In chess, a double check is a check delivered by two pieces simultaneously.[1][2] In chess notation, it is almost always represented the same way as a single check ("+"), but is sometimes symbolized by "++" (however, "++" is also sometimes used to denote checkmate[3]).
Discussion [edit]
The most common form of double check involves one piece moving to deliver check and a revealed discovered check at the same time from a piece behind. (Such a check is an inherent part of the type of smothered mate known as Philidor's legacy.) The only possible replies to a double check are king moves, as capturing the checking piece is not an option since there are two of them (unless it is the king that captures, since in the process it moves out of the check by the other piece), and interposition is likewise impossible as there are two lines of attack to block.
In exceptional circumstances, it is possible for the moved piece to not participate in the double check. The only way for this to happen in orthodox chess is by way of an en passant capture. In the position shown at right, Black has just played 1...g7–g5. White replies 2.hxg6e.p.++. The result is a double check even though the pawn White moved does not give check. (One check is given by the rook, discovered by the capturing pawn's move; the other by the bishop, discovered by the captured pawn's removal.) Such a double check is extremely rare in practical play, but is sometimes found in problems.
From praxis [edit]
Aron Nimzowitsch wrote, "Even the laziest king flees wildly in the face of a double check."[4] Because the only possible response to a double check is a king move, the double check is often an important tactical motif.[1] A famous example is Réti–Tartakower, Vienna 1910, which arose after 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6 5.Qd3 e5?! 6.dxe5 Qa5+ 7.Bd2 Qxe5 8.0-0-0! Nxe4?? 9.Qd8+!! (sacrificing a queen in order to set up a double check) Kxd8 10.Bg5++ and White mates after 10...Ke8 11.Rd8# or 10...Kc7 11.Bd8#.[5]
A double check was also seen in the celebrated Evergreen Game, Anderssen–Dufresne, 1852.[2] Anderssen won with 20.Rxe7+! Nxe7 21.Qxd7+!! (a queen sacrifice to set up a deadly double check) Kxd7 22.Bf5++ Ke8 (or 22...Kc6 23.Bd7#) 23.Bd7+ Kf8 24.Bxe7#.
Variants and triple check [edit]
In chess with variant rules or fairy pieces, other ways of delivering a double check may be possible. Triple, quadruple and even quintuple checks may also be possible. For example in the position shown, after Black plays 1...d5, White plays 2.exd6e.p. quintuple check (the moa is a non-leaping knight which first takes a diagonal step, then an orthogonal one). After the en passant capture, five pieces check the black king: both moas, the rook, the grasshopper and the bishop.
In xiangqi, the Chinese version of chess, triple check and even quadruple check is possible even without using fairy pieces, as in the following examples:
References [edit]
- ^ a b Hooper, David (1992), The Oxford Companion to Chess (second ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 113, ISBN 0-19-866164-9
- ^ a b Golombek, Harry (1977), Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess, Crown Publishing, p. 88, ISBN 0-517-53146-1
- ^ Tim Just and Daniel Burg, 2003, U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess, 5th ed., ISBN 978-0-8129-2, p. 218
- ^ Nimzowitsch, Aron (1947), My System (second ed.), David McKay, p. 130, ISBN 0-679-14025-5
- ^ Chernev, Irving (1955), 1000 Best Short Games of Chess, Simon and Schuster, p. 18
