EP4 receptor

Prostaglandin E receptor 4 (subtype EP4)
Identifiers
Symbols	PTGER4; EP4; EP4R
External IDs	OMIM: 601586 MGI: 104311 HomoloGene: 20261 IUPHAR: EP4 GeneCards: PTGER4 Gene
Gene Ontology Molecular function • signal transducer activity • receptor activity • G-protein coupled receptor activity • prostaglandin E receptor activity • protein binding Cellular component • plasma membrane • integral to membrane Biological process • immune response • G-protein signaling, coupled to cAMP nucleotide second messenger • JNK cascade • response to mechanical stimulus • regulation of ossification • negative regulation of integrin activation • T-helper cell differentiation • negative regulation of cytokine secretion • positive regulation of cytokine secretion • negative regulation of inflammatory response • positive regulation of inflammatory response • bone development • ERK1 and ERK2 cascade • negative regulation of eosinophil extravasation Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	5734	19219
Ensembl	ENSG00000171522	ENSMUSG00000039942
UniProt	P35408	P32240
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000958.2	NM_001136079.1
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000949.1	NP_001129551.1
Location (UCSC)	Chr 5: 40.68 – 40.69 Mb	Chr 15: 5.16 – 5.19 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Prostaglandin E receptor 4 (EP₄) is a prostaglandin receptor encoded by the PTGER4 gene in humans.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor family. This protein is one of four receptors identified for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). This receptor can activate T-cell factor signaling. It has been shown to mediate PGE2 induced expression of early growth response 1 (EGR1), regulate the level and stability of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA, and lead to the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3. Knockout studies in mice suggest that this receptor may be involved in the neonatal adaptation of circulatory system, osteoporosis, as well as initiation of skin immune responses.

See also

• Eicosanoid receptor

External links

• "Prostanoid Receptors: EP₄". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2422. 

Further reading

• Duncan AM, Anderson LL, Funk CD et al (1995). "Chromosomal localization of the human prostanoid receptor gene family". Genomics 25 (3): 740–2. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(95)80022-E. PMID 7759114. 
• Regan JW, Bailey TJ, Pepperl DJ et al (1994). "Cloning of a novel human prostaglandin receptor with characteristics of the pharmacologically defined EP2 subtype". Mol. Pharmacol. 46 (2): 213–20. PMID 8078484. 
• Bastien L, Sawyer N, Grygorczyk R et al (1994). "Cloning, functional expression, and characterization of the human prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2 subtype". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (16): 11873–7. PMID 8163486. 
• An S, Yang J, Xia M, Goetzl EJ (1994). "Cloning and expression of the EP2 subtype of human receptors for prostaglandin E2". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 197 (1): 263–70. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.2470. PMID 8250933. 
• Foord SM, Marks B, Stolz M et al (1996). "The structure of the prostaglandin EP4 receptor gene and related pseudogenes". Genomics 35 (1): 182–8. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0337. PMID 8661119. 
• Fedyk ER, Phipps RP (1996). "Prostaglandin E2 receptors of the EP2 and EP4 subtypes regulate activation and differentiation of mouse B lymphocytes to IgE-secreting cells". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (20): 10978–83. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.20.10978. PMC 38269. PMID 8855294. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=38269. 
• Mori K, Tanaka I, Kotani M et al (1996). "Gene expression of the human prostaglandin E receptor EP4 subtype: differential regulation in monocytoid and lymphoid lineage cells by phorbol ester". J. Mol. Med. 74 (6): 333–6. doi:10.1007/BF00207510. PMID 8862514. 
• Mukhopadhyay P, Geoghegan TE, Patil RV et al (1997). "Detection of EP2, EP4, and FP receptors in human ciliary epithelial and ciliary muscle cells". Biochem. Pharmacol. 53 (9): 1249–55. doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(97)00011-7. PMID 9214685. 
• Cosme R, Lublin D, Takafuji V et al (2000). "Prostanoids in human colonic mucosa: effects of inflammation on PGE(2) receptor expression". Hum. Immunol. 61 (7): 684–96. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(00)00131-2. PMID 10880739. 
• Desai S, April H, Nwaneshiudu C, Ashby B (2001). "Comparison of agonist-induced internalization of the human EP2 and EP4 prostaglandin receptors: role of the carboxyl terminus in EP4 receptor sequestration". Mol. Pharmacol. 58 (6): 1279–86. PMID 11093764. 
• Sales KJ, Katz AA, Davis M et al (2001). "Cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E(2) synthesis are up-regulated in carcinomas of the cervix: a possible autocrine/paracrine regulation of neoplastic cell function via EP2/EP4 receptors". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (5): 2243–9. doi:10.1210/jc.86.5.2243. PMC 2694306. PMID 11344234. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2694306. 
• Faour WH, He Y, He QW et al (2001). "Prostaglandin E(2) regulates the level and stability of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA through activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in interleukin-1 beta-treated human synovial fibroblasts". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (34): 31720–31. doi:10.1074/jbc.M104036200. PMID 11423555. 
• Desai S, Ashby B (2001). "Agonist-induced internalization and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation of the human prostaglandin EP4 receptor". FEBS Lett. 501 (2–3): 156–60. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02640-0. PMID 11470276. 
• Slipetz D, Buchanan S, Mackereth C et al (2001). "Sequestration and phosphorylation of the prostaglandin E2 EP4 receptor: dependence on the C-terminal tail". Biochem. Pharmacol. 62 (8): 997–1012. doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(01)00742-0. PMID 11597569. 
• Fujino H, West KA, Regan JW (2002). "Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 and stimulation of T-cell factor signaling following activation of EP2 and EP4 prostanoid receptors by prostaglandin E2". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (4): 2614–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109440200. PMID 11706038. 
• Mutoh M, Watanabe K, Kitamura T et al (2002). "Involvement of prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP(4) in colon carcinogenesis". Cancer Res. 62 (1): 28–32. PMID 11782353. 
• Kvirkvelia N, Vojnovic I, Warner TD et al (2002). "Placentally derived prostaglandin E2 acts via the EP4 receptor to inhibit IL-2-dependent proliferation of CTLL-2 T cells". Clin. Exp. Immunol. 127 (2): 263–9. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01718.x. PMC 1906325. PMID 11876748. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1906325. 
• Asano T, Shoda J, Ueda T et al (2002). "Expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E-receptors in carcinoma of the gallbladder: crucial role of arachidonate metabolism in tumor growth and progression". Clin. Cancer Res. 8 (4): 1157–67. PMID 11948128. 
• Kyveris A, Maruscak E, Senchyna M (2002). "Optimization of RNA isolation from human ocular tissues and analysis of prostanoid receptor mRNA expression using RT-PCR". Mol. Vis. 8: 51–8. PMID 11951086. 
• Scandella E, Men Y, Gillessen S et al (2002). "Prostaglandin E2 is a key factor for CCR7 surface expression and migration of monocyte-derived dendritic cells". Blood 100 (4): 1354–61. doi:10.1182/blood-2001-11-0017. PMID 12149218. 

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.