# Dual pair

In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics a dual pair or dual system is a pair of vector spaces with an associated bilinear form.

A common method in functional analysis, when studying normed vector spaces, is to analyze the relationship of the space to its continuous dual, the vector space of all possible continuous linear forms on the original space. A dual pair generalizes this concept to arbitrary vector spaces, with the duality being expressed by a bilinear form. Using the bilinear form, semi norms can be constructed to define a polar topology on the vector spaces and turn them into locally convex spaces, generalizations of normed vector spaces.

## Definition

A dual pair[1] is a 3-tuple $(X,Y,\langle , \rangle)$ consisting of two vector spaces $X$ and $Y$ over the same (real or complex) field $\mathbb{F}$ and a bilinear form

$\langle , \rangle : X \times Y \to \mathbb{F}$

with

$\forall x \in X \setminus \{0\} \quad \exists y \in Y : \langle x,y \rangle \neq 0$

and

$\forall y \in Y \setminus \{0\} \quad \exists x \in X : \langle x,y \rangle \neq 0$

We say $\langle , \rangle$ puts $X$ and $Y$ in duality.

We call two elements $x \in X$ and $y \in Y$ orthogonal if

$\langle x, y\rangle = 0.$

We call two sets $M \subseteq X$ and $N \subseteq Y$ orthogonal if any two elements of $M$ and $N$ are orthogonal.

## Example

A vector space $V$ together with its algebraic dual $V^*$ and the bilinear form defined as

$\langle x, f\rangle := f(x) \qquad x \in V \mbox{ , } f \in V^*$

forms a dual pair.

A locally convex topological vector space space $E$ together with its topological dual $E'$ and the bilinear form defined as

$\langle x, f\rangle := f(x) \qquad x \in E \mbox{ , } f \in E'$

forms a dual pair. (To show this, the Hahn–Banach theorem is needed.)

For each dual pair $(X,Y,\langle , \rangle)$ we can define a new dual pair $(Y,X,\langle , \rangle')$ with

$\langle , \rangle': (y,x) \to \langle x , y\rangle$

A sequence space $E$ and its beta dual $E^\beta$ with the bilinear form defined as

$\langle x, y\rangle := \sum_{i=1}^{\infty} x_i y_i \quad x \in E , y \in E^\beta$

form a dual pair.

## Comment

Associated with a dual pair $(X,Y,\langle , \rangle)$ is an injective linear map from $X$ to $Y^*$ given by

$x \mapsto (y \mapsto \langle x , y\rangle)$

There is an analogous injective map from $Y$ to $X^*$.

In particular, if either of $X$ or $Y$ is finite-dimensional, these maps are isomorphisms.