Dunderland Line
| Dunderland Line | |
|---|---|
| Overview | |
| Type | Railway |
| Status | Assimilated into the Nordland Line |
| Termini | Storforshei Gullsmedvik |
| Operation | |
| Opened | 1904 |
| Owner | Dunderland Iron Ore Company |
| Operator(s) | Dunderland Iron Ore Company |
| Character | Iron ore freight |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 23.7 km (14.7 mi) |
| No. of tracks | Single |
| Track gauge | Standard gauge |
| Electrification | No |
The Dunderland Line (Norwegian: Dunderlandsbanen) is a 23.7 km railway built in 1904 for the Rana Mine to transport iron ore from Storforshei in Dunderlandsdal to the port at Gullsmedvik outside Mo i Rana in Nordland, Norway. In 1942 the railway was assimilated into the Nordland Line when it was completed to Mo. The section is still operated with iron ore trains from the mine to the port.
[edit] History
Rana has had ore mining since 1799, at Ormlia.[1] After Ole Tobias Olsen discovered iron ore on his farm of Nord-Dunderland, he in 1879 registered a mining claim for his property.[2] Since 1872, Olsen had been working on promoting the construction of the Nordland Line northwards from Trondheim.[3] In 1891, he petitioned the government to look at his claim as a source of national wealth and requested that the Nordland Line be built via Dunderlandsdalen to allow shipment of the ore to the coastal port of Mo. He was granted for technical investigations of the line.[2]
A Swedish investor took initiative to build the line as a private railway. Olsen was opposed to this and instead wanted a state railway. As member of Nordland County Council, he gained the council's support to ask Parliament to finance a state-owned 47-kilometer (29 mi) long railway from Mo up Dunderlandsdalen. The council alternatively asked for a private railway which the state had unlimited rights to redeem. The line was presumed built in such a way that would make up part of the Nordland Line when it reached Rana.[2]
Based on the redeemable private alternative, Olsen applied in 1896 for concession to build the railway. The application was supported by the municipal council, and the application emphasized that the line would be build with Norwegian capital, Norwegian management and by Norwegian workers. The county council also recommended the concession, although they asked that it be operated as a state railway. However, the concession was rejected by the state.[2]
During the 1880s, Swedish industrialist Nils Persson and his engineer Alfred Hasselbom found large deposits of ore in Dunderlandsdalen. Persson secured the mining claims at and also bough land to build a railway and land to build a plant at port at Gullsmedvik. He sold the rights and land to Edison Ore-Milling Company for £199,000, who established the subsidiary Dunderland Iron Ore Company in 1902 to build and operate the mines and facilities.[4]
Based on the mining laws, DIOC built a railway line to connect the mine to the port facilities,[5] with construction starting in 1902. The largest challenge was a cutting which had to be build through a 40-meter (130 ft) tall ridge of a hill. Two thousand people were involved in construction. In 1904, the railway was completed, easing shipments to the mine.[4] It was officially handed over from the construction company on 1 November 1904.[6] Revenue service started in 1906.[4]
However, the separation method was not efficient: after two years, only 87,500 tonnes (86,100 long tons; 96,500 short tons) had been exported, compared to the budgeted 750,000 tonnes (740,000 long tons; 830,000 short tons). DIOC therefore closed operations, including the railway. However, in 1913 the company was refinanced. But the need for new separation technology to start operations delayed the opening because of the First World War. In 1919, lack of coal and the 1920–22 recession also caused a delay, but after that production again started. Production halted again in 1931, but resumed in 1937. British investors bought DIOC in 1938, but because of the ore's high phosphorus content, only German mills were interested in purchasing the ore. After Germany declared war on the United Kingdom on 3 September 1939, production was halted.[7]
With the German occupation of Norway during the Second World War, construction of the Nordland Line, which by then had reached Mosjøen, became subordinate the Wehrmacht and Organisation Todt, with construction performed by German and Austrian construction companies largely using prisoners of war as work force.[5] The Nordland Line opened between Mosjøen and Mo i Rana on 28 February 1942.[8] Originally Wehrmacht had instructed that Storforshei would be the terminus of the Nordland Line, but in January 1942 they ordered that the line should be continued northwards.[9]
The Dunderland Line was under-dimensioned for NSB's standards, so the entire line needed to be upgraded. Major projects included replacing wooden bridges with either steel bridges or embankments, and covering the open culverts. Sections which were rebuilt included those past Tverrånes, Avakåsa, Plura, Illhullia and Gomea.[10] The old line was highly susceptible to landslides, forcing NSB to rebuild parts of the line with tunnels. There were originally 45 curves with a radius of under 300 meters (980 ft) which had to be rebuilt.[11]
NSB started operations on the Dunderland Line on 15 May 1942.[6] The section of the Dunderland Line from Guldsmedvik to Tverånes and from Bjørnhei to Storforshei was not included in the Nordland Line, becoming two spurs. On 12 April 1943, traffic opened on the section between Mo i Rana to Nevernes, consisting of 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) from Mo to Tverånes, the Dunderland Line from Tverånes to Bjørnhei and the 4.4-kilometer (2.7 mi) section from Bjørnhei to Nevernes. At the time, the line had a maximum permitted axle load of 12 tonnes (12 long tons; 13 short tons), and a maximum permitted speed of 40 km/h (25 mph) from Mo to Bjørnhei and 20 km/h (12 mph) to Nevernes.[12]
In 1947, the Dunderland Line was bought by the state for 2.5 million Norwegian krone (NOK). The construction work on the Nordland Line was of poor quality, resulting in low operating speeds. NSB was therefore forced to redo large parts of the German work after the war. By 1959, NSB had used NOK 45.7 million to upgrade the section from Mo to Storforshei.[10]
[edit] References
- Bibliography
- Bjerke, Thor (1994) (in Norwegian). Banedata '94. Oslo: Norsk Jernbaneklubb. ISBN 82-90286-15-5.
- Ellingsve, Arvid (1995) (in Norwegian). Nordlandsbanens krigshistorie. Oslo: Norwegian State Railways.
- Ryssdal, Reidar (1996) (in Norwegian). Fra Hans Nielsen Hauge til Norges største industripark: historien om Norsk jernverk. Mo industripark. http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2008040100072.
- Svanberg, Erling (1990) (in Norwegian). Langs vei og lei i Nordland: samferdsel i Nordland gjennom 3000 år. Nordland County Municipality. ISBN 8274160215. http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2010110308003.
- Notes
