Drinking straw

A drink with a pink bendy straw

Plastic drinking straws

A drinking straw is a short tube intended for transferring a beverage from its container to the mouth of the drinker by use of suction. A thin tube of plastic (such as polypropylene and polystyrene) or other material, straight or with an angle-adjustable bellows segment, it is employed by being held with one end in the mouth and another end in the drink. Muscular action reduces air pressure in the mouth, whereupon atmospheric pressure forces the beverage up the straw.

History

Historians do not know when the idea of a straw was first invented, though it is believed to be very old. The first known straws were made by the Sumerians, used for drinking beer, probably to avoid the solid byproducts of fermentation that sink to the bottom.^{[citation needed]} The oldest drinking straw in existence, found in a Sumerian tomb dated 3,000 B.C.E., was a gold tube inlaid with the precious blue stone lapis lazuli. Argentines and their neighbors used straws a similar metallic device called a bombilla that acts as both a straw and sieve for drinking mate tea for hundreds of years.

In the 1800s the rye grass straw came into fashion because it was cheap and soft, but it had an unfortunate tendency to turn to mush in liquid. To address these shortcomings, the modern drinking straw was patented in 1888 by Marvin C. Stone, made of paper. He came upon the idea while drinking a mint julep on a hot day in Washington, D.C.; the taste of the rye was mixing with the drink and giving it a grassy taste, which he found unsatisfactory. He wound paper around a pencil to make a thin tube, slid out the pencil from one end, and applied glue between the strips. He later refined it by building a machine that would coat the outside of the paper with wax to hold it together, so that the glue wouldn't melt in bourbon.

Early paper straws had a narrow bore similar to that of the grass stems then in common use. It was common to use two of them, to reduce the effort needed to take each sip. (The cocktail straw, which is sometimes used in pairs, may be derived from such early straws.) Modern plastic straws are made with a larger bore, and only one is needed for ease of drinking.

Health and environment

One particular advantage of using a straw when drinking is the reduction of tooth decay. Many soft drinks have acidic properties, and using a straw reduces the liquid contact with the teeth, particularly the anterior teeth, reducing tooth decay and the risk of cavities.

Drinking straws are a form of plastic consumption when made, and become a landfill item when discarded. Made from polypropylene, they are strong and can be reused rather than recycled into other products. Waste straws in Uganda are collected from beer and soft drink depots, cleaned, and woven into mats for picnics and prayers or joined to form bags.

Types of drinking straws

• A basic drinking straw is straight for the full length.
• A bendable straw or "bendy straw" (known in the industry as an "articulated straw") has a concertina-type hinge near the top for convenience. This variation was invented by Joseph Friedman in 1937.
• A "crazy straw" is hard, transparent or translucent plastic and has a number of twists and turns at the top. When liquid is sucked through the straw, it quickly flows through the winding path, creating a mildly interesting spectacle, popular with children.
• A spoon straw features a cut-away shape at one end that functions as a miniature spoon. It is intended for slush drinks and milkshakes. Their original purpose was to avoid ice clogging up the submerged end of the straw. It is unclear who filed the patent for the spoon straw, but the invention has been attributed to John Wesley Groves.
• Candy straws, such as licorice straws (or lico-straws), are made from some type of chewy candy.
• A miniature straw is often attached to a drink box.

A depiction of the various widths of drinking straws.

• A wide straw is used for sipping bubble tea. The larger diameter is necessary to accommodate the drink's characteristic tapioca pearls. Also for stirring.
• "Sanitary" straws are individually wrapped to avoid contamination. Straws were originally marketed as a means for people to reduce the risk of contracting an illness from improperly washed containers, glasses, or cups.
• Flavor straws are a form of drinking straw with a flavoring included, designed to make drinking milk more pleasant for children. They first marketed in the United States in 1956 as Flav-R-Straws. In recent years, newer variations of the original idea have been resurrected in forms such as Sipahhs, and Magic Milk Straws that contain hundreds of flavored pellets encased within a stiff plastic straw.
• A recent addition to the straw family is the cereal straw, such as the ones made by Kellogg's.
• Polypropylene is becoming favored over polystyrene for manufacturing plastic drinking straws as polystyrene is brittle and tends to crack easily. Polystyrene is also denser than water, causing straws to sink when placed into beverages. Polypropylene straws, by contrast, are much more durable and do not sink.
• Special "color-changer" straws given with meals at Friendly's change color as cold liquid passes through them.
• Extendo-straws come in small plastic wrappings like miniature straws, but can extend to reach the bottom of the carton.

Nicholson Baker's 1988 novel The Mezzanine includes a detailed discussion of various types of drinking straws experienced by the narrator and their relative merits.

Alternatives to plastic straws

Drinking straws made of PLA-blend bio-flex, a bioplastic

Plastic straws aren't recyclable and end up in landfills or the ocean. It is estimated over 60 million straws are consumed per day around the world. There are, however, alternatives to disposable plastic straws:

• Paper straws
• Bamboo straws
• Bioplastic straws
• Glass straws
• Stainless steel straws

There are campaigns in the United Kingdom (Straw Wars) and United States (The 1:1 Movement) which encourage alternatives to plastic straws and/or to not ask for straws when ordering drinks.

External links

• History of beer and bread (and Sumerian straws)
• How plastic drinking straws are made