Dhangar

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For the town in Sagar district, India, see Dhangar, Madhya Pradesh.
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The Dhangar (Sanskrit/Devanāgarī: धनगर, or Dhangad, Dhanpal.[1] ) caste is primarily located in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Dhangars of the Northern and Kurumbar of Southern India are reasonably considered to belong to the same race.[2]Dhangar are the descendants of Kshatriya who took to herding sheep and cows in the forest in times of hardship.[3] Their original home is said to be Gokul Vrindavan near Mathura. From Gokul they are said to be moved to Mewar and from Mewar to have spread into Gujarat and Maharashtra.[4][5]

Contents

[edit] Etymology

The word Dhangar may be associated with a term for "cattle wealth", or be derived from the hills in which they lived (Sanskrit dhang).[6] Ul Hassan noted that some of his time believed the term to come from the Sanskrit dhenugar (cattle herder) but dismissed that etymology as "fictitious".[2]

The term Hatkar is popularly believed to be derived from the Marathis hat (obstinacy) and kar (doer), thus "obstinate". Ul Hassan, however, terms this etymology "fictitious" and states that it "throws no light upon the origin of the caste."[7]

[edit] Origin and history

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Captain Fitzgerald[who?] had observed that "the general idea is that originally there were Twelve Tribes of Bargi-Dhangars, who came from Hindustan, and the country about Hingoli was called Bara Hatti (Hatkar)." The term Bara-Hatti could thus mean a country of the Dhangars of twelve hattis. The term Hatkar is derived from hatti. According to the Dravidian Etymological Dictionary, h(p)atti has the following meanings: pen (Kannada), hamlet (Malayalam), cowstall, sheepfold (Tamil). A hatti would therefore mean a sheep pen or a camp or a settlement of sheep-keepers. In the old Kannada lexicon hattikara occurs as a synonym of govali, or cowherds. These etymological linkages indicate a connection between the sheep and cattle keepers. The term means a camp of sheep-cattle keepers. Bara-hatti means a village consisting of twelve vadis. The vadi constitutes 20-23 Dhangar families.[8][9][10][11]

They were described by British colonial researchers as industrious, honest and sincere, and it was noted that "truthful as a Dhangar" was a proverb among Indians.[12]

[edit] Military history

The armies of Shivaji, founder of the Maratha empire, were composed of recruits mainly drawn from this caste who were the most trusted by Shivaji. The bravest Maratha leaders, among whom the Holkars are the most distinguished, are of this tribe.[2][13] The Dhangars furnished a valuable contingent to Sivaji's guerilla soldiery.[14]

[edit] Dynasties

The Dhangar have originated several ruling dynasties, most recently the Holkars of Indore. Prominent Dhangars have been Hakkaraya and Bukkaraya, founders of the Vijayanagara Empire. At the time of his coronation, Shivaji showed that he belonged to the Gahlot clan,[citation needed] and was a Hattikara-Dhangar.[15] Dhangars have founded the, Holkar, Maurya, Pallava dynasties. In addition the poets Kalidasa and Kanakadasa were also Dhangars.[3] [16] The Meenakshi temple was built by Pallavas who were Dhangars.[3] There is a tradition that Deoghur or Daulatabad was built in 1203 AD by a Dhangar or herdsman who, acquiring by some unusual good fortune and vast wealth was named by his brother shepherds Rajah Ram and soon after assumed the rank of a Raja.[17] This warrior community, in the districts of Nanded, Parbhani and Berar, across the Painganga River, were in open rebellion from 1798 A. D. till 1820 A. D. under the leadership of Novsaji Naik and had taken possession of a number of strongholds.[18]

[edit] Current situation

Traditionally being warriors, shepherds, cowherds, buffalo keepers, blanket and wool weavers, butchers and farmers, Dhangars were late to take up modern day education. Though it has a notable population not only in Maharashtra but also in India, had a rich history, today it is still politically highly disorganized community and is socially, educationally, economically and politically backward. They lived a socially isolated life due to their occupation, wandering mainly in forests, hills and mountains.[19]

[edit] Social status

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Main article: Dhangar Scheduled tribe issue

Some believe the Dhangar to be of the Kshatriya varna,[20] a status reaffirmed, confirmed and declared in 1933 in the conference of Hindu Mahasabha which was held at Ajmer.[citation needed] The Dhangar, as a Kshatriya caste, originally were unified with and dined and intermarried with the Rajputs and Marathas.[3][dubious – discuss] However Ethoven notes that the Jativiveka (Examination of Castes) asserts that they are descended from a Shudra father and Mahisya women. For the affirmative action or the Reservation in India they are distributed into Advanced Class, Other Backward Class, Nomadic Tribe, Scheduled Tribe and Scheduled Caste throughout India.[citation needed] In Maharashtra though they were classified as extremely backward since Independence in 1947, the Dhangar achieved reservation in 1990 after peaceful and non-violent agitation in 1989. The then-Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi told the State Government to immediately implement their Scheduled Tribe status but the Sharad Pawar led State government deprived the ST status and included them as Nomadic Tribe in 1990. The Creamy layer is excluded from reservations. In 2004, the then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in a rally at Pandharpur declared that if BJP lead NDA comes to power they would immediately confer the ST status. The All India Dhangar Association is still fighting to get the ST status.[citation needed]

Dhangar community in Maharashtra has been agitating for the implementation of Scheduled Tribe status. According to them Dhangar and Dhangad is one and the same and Dhangar community is included in the state's list of Scheduled Tribes at Sr. no 36 Oraon, Dhangad. State of Maharashtra had twice recommended the Government of India to include the Dhangar community in the list of Scheduled Tribe. Even in 1989, the CAG report recommended the inclusion of Dhangar community in the list of Scheduled Tribe. However, the State of Maharashtra has not implemented the Scheduled Tribe status as according to them Dhangar and Dhangad are two distinct communities of Maharashtra.[citation needed]

[edit] Culture

The Dhangar produce a type of poetry known as ovi, often inspired by the forests and pastures where they graze their flocks. The ovi are formed of couplets, and can include legendary tales such as those of their god Biruba. Also in honour of Biruba, they perform the Dhangari Gaja dance.[21]

[edit] Religion

Dhangars worship various forms of god including Shiva, Vishnu, Parvati and Mahalaxmi as their kuldaivat. These forms include Khandoba, Beeralingeswara (Biroba), Mhasoba, Dhuloba (Dhuleshwar), Vithoba, Janai-Malai, Tulai, Yamai, Padubai, and Ambabai. They generally worship the temple of these gods that is nearest to their residence which becomes their kuladev and kuladevi. The god of Jejuri, a temple in Mahrashtra, is Khandoba (Shiva), the husband of Banai (from the Dhangar caste), and is popular amongst the Dhangars as it is their Kuladaivat.[22] Khandoba (literally "swordsman's father") is the god of shepherd community and guardian deity of Deccan.[23]

[edit] Subdivisions

[edit] Tribes

Further information: List of Dhangar clans in India

Initially there were twelve tribes of Dhangar and they had a division of labour amongst brothers of one family. This later formed three sub-divisions and one half division. These three being HatkarGadari or GAYARI (shepherds), Ahir (cowherds) or Mhaskar (Gujar buffalo keepers), and Khutekar (wool and blanket weavers)/Sangar. The half division is called Khateek or Khatik (butchers). All sub-castes fall in either of these divisions. All sub-divisions emerge from one stock and all sub-divisions claim to be a single group of Dhangars. Studies have revealed that they are genetically the closest.[24][25] The number three and a half is not a random selection but has a religious and cosmological significance.[26] Subsets of Dhangar, also shepherds, are known as Bharwad in Gujrat and Goa. Dhangars are also called as Kuruba in Karnataka.[citation needed]

All Dhangars of Western Maharashtra and Konkan / Marhatta country, like Holkars, can be termed Marathas, but all Marathas are not Dhangars.[27][28][29]

[edit] Subcaste of Dhangars

[edit] Bharwad Dhangars

they are found mainly in rajasthan,madhya pradesh, gujrat

[edit] Bakerwal Dhangars

they are found mainly in jammu & kashmir, himachal, punjab

[edit] Pal Dhangars

they are found mainly in uttar pradesh, madhya pradesh, rajasthan, haryana,jhanjhari, uttarakhand

[edit] Baghel Dhangars

they are found mainly in uttar pradesh ,baghel is not a caste ,main caste is dhan ger

[edit] Nekhar Dhangars

Nekhar &dhanger both are different ,

[edit] Gaddi Dhangars

they are found mainly in jammu & kashmir, himachal, punjab, uttarakhand, Haryana, Bihar

[edit] Oraon Dhangars

they are found mainly in bihar, bengal, sikkim, manipur, jharkhand


[edit] Clans in India

Further information: List of Dhangar clans in India

Reginald Edward Enthoven listed 22 endogamous groups (sub-castes) and 108 exogamous groups (clans) of Dhangars,[13] though other scholars state that this is not exhaustive.[30]

[edit] Genetic studies

The widespread Palaeolithic mtDNA haplogroups and analysis of Y-DNA haplogroup in Dhangar clans highlight their Proto-Asian genetic ancestries. Dhangar heterogeneity is ascribable to predominantly South-Asian males and West-Eurasian females. Dhangar have a significant Pleistocene gene pool, corroborating their "Proto-Asian" origin.[31] As per J. H. Hutton they are Proto-Australoid. Kashyap (2006) [32] designates 23 out of 54 Indian populations studied as Australoid, of which one speaks an Indo-European language (Dhangar of Maharashtra).

[edit] Notables

Further information: List of Dhangar

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Prof. Dr. R. N. Sakasena, Dhangars and Gadariyas, The Most Backward Divisions of Indian Tribes and Castes, Research Paper
  2. ^ a b c Syed Siraj ul Hassan (1989). The castes and tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's dominions. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120604889. http://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA248. Retrieved 25 July 2011. 
  3. ^ a b c d Dhangar Samaj Prachin Eitihas va Kul Gotra, Ganpatrao Kolekar, 1992.(Marathi)
  4. ^ R.V. Russell, Rosalind (1916). The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. II. Macmillan and Co., London. p. 118. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/22010/22010-h/22010-h.htm. 
  5. ^ Bombay (India : State) (1901). Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. 9. Govt. Central Press. pp. 267–285. http://books.google.com/books?id=Wr4MAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 25 August 2011. 
  6. ^ Shyam Singh Shashi (1 January 2006). The world of nomads. Lotus Press. pp. 182–. ISBN 9788183820516. http://books.google.com/books?id=Otppyf6MbxgC&pg=PA182. Retrieved 21 July 2011. 
  7. ^ Syed Siraj ul Hassan (1989). The castes and tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's dominions. Asian Educational Services. pp. 248–. ISBN 9788120604889. http://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA248. Retrieved 25 July 2011. 
  8. ^ Syed Siraj ul Hassan (1989). The castes and tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's dominions. Asian Educational Services. pp. 248–266. ISBN 9788120604889. http://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA248. Retrieved 25 July 2011. 
  9. ^ S.B. Joshi. ’Etymology of place-names’, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 13, 1952, 5066;
  10. ^ also see Sontheimer. Pastoral Deities of Western India. London, 1989, p. 127.
  11. ^ Landscapes in Conflict: Flocks, Hero-stones, and Cult in early medieval Maharashtra. Ajay Dandekar. Centre For Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University
  12. ^ Journal of the Ethnological Society of London, Volume 1, By Ethnological Society (London), pg. 105.
  13. ^ a b Reginald Edward Enthoven (1 January 1990). The tribes and castes of Bombay. Asian Educational Services. pp. 317–318. ISBN 9788120606302. http://books.google.com/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C. Retrieved 22 July 2011. 
  14. ^ R.V. Russell, Rosalind (1916). The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. Macmillan and Co., London. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/22010/22010-h/22010-h.htm. [where?]
  15. ^ As per R.C. Dhere, Shivaji was Hattikara-Dhangar. Yadav is Kul Gotra of Shepherds. Golla are Shepherds. Dhangars of Karnataka and Goa are also called as Gavali. In old Kannada lexicon Hattikara means Govali or Cowherd. Today the terms Hatkar and Dhangar are exclusively used for shepherd caste of Maharashtra. Holkars are also Hatkar-Dhangar. See R. C. Dhere, Shikar Shingnapurcha ShriShambhu Mahadeo, 2001, Pune, (Marathi), Pg. 276, 277, 288, 297, 307, 312, 338, 384, 221, 143, 127, 78, 67, 45, 2
  16. ^ Bhartiya Sanskruti Kosh Vol 2, p. 128.
  17. ^ The Asiatic journal and monthly register for British and foreign India, pg 355. Published in 1827.
  18. ^ Nanded District Gazetteer.
  19. ^ Kaka Kalelkar Commission Report, B D Deshmukh report, Edate report
  20. ^ People of India - Page 801 by Kumar Suresh Singh, B. V. Bhanu, Anthropological Survey of India - Maharashtra (India) - 2004
  21. ^ P.K. Mohanty (1 January 2006). Encyclopaedia Of Scheduled Tribes In India (5 Vols.). Gyan Publishing House. pp. 84–. ISBN 9788182050525. http://books.google.com/books?id=cGzQub7POOQC&pg=PA84. Retrieved 25 July 2011. 
  22. ^ Mohamed Rahmatulla. Census of India Vol XXI, Hyderabad State, Part I Report. 1921, p. 244
  23. ^ Richard I. Cashman. The myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and mass politics in Maharashtra.[when?][who?] pg 11
  24. ^ K.C. Malhotra et al., ’Gene differentiation among the Dhangar caste cluster of Maharashtra. India’, Human Heredity, Vol. 28, pp. 23-26.
  25. ^ Landscapes in Conflict: Flocks, Hero-stones, and Cult in early medieval Maharashtra. Ajay Dandekar
  26. ^ G.D. Sontheimer, ’The Dhangars: a nomadic pastoral community in a developing agricultural environment’, G.D. Sontheimer and L.S. Leshnik, eds., Pastoralists and Nomads in South Asia, Wiesbaden, 1975, p. 140.
  27. ^ "Maratha". Encyclopædia Britannica online. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/363851/Maratha. 
  28. ^ R.V. Russell, Rosalind (1916). The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. IV. Macmillan and Co., London. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20668/20668-h/20668-h.htm. 
  29. ^ O'Hanlon, Rosalind (2002). Caste, Conflict and Ideology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9780521523080 Length 344 pages. http://books.google.com/books?id=5kMrsTj1NeYC&pg=PA17. 
  30. ^ Ajay Dandekar, The Warlis and the Dhangars, The Context of the Commons.
  31. ^ Molecular insight into the genesis of ranked caste populations of western India by Sonali Gaikwad and VK Kashyap
  32. ^ Kashyap, VK and Guha, S. and Sitalaximi, T. and Bindu, G.H. and Hasnain, S.E. and Trivedi, R. (2006). "Genetic structure of Indian populations based on fifteen autosomal microsatellite loci". BMC Genetics 7: 28. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-7-28. PMC 1513393. PMID 16707019. http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2156-7-28.pdf. 

[edit] External links

[edit] Bibliography

  • Aiyer, N, S, Dhangar. Census of India, 1911, Vol XXIII: Travancore, Part I: Report, Trivandrum. 1912, p. 259
  • Allen B C, Dhangar, Census of India, 1901, Vol IV: Assam, Part I Report, Shillong, 1902, p 128
  • Anonymous, Dhangar. Census Report 1891, Bhagalpur Division, Purnea District p 58
  • B. Suryavansi, The Abhiras, their History and Culture, Baroda, 1962.
  • Baviskar, B. S. Cooperatves and caste in Maharashtra : A case study. Sociological Bulletin : XVIII:2:1969:148-166.
  • Beverley, H, Dhangar, Report on the census of Bengal, 1872, Calcutta, 1872 p 158
  • Bhatavadekar G K Deccani Dhangar, Report on the census of the Baroda Territories, 1881, Bombay 1883, p 172
  • Blunt, E.A.H., Dhangar. The Caste System of North India. London. 1931 pg 62, 289
  • Chaubey Ganesh, The Dhangar Songs, Folklore, Vol I No 4, Calcutta 1958 pp 22–25
  • Chinoy, A. D., Dhangar. Census of India. 1901, Vol III: Berar, Part I Report, Allahabad, 1902, p. 128
  • Crooke W., Dhangar. Caste and Tribes of NWP & Oudh Vol II Calcutta, 1896, pp 263–271
  • Das, A.K., Roy Chowdhury, B. K., and Raha M.K, Hand Book on Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes of West Bengal. Calcutta, Tribal Welfare Department, Government of West Bengal: 1966;31-32.
  • Desai, G,H, Dhangar, Census of India, 1911, Vol. XVI : Baroda, Part I : Report, Bombay 1911, p 290
  • Drake Brockman D L, Dhangars. District Gazetter of the U.P. of Agra and Oudh, Mirzapur, Vol XXVII. P 110
  • Durga Bhagwat, Pais, Bombay, 1973, pp. 38–41; G.D. Sontheimer, ‘Gopajananca dev’ in Kulkarni and Shete, Maharastraci Satvadhara, p. 104.
  • Edward Tuite Dalton, Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal. Calcutta, 1872.
  • Elliot H M, Dhangars. The races of the North Western Provinces of India, Vol I London 1869, p 16
  • Enthoven, R, E. Dhangar. The Tribes and Castes of Bombay, Vol. I. Bombay, 1920. pp 311–321.
  • Enthoven, R.E., 1920, Tribes and castes of Bombay Presidency. Bombay.
  • Epigraphica Indica, VIII, pp. 88–89.
  • G.D. Sontheimer, Pastoral Deities of Western India, London, 1989, p. 104.
  • Grait E A, Dhakar, Dhangar. Census of India 1891, Vol I Assam, Report, Shillong, 1892, p 221
  • Hassan, S.S., Dhangar. The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. The Nizam Dominion. Vol I, Bombay 1920, pp 166–170
  • Hasting Warren, Dhangare. Census of India: 1891, Vol VI: Berar or Hyderabad Assigned Districts, Calcutta, 1892 p CI, Dhangars, P CIV
  • Hutton J H, Dhangar. Caste in India Bombay 1951 p 278
  • Jain S.P. Religion and caste ranking in the north Indian town. Sociological Bulletin: XX:2:1971:134-144.
  • Jagdish Saran Sharma, Encyclopaedia Indica, New Delhi, 1981.
  • K.C. Malhotra et al., ’Gene differentiation among the Dhangar caste cluster of Maharashtra. India’, Human Heredity, Vol. 28, pp. 23–26.
  • Karmakar, B and Malhotra, K.C. The correlations between ridge counts on different palmar interdigital areas of the Thellari Dhangars of Maharashtra, India. Spectra of Anthropological Progress:III:1980:19-22
  • Karve Irawati & Dandekar V M, Dhangar Anthropometric Measurements of Maharashtra, Poona 1951
  • Karve, Irawati, 1969, Maharashtra, Land and People. Bombay.
  • Kitts, E, J, Dhangar, Report on the census of Berar, 1881, Bombay 1882, p 130
  • Landscapes in Conflict: Flocks, Hero-stones, and Cult in early medieval Maharashtra. Ajay Dandekar. Centre for Historical Studies Jawaharlal Nehru University
  • Lila Caritra, see Nos. 50, 53, 78, 79, 260, 485, 640.
  • Malhotra, K. and M. Gadgil, ‘The ecological basis of the geographical distribution’, In People of South Asia.
  • Malhotra, K., 1978, ‘Natural selection and colour blindness: fresh data on Indian castes’, In Genetic research, 31.
  • Malhotra, K., 1980a, ‘Inbreeding among the four Dhangar castes of Maharashtra. India’. Collegium anthropoloquium, 3
  • Malhotra, K., 1980b, ‘Matrimonial distances among four Dhangar castes of Maharashtra’, South Asian Anthropology, 1
  • Malhotra, K., 1984, ‘Population structure among the Dhangar caste cluster of Maharashtra’. In J.R. Lukacs, (ed.), The People of South Asia.
  • Mead, P. J. & Macgregor, G L, Dhangars. Census of India, 1911, Vol. VII: Bombay Part I: Report, Bombay, 1912, p 253
  • Mitra, A. Dhangar. Census: 1951, West Bengal, The Tribes and Castes of West Bengal, Alipore, 1953, p 77
  • Modi Jivanji Jemshedji, On Dhangars and Dhavars of Mahabaleshwar. Journal of the Antropological Society of Bombay Vol 3 1894, pp 471–483
  • Mohammed Rahmatullah. Dhangar. Census of India, 1921, Vol:XXI: Hyderabad state. Part I: Report, Hyderabad Deccan. 1923, p. 244
  • Plowden W C, Dhangars, Report on the census of British India, 1881 Vol I London 1883, p 285
  • Prasad Satyanarain. Modern education among the tribals of Bihar in the second half of the 19th century. Man in India:LI:4:1971:365-393.
  • R.C. Dhere, Sriviththal: Ek Mahasamanyava, Pune, 1984, pp. 25–46.
  • Rishley H H, Dhangar. The tribes and castes of Bengal, Vol I Calcutta 1891 pp 166–168
  • R.V. Russell, Rosalind (1916). The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. Macmillan and Co., London. . Vol I p 359; Vol II pp 480–484, Vol IV p 299
  • Saksena, R.N., and Chinchalkar, Dhangars and Gadariyas: The Most backward divisions of Indian tribes and caste. Vanyajati: XXV:2: 1977:14-17.
  • Shashi, S.S. The Shephards of India. New Delhi, Sandeep Prakashan:1978
  • Sherring M A, Dhangar. Hindu Tribes and Castes as represented in Benaras, Calcutta 1872 Vol1 p 403, Vol II pp131–132, 190
  • Shree Shatradharma, Prachalit and pramikh kshtravansh and tyanche gotra, pravar, kuldaivat, kuldevata a Devak. Author: Bhramibhoot sadguru param pujya Moredada, Publisher: Shree Swami Samarth Seva And Adhyatmik vikas pradhan kendra District Nasik, Taluka Dindori, Maharashtra state. Printer: Shree Swami Samarth Gurukul Shree Shetra Trambkeshwar. Edition: Thursday 11 July 2002
  • Sontheimer, G.D., 1975, ‘The Dhangars’, In L.S. Leshnik and G.D. Sontheimer, (eds.), Nomads and pastoralists in South Asia. Wiesbaden.
  • Srinath Mhaskoba Devacem Caritra, Vir, 1962.
  • Thurston E, Dhangar. Caste and Tribes of Southern India, Madras, 1909 Vol II, p 167
  • Turner. A. C, Dhangar. Census of India, 1931, Vol XVIII: U.P of Agra and Oudh, PartI: Report, Allahabad, 1933, p. 611.
  • Verma, SS, Manav sabhyata ki gangotri:Dhangar jati. The Varshiki: VII: 1963:87-90. In Hindi.
  • Verma, V. 1996. Gaddis of Dhauladhar: A Transhuman Tribe of the Himalayas. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
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