Dohány Street Synagogue
| Dohány Street Synagogue Dohány utcai Zsinagóga (Hungarian) |
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View of the synagogue from the Dohány street |
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| Basic information | |
| Location | Budapest, Hungary |
| Geographic coordinates | 47°29′45″N 19°03′39″E / 47.49583°N 19.06083°ECoordinates: 47°29′45″N 19°03′39″E / 47.49583°N 19.06083°E |
| Affiliation | Neolog Judaism |
| Year consecrated | 1859 |
| Status | Active |
| Website | dohany-zsinagoga.hu |
| Architectural description | |
| Architect(s) | Ludwig Förster |
| Architectural type | Synagogue |
| Architectural style | Moorish Revival |
| Direction of façade | SWbS |
| Groundbreaking | 1854 |
| Completed | 1859 |
| Specifications | |
| Capacity | 2,964 |
| Length | 75 m (246 ft) |
| Width | 27 m (89 ft) |
| Width (nave) | 12 m (39 ft) |
| Height (max) | 43.6 m (143 ft) |
The Dohány Street Synagogue (Hungarian: Dohány utcai zsinagóga/nagy zsinagóga, Hebrew: בית הכנסת הגדול של בודפשט bet hakneset hagadol šel budapešt), also known as The Great Synagogue or Tabakgasse Synagogue, is located in Erzsébetváros, the 7th district of Budapest. It is the largest synagogue in Europe[1] and the fifth largest in the world.[2][citation needed] It seats 3,000 people and is a centre of Neolog Judaism.
The synagogue was built between 1854 and 1859 in the Moorish Revival style, with the decoration based chiefly on Islamic models from North Africa and medieval Spain (the Alhambra). The synagogue's Viennese architect, Ludwig Förster, believed that no distinctively Jewish architecture could be identified, and thus chose "architectural forms that have been used by oriental ethnic groups that are related to the Israelite people, and in particular the Arabs".[3] The interior design is partly by Frigyes Feszl.
The Dohány Street Synagogue complex consists of the Great Synagogue, the Heroes' Temple, the graveyard, the Holocaust memorial and the Jewish Museum, which was built on the site on which Theodore Herzl's house of birth once stood. Dohány Street itself, a leafy street in the city center, carries strong Holocaust connotations as it constituted the border of the Budapest Ghetto.[4]
Contents |
[edit] History
Built in a residential area between 1854-1859 by the Neolog Jewish community of Pest according to the plans of Ludwig Förster, the monumental synagogue has a capacity of 2,964 seats (1,492 for men and 1,472 in the women's galleries) making it the largest in Europe and one of the largest working synagogue in the World, after the Belz Great Synagogue and the Beit Midrash of Ger in Jerusalem, the Breslov Uman Synagogue[5] in Uman, Ukraine and the Yetev Lev D'Satmar synagogue in New York City. The consecration of the synagogue took place on 6 September 1859.
The synagogue was bombed by the Hungarian pro-Nazi Arrow Cross Party on 3 February 1939.[6] Used as a base for German Radio and also as a stable during World War II, the building suffered some severe damage from aerial raids during the Nazi Occupation but especially during the Siege of Budapest. During the Communist era the damaged structure became again a prayer house for the much-diminished Jewish community. Its restoration started in 1991 and ended in 1998. The restoration was financed by the state and by private donations.
[edit] Architecture
[edit] Exterior
The building is 75 metres (246 ft) long and 27 metres (89 ft) wide.[7] The style of the Dohány Street Synagogue is Moorish but its design also features a mixture of Byzantine, Romantic and Gothic elements. Two onion-shaped domes sit on the twin octogonal towers at 43 metres (141 ft) height. A rose stained-glass window sits over the main entrance.
Similarly to basilicas, the building consists of three spacious richly decorated aisles, two balconies and, unusually, an organ. Its ark contains various torah scrolls taken from other synagogues destroyed during the Holocaust[citation needed].
| Exterior of the Dohány Street Synagogue | |||||||||
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The Central Synagogue in Manhattan, New York City is a near-exact copy of the Dohány Street Synagogue.[8]
[edit] Interior
The torah-ark and the internal frescoes made of colored and golden geometric shapes are the works of the famous Hungarian romantic architect Frigyes Feszl. A single-span cast iron supports the 12-metre-wide (39 ft) nave. The seats on the ground-floor are for men, while the upper gallery, supported by steel ornamented poles, has seats for women.
Franz Liszt and Camille Saint-Saëns played the original 5,000 pipe organ built in 1859.[9] A new mechanical organ with 63 voices and 4 manuals was built in 1996 by the German firm Jehmlich Orgelbau Dresden GmbH.[10]
| Interior of the Dohány Street Synagogue | ||||||||||
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[edit] Renovation
It was only in the 1990s, following the return to democracy in Hungary, that renovations could begin. The three-year program of reconstruction was largely funded by a US$ 5 million donation from Hungarian Jewish immigrant Estée Lauder and was completed in 1996.[11][12]
[edit] Synagogue complex
[edit] Jewish Museum
The Jewish Museum was constructed on the plot where Theodor Herzl's two-story Classicist style house used to stand, adjoining the Dohány synagogue.[13] The Jewish Museum was built in 1930 in accordance with the synagogue's architectural style and attached in 1931 to the main building. It holds the Jewish Religious and Historical Collection, a collection of religious relics of the Pest Hevrah Kaddishah (Jewish Burial Society), ritual objects of Shabbat and the High Holidays and a Holocaust room.
[edit] Heroes' Temple
The arcade and the Heroes' Temple, which seats 250 people and is used for religious services on weekdays and during the winter time, was added the Dohány Street Synagogue complex in 1931. The Heroes' Temple was designed by Lázlo Vágó and Ferenc Faragó and serves as a memorial to Hungarian Jews who gave their lives during World War I.
[edit] Jewish Cemetery
The cemetery is located in the back yard of the Heroes' Temple, enclosed by the Jewish Museum and the Dohány synagogue. According to the Jewish traditions cemeteries can not be on the premises of the house of prayer[citation needed]. This graveyard is the result of tragic historical events during World War II. In 1944, the Dohány Street Synagogue was part of the Jewish Ghetto for the city Jews and served as shelter for a lot of people. Over two thousand of those who died in the ghetto from hunger and cold during the winter 1944-1945 are buried in the courtyard of the synagogue.
[edit] Raoul Wallenberg Holocaust Memorial Park
The Raoul Wallenberg Emlékpark (memory park) in the rear courtyard holds the Memorial of the Hungarian Jewish Martyrs — at least 400,000 Hungarian Jews were murdered by the Nazis.[14] Made by Imre Varga, it resembles a weeping willow whose leaves bear inscriptions with the names of victims. There is also a memorial to Wallenberg and other Righteous Among the Nations, among them: Swiss Vice-consul Carl Lutz; Giorgio Perlasca, an Italian man who, with a strategic escamotage, declared himself the Spanish consul, releasing documents of protection and current passports to Jews in Budapest without distinction (he saved five thousand); Mons. Angelo Rotta, an Italian Prelate Bishop and Apostolic Nuncio of the State of Vatican City in Budapest, which issued protective sheets, misrepresentations of baptism (to save them from forced labor) and Vatican passports to Jews, without distinction of any kind present in Budapest (saving fifteen thousand), who saved, with his secretary Mons. Gennaro Verolino tens of thousands of Hungarian Jews during World War II.
[edit] Trivia
Dohány means tobacco in Hungarian. Theodor Herzl in his speeches[15] and the Jewish Encyclopedia referred to the Dohány Street Synagogue as the Tabakgasse Synagogue. The Dohány Street Synagogue is also known under the name of the Tabak-Shul, the Yiddish translation of Dohány Synagogue.
[edit] See also
- Ujpest Synagogue
- Synagogues built in the Moorish Revival style:
[edit] References
- Notes
- ^ Kulish, Nicholas (2007-12-30). "Out of Darkness, New Life". The New York Times. http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/12/30/travel/30dayout.html?scp=1&sq=largest+synagogue+in+Europe&st=nyt. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
- ^ See Synagogue#World's largest synagogues
- ^ Förster 1859, pp. 14–16
- ^ http://www.vendegvaro.hu/Dohany-utcai-zsinagoga-Budapest
- ^ http://www.breslov.com/uman/summer99.html
- ^ Tibor 2003, p. 225
- ^ Frojimovics et al. 1999, p. 111
- ^ Frojimovics et al. 1999, p. 108
- ^ Perlman 1991, p. 72
- ^ Jehmlich Orgelbau Dresden GmbH. "Organ of the Budapest Synagogue". http://www.jehmlich-orgelbau.de/englisch/organs/organ_1121.htm. Retrieved 3-17 2008.
- ^ Mars 2003
- ^ Troen 1998, p. 135
- ^ Herzl, Theodor (January 1898). "An Autobiography". London Jewish Chronicle: 20. http://archive.thejc.com/search/pages.jsp?issue=JANUARY%2014%201898. Retrieved 2008-03-18. "I was born in 1860 in Budapest in a house next to the synagogue where lately the rabbi denounced me from the pulpit in very sharp terms (...)"
- ^ Rosen 2004, p. 3
- ^ Herzl, Theodor (1960). "Herzl Speaks: His Mind on Issues, Events and Men". Herzl Institute Pamphlet (New Yotk: The Herzl Press) 16. http://www.hagshama.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1634. "I went...to the synagogue [in Paris] and found the services once again solemn and moving. Much reminded me of my youth and the Tabakgasse synagogue in Pest."
- Bibliography
- Förster, Ludwig (1859). "Das Israelitische Verhaus in der Wiener Vorstadt Leopoldstadt" (in German). Allgemeine Bauzeitung (Vienna). http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?apm=0&aid=abz&datum=18590004&seite=00000229&zoom=0. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- Frojimovics, Kinga; Komoróczy, Géza; Pusztai, Viktória; Strbik, Andrea (1999). Jewish Budapest : Memories, rites, history. Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 9639116378. http://books.google.com/?id=-wUg6rlWS2kC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Troen, Selwyn Ilan (1998). Jewish centers & peripheries : Europe between America and Israel fifty years after World War II. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1560003731.
- Tibor, ed. (2003). Discussing Hitler : Advisers of U.S. Diplomacy in Central Europe : 1934-1941. Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 9639241563.
- Perlman, Robert (1991). Bridging three worlds : Hungarian-Jewish Americans, 1848-1914. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0870234684.
- Kalmar, Ivan Davidson (2001). "Moorish Style: Orientalism, the Jews, and Synagogue Architecture" (PDF). Jewish Social Studies History Culture and Society 7 (3): 68–100. doi:10.2979/JSS.2001.7.3.68. JSTOR 4467611. http://www.library.utoronto.ca/moorish/publications/moorish.style.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
- Rosen, Ilana (2004). Hungarian Jewish Women Survivors Remember the Holocaust. Dallas: University Press of America. ISBN 0761827048.
- Mars, Leonard (April 2003). "Coming Out: Jewish Identity in Contemporary Hungary". Acta Ethnographica Hungarica 48 (1–2): 35–48. doi:10.1556/AEthn.48.2003.1-2.4.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gotthard Deutsch, Alexander Büchler (1901–1906). "Budapest". Jewish Encyclopedia. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1561&letter=B.
[edit] External links
Media related to Great Synagogue in Dohány Street at Wikimedia Commons- Official Home page of the Synagogue in Hungarian (English, Hungarian)
- The Dohány Street Synagogue in Budapest on YouTube
- Official interactive 3D virtual tour using 360° panoramic images Photo by Csaba Legány
- 360° interactive high resolution panoramic photo of the interiors of the Synagogue Photo by Hans von Weissenfluh
- 360° high resolution panoramic photos of the interiors of the Synagogue Photo by Sandor Veress
Media related to 
