EBOO
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EBOO or Extracorporeal Blood Oxygenation and Ozonation is a unique hemofiltration-like procedure developed and now used routinely in the medical department at the University of Siena in Italy [1], and in outpatient clinics in Malaysia and Japan.
EBOO combines modern membrane dialysis used to treat heart, kidney and liver failure with, ozone therapy historically a popular alternative therapy in mainland Europe, the evidence base for which had long been questioned by western medicine.[2]. Extensive testing of EBOO has revealed no toxicity or side effects in sheep or human volunteers.[3][4] EBOO is designed to amplify the therapeutic benefits reported of Autohemotherapy (O3-AHT) by treating a greater volume of blood (4 litres/hr) at a lower ozone concentration (<20 μg/ml).[5]
A clinical trial of EBOO showed it to be more effective in the treatment of peripheral artery disease than prostacyclin.[6]. Further trials are currently underway for heart disease and stroke patients for which preliminary reports of ozone treatment have been positive.[7][8][9][10][11]
Clinical trials of Celacade, another blood ozonation treatment, have reported similar benefits in chronic heart failure.
EBOO is also reported to have remedied necrotizing fasciitis, an often fatal bacterial infection resistant to antibiotics.[12] Ozone's anti-bacterial and viral properties have been employed successfully in water purification. The International Society of Blood Purification has recognized EBOO as warranting clinical investigation as a viral load reducing treatment.[13].Ozone has been shown to disinfect extracorporeal blood of viruses.[14] [15][16][17]
Oxygenators designed for heart surgery and kidney dialysis may not suitable for EBOO. Due to the oxidative nature of ozone, the filter components and membranes will block up and inhibit the effective exchange of gas, possibly releasing toxic compounds into the circulating blood.[18] An economical ozone resistant gas exchange device (L001) has been specifically designed for the ozonation of human blood during extra-corporeal circulation.[19]
EBOO is not yet available in any English speaking countries.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Di Paolo N, Gaggiotti E, Galli F (2005). "Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation: clinical and biological implications of ozone therapy". Redox Rep. 10 (3): 121–30. doi:10.1179/135100005X38888. PMID 16156950.
- ^ Zimran A, Wasser G, Forman L, Gelbart T, Beutler E (2000). "Effect of ozone on red blood cell enzymes and intermediates". Acta Haematol. 102 (3): 148–51. doi:10.1159/000040990. PMID 10692679. http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=aha02148.
- ^ Bocci V, Di Paolo N, Garosi G, et al. (September 1999). "Ozonation of blood during extracorporeal circulation. I. Rationale, methodology and preliminary studies". Int J Artif Organs 22 (9): 645–51. PMID 10532435.
- ^ "Ozone Therapy Editorial Review". International Journal of Artificial Organs 2004. http://www.ossigenoozono.it/Ozone%20therapy.htm.
- ^ Di Paolo N, Bocci V, Garosi G, et al. (February 2000). "Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation (EBOO) in man. preliminary report". Int J Artif Organs 23 (2): 131–41. PMID 10741810.
- ^ Di Paolo N, Bocci V, Salvo DP, et al. (October 2005). "Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation (EBOO): a controlled trial in patients with peripheral artery disease". Int J Artif Organs 28 (10): 1039–50. PMID 16288443.
- ^ Kraft et al., Influence of Autohemotherapy with Ozone on Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Mild Hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 8: 133a, 1995.
- ^ Hernández F, Menéndez S, Wong R (July 1995). "Decrease of blood cholesterol and stimulation of antioxidative response in cardiopathy patients treated with endovenous ozone therapy". Free Radic. Biol. Med. 19 (1): 115–9. doi:10.1016/0891-5849(94)00201-T. PMID 7635353. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/089158499400201T.
- ^ Clavo B, Catalá L, Pérez JL, Rodríguez V, Robaina F (December 2004). "Ozone Therapy on Cerebral Blood Flow: A Preliminary Report". Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 1 (3): 315–319. doi:10.1093/ecam/neh039. PMC 538510. PMID 15841265. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=538510.
- ^ Valacchi G, Bocci V (2000). "Studies on the biological effects of ozone: 11. Release of factors from human endothelial cells". Mediators Inflamm. 9 (6): 271–6. doi:10.1080/09629350020027573. PMC 1781775. PMID 11213910. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1781775.
- ^ Ajamieh HH, Menéndez S, Martínez-Sánchez G, et al. (February 2004). "Effects of ozone oxidative preconditioning on nitric oxide generation and cellular redox balance in a rat model of hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion". Liver Int. 24 (1): 55–62. doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2004.00885.x. PMID 15102001.
- ^ Di Paolo N, Bocci V, Cappelletti F, Petrini G, Gaggiotti E (December 2002). "Necrotizing fasciitis successfully treated with extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonization (EBOO)". Int J Artif Organs 25 (12): 1194–8. PMID 12518965.
- ^ "18th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Blood Purification". Blood Purification 2001; 19:73-106. http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?typ=pdf&doi=14484.
- ^ Wells KH, Latino J, Gavalchin J, Poiesz BJ (October 1991). "Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by ozone in vitro". Blood 78 (7): 1882–90. PMID 1717074. http://www.bloodjournal.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=1717074.
- ^ Carpendale MT, Freeberg JK (October 1991). "Ozone inactivates HIV at noncytotoxic concentrations". Antiviral Res. 16 (3): 281–92. doi:10.1016/0166-3542(91)90007-E. PMID 1805686.
- ^ Baggs AC (April 1993). "Are worry-free transfusions just a whiff of ozone away?". CMAJ 148 (7): 1155–60. PMC 1490857. PMID 8457956. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1490857.
- ^ Yamamoto et al., The Effects of Ozone on Treatment of 4 Patients Suffering from Hepatitis C. Bulletin of Japan Research for the Medical Use of Ozone 1996; 3: 1-2
- ^ Bocci V, Di Paolo N, Borrelli E, Larini A, Cappelletti F (December 2001). "Ozonation of blood during extracorporeal circulation. II. Comparative analysis of several oxygenator-ozonators and selection of one type". Int J Artif Organs 24 (12): 890–7. PMID 11831595.
- ^ Bocci V, Zanardi I, Travagli V, Di Paolo N (September 2007). "Oxygenation-ozonation of blood during extracorporeal circulation: in vitro efficiency of a new gas exchange device". Artif Organs 31 (9): 743–8. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1594.2007.00448.x. PMID 17725702.
