Depressant

A depressant, or central depressant, is a drug or endogenous compound that depresses the function or activity of a specific part of the brain. Due to their effects typically having a "down" quality to them, depressants are also occasionally referred to as "downers." Stimulants or "uppers," which increase mental and/or physical function, are considered to be the functional opposites of depressants. Depressants are widely used throughout the world as prescription medicines and as illicit substances. When these are used, effects often include anxiolysis, pain relief, sedation or somnolence, and cognitive/memory impairment, as well as in some instances euphoria, dissociation, muscle relaxation, lowered blood pressure or heart rate, respiratory depression, and anticonvulsant effects, and even complete anesthesia or death at high doses. Depressants exert their effects through a number of different pharmacological mechanisms, the most prominent of which include facilitation of GABA or opioid activity, and inhibition of glutamatergic or catecholaminergic activity.

Indications

Depressants are used medicinally for therapeutic purposes including:

• To reduce feelings of anxiety and panic.
• To induce sleepiness and relieve insomnia.
• To induce analgesia and relieve aches and pains.
• To reduce convulsions/seizures in the treatment of epilepsy.
• To cause muscle relaxation for those with muscle pain or spasms.

They are also used recreationally for the following purposes:

• To temporarily boost mood or induce euphoria.
• To reduce social anxiety and improve sociability.

Types

Alcohol

Distilled (concentrated) alcoholic beverages, often called "hard liquor", roughly eight times more alcoholic than beer

Main article: Alcoholic Beverage

Main article: Ethanol

Barbiturates

Main article: Barbiturates

Barbiturates are effective in relieving the conditions that they are designed to address. They are also commonly misused, physically addictive, and have serious potential for overdose. When, in the late 1950s, it became clear that the social cost of barbiturates was beginning to outweigh the medical benefits, a serious search began for a replacement drug. Most people still using barbiturates today do so in the prevention of seizures or in mild form for relief from the symptoms of migraines.

Benzodiazepines

Main article: Benzodiazepines

See also: Nonbenzodiazepines

Opioids

Main article: Opioid

• Morphine
• Heroin
• Codeine
• Hydrocodone
• Oxycodone
• Methadone

Miscellaneous

• Alpha and beta blockers (Carvedilol, Propanolol, atenolol, etc.)
• Anticholinergics (Atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine, etc.)
• Anticonvulsants (Valproic acid, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, etc.)
• Antihistamines (Diphenhydramine, doxylamine, promethazine, etc.)
• Antipsychotics (Haloperidol, chlorpromazine, clozapine, etc.)
• Dissociatives (Dextromethorphan, ketamine, phencyclidine, nitrous oxide, etc.)
• Muscle relaxants (Baclofen, carisoprodol, cyclobenzaprine, etc.)

Combinations

Combining multiple depressants can be very dangerous because the central nervous system's depressive properties has been proposed to increase exponentially instead of linearly.^{[citation needed]} This characteristic makes depressants a common choice for deliberate overdoses in the case of suicide. The use of alcohol or benzodiazepines along with the usual dose of heroin is often the cause of overdose deaths in opiate addicts.

See also

• Stimulant

External links

• Painfully Obvious - A Community Resource
• Fact sheets and Harm Reduction Strategies About Depressants and Other Recreational Drugs
• U.S. Department of Human and Health Services: Drug Categories for Substances of Abuse
• About Psychotropic Medications: Quick Reference to Medications Used in Mental Health