Dreyfus model of skill acquisition
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The Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition postulates that when individuals acquire a skill through external instruction, they normally pass through five stages. This model, first proposed by Stuart Dreyfus and Hubert Dreyfus in 1980[1] proposes that the five stages of skill acquisition are: Novice, Advanced beginner, Competent, Proficient and Expert.
In the novice stage a person follows rules that are context free and feel no responsibility for anything other than following the rules. Competence develops when the number of rules becomes excessive so organizing principles need to be developed and information sorted by relevance. Competence is characterized by active decision-making. Proficiency is shown in individuals who use intuition in decision making and develop their own rules to formulate plans.
A helpful summary of the model is provided by Eraut (1994)[2]:
1 Novice
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- rigid adherence to rules
- no discretional judgment
2 Advanced beginner
-
- situational perception still limited
- all aspects of work are treated separately and given equal importance
3 Competent
-
- coping with crowdedness (multiple activity, information)
- now partially sees action as part of longer term goals
- conscious, deliberate planning
4 Proficient
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- holistic view of situation, rather than in terms of aspects
- sees what is most important in a situation
- uses maxims for guidance, meaning of maxims may vary according to situation
5 Expert
-
- no longer reliant on rules, guidelines, maxims
- intuitive grasp of situation, based on tacit knowledge
- vision of what is possible
The progression is thus viewed as a gradual transition from rigid adherence to rules to an intuitive mode of reasoning that relies heavily on deep tacit understanding with similarities to Donald Schöns "knowing-in-action".
[edit] See also
- Four stages of competence
- Reflective practice
- Chris Argyris' concepts of Action learning
- Shu Ha Ri
[edit] References
- ^ Stuart E. Dreyfus; Hubert L. Dreyfus (Feb 1980), A Five-Stage Model of the Mental Activities Involved in Directed Skill Acquisition, Storming Media, http://www.stormingmedia.us/15/1554/A155480.html,
- ^ Eraut (1994) quoted in Graham Cheetham; G. E. Chivers (2005). Professions, Competence and Informal Learning. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005. pp. 337. ISBN 1843764083. http://books.google.com/books?id=xwyqLR-mG4cC&pg=PA162&dq=%27%27%27Dreyfus+Model+of+Skill+Acquisition%27%27%27#PPA162,M1.:162
[edit] Further reading
- "A Five-Stage Model of the Mental Activities Involved in Directed Skill Acquisition (The original 1980 report, scanned image PDF (0.8 Mb) California University Berkeley Operations Research Center)". http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA084551&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf. Retrieved January 2009.
- Benner, Patricia (2004). "Using the Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition to Describe and Interpret Skill Acquisition and Clinical Judgment in Nursing Practice and Education". Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 24 (3): 188-19. doi:. http://bst.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/24/3/188.
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