Dual labour market

The dual labor market theory divides the economy into two parts, called the "primary" and "secondary" sectors. The distinction may also be drawn between formal/informal sectors or sectors with high/low value-added. Michael J. Piore sees the dual labor market as "the disposition of manpower in perpetuating poverty."Template:The Dual Labor Market: Theory and Implications, in The State and the Poor, edited by Samuel H. Beer and Richard Barringer, pp. 55-59. Winthrop Publishers

The secondary sector is characterized by short-term employment relationships, little or no prospect of internal promotion, and the determination of wages primarily by market forces. In terms of occupations, it consists primarily of low or unskilled jobs, whether they are blue-collar (manual labor), white-collar (e.g. filing clerks), or service industry (e.g. waiters). These jobs are linked by the fact that they are characterized by "low skill levels, low earnings, easy entry, job impermanence, and low returns to education or experience."^{[citation needed]}

The informal economy consists of labor that is often "pay-under-the-table". This market tends to attract the poor and a disproportionate number of minority group members.

The dual labour market theory generally ignores the micro-level decisions such as an individual’s cost-benefit analysis. Instead, it focuses on immigration as a “natural consequence of economic globalization and market penetration across national boundaries” (Massey, et.al., 1993, p.432). In whole, it is not concerned with individual decisions to migrate but focuses on what pulls them, as a collective group, to migrate. It argues that international migration starts from the labor demands of modern civilizations.