deoband hits back, rejects “baseless” charge of radicalizing Muslim youth| twocircles.net| 19 October 2011
  20. ^ "Naqshbandi, the major Sufi cult in Pakistan, consists mainly of the Deobandis."Where sufism stands| August 1, 2010
  21. ^ Burton, Fred and Stewart, Scott. "Tablighi Jamaat: An Indirect Line to Terrorism". Stratfor. Retrieved 1 September 2011. 
  22. ^ a b B. Raman, "Musharraf's Ban: An Analysis", South Asia Analysis Group , Paper no. 395, 18 January 2002
  23. ^ a b "Pakistan: The Sipah-e-Sahaba (SSP), including its activities and status", Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 26 July 2005
  24. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named satp (see the help page).
  25. ^ "2009: Southern Punjab extremism battle between haves and have-nots". Dawn.com (Dawn Media Group). 2011-05-22. Retrieved 2011-05-25. 
  26. ^ Roul, Animesh (2 June 2005). [http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=497&tx_ttnews[backPid]=180&no_cache=1 "Lashkar-e-Jhangvi: Sectarian Violence in Pakistan and Ties to International Terrorism"] Check |url= scheme (help). Terrorism Monitor (Jamestown Foundation) 3 (11). Retrieved 2010-07-27. 
  27. ^ "Pakistani group joins US terror list". BBC News South Asia. Retrieved 30 January 2003. 
  28. ^ Ahmad, Tufail (21 March 2012). "Using Twitter, YouTube, Facebook and Other Internet Tools, Pakistani Terrorist Group Lashkar-e-Jhangvi Incites Violence against Shi'ite Muslims and Engenders Antisemitism". The Middle East Media Research Insititue, memri.org. Retrieved 22 March 2012. 
  29. ^ "Pakistani Shi'ites call off protests after Quetta bombing arrests". 19 February 2013. 
  30. ^ "Pakistan Shias killed in Gilgit sectarian attack". BBC News. 16 August 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012. "A predominantly Punjabi group, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi is linked with the 2002 murder of US reporter Daniel Pearl and other militant attacks, particularly in the southern city of Karachi." 
  31. ^ "Iran condemns terrorist attacks in Pakistan". Tehran Times. 17 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013. 
  32. ^ "Analysis: Who are the Taleban?". BBC News. 2000-12-20. 
  33. ^ Abrams, Dennis (2007). Hamid Karzai. Infobase Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7910-9267-5. "As soon as it took power though, the Taliban imposed its strict interpretation of Islamic law on the country" 
  34. ^ Skain, Rosemarie (2002). The women of Afghanistan under the Taliban. McFarland. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7864-1090-3. 
  35. ^ James Gerstenzan; Lisa Getter (November 18, 2001). "Laura Bush Addresses State of Afghan Women". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 14, 2012. 
  36. ^ "Women's Rights in the Taliban and Post-Taliban Eras". A Woman Among Warlords. PBS. September 11, 2007. Retrieved September 14, 2012. 
  37. ^ Maley, William (2001). Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban. C Hurst & Co. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-85065-360-8. 
  38. ^ Shaffer, Brenda (2006). The limits of culture: Islam and foreign policy (illustrated ed.). MIT Press. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-262-69321-9. "The Taliban's mindset is, however, equally if not more deaned by Pashtunwali" 
  39. ^ a b Bajoria, Jayshree (6 February 2008). "Pakistan's New Generation of Terrorists". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 30 March 2009. 
  40. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named abbash (see the help page).
  41. ^ a b Carlotta Gall, Ismail Khan, Pir Zubair Shah and Taimoor Shah (26 March 2009). "Pakistani and Afghan Taliban Unify in Face of U.S. Influx". New York Times. Retrieved 27 March 2009. 
  42. ^ Shane, Scott (2009-10-22). "Insurgents Share a Name, but Pursue Different Goals". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved 2011-01-26. 
  43. ^ Rashid, Haroon (2002-11-06). "Profile: Maulana Fazlur Rahman". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-05-05. 
  44. ^ John Pike. "Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam / Assembly of Islamic Clergy". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2013-04-29. 
  45. ^ "Why did the Pak Maulana visit Deoband?". Rediff India Abroad. July 18, 2003. Retrieved May 19, 2012. 

Bibliography

External links

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