Various words for "
dragonfly" (Standard Korean 잠자리).
A number of different Korean dialects are spoken in the Korean peninsula. The peninsula is extremely mountainous, and each dialect's "territory" corresponds closely to the natural boundaries between different geographical regions. Most of the dialects are named for one of Korea's traditional Eight Provinces.
[edit] The standard language
- In South Korea, Standard Korean (표준어/標準語) is defined by the National Institute of the Korean Language as "the modern speech of Seoul widely used by the well-cultivated" (교양있는 사람들이 두루 쓰는 현대 서울말). In practice, it tends not to include features that are found exclusively in Seoul.
- Munhwaŏ dialect is the standard language of North Korea. It is not based on P'yŏng'an dialect, but on the official language of Seoul.[1] Though they have diverged to some extent, the two standards are still broadly intelligible.
[edit] Regional dialects
Korea is a mountainous country, and Korean is consequently divided into numerous small local dialects. There are few clear demarcations, so dialect classification is necessarily to some extent arbitrary. Nonetheless, the following divisions are commonly cited in the literature:
- Hamgyŏng dialects (함경 방언), also called Northeastern dialects. Spoken in the Hamgyŏng (Kwanbuk & Kwannam) region, northeast corner of P'yŏng'an, and Ryanggang Province of North Korea as well as the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture of northeast China (in Jilin). Nine vowels: the eight of the standard language plus ö.
- Northwestern dialects
- P'yŏng'an dialects (평안방언). Spoken in P'yŏngyang (though not the basis of the official language), the P'yŏng'an region, Chagang Province, and neighboring Liaoning Province of China.
- Hwanghae dialects (황해 방언). Spoken in the Hwanghae (Haesŏ) region of North Korea. Commonly included among the Central dialects, but do not fit there comfortably.[1]
- Yukchin dialect. Spoken in the historical Yukchin area of northern North Hamgyŏng province, far removed from P'yŏng'an, but has more in common with P'yŏng'an dialects than with the surrounding Hamgyŏng dialects.[1]
- Central dialects.[1] Commonly divided along provincial boundaries:
- Yoengdong dialects (영동 방언). Spoken in the Yeongdong region of Gangwon Province in South Korea and neighbouring Kangwŏn Province in North Korea, to the east of the Taebaek Mountains. Though commonly subsumed under Gangwon dialect (강원 방언), Yeongdong is quite distinct from the Central Korean dialects to the east of the mountains.[1]
- Gyeongsang dialects (경상 방언), also called Southeastern dialects. Spoken in Gyeongsang (Yeongnam) region of South Korea, including the cities of Busan, Daegu, and Ulsan. This dialect is easily distinguished from the Seoul dialect because its pitch is more varied. Six vowels, i, e, a, eo, o, u.
- Jeolla dialects (전라 방언), also called Southwestern dialects. Spoken in the Jeolla (Honam) region of South Korea, including the city of Gwangju. Ten vowels: i, e, ae, a, ü, ö, u, o, eu, eo.
- Jeju dialect (제주 방언) is spoken on Jeju Island, off the southwest coast of South Korea, and is sometimes considered a separate Koreanic language.[2] The nine vowels of Middle Korean, including arae-a (ɔ). May have additional consonants as well.
[edit] Outside of the Korean peninsula
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d e Lee & Ramsey, 2000. The Korean language
- ^ Juha Janhunen, 1996. Manchuria: an ethnic history
