East Broadway (Manhattan)

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East Broadway jeh.JPG
East Broadway (Little Fuzhou) as seen from the Manhattan Bridge
Traditional Chinese 區的東百老匯
Simplified Chinese 区的东百老汇
Little Fuzhou
Chinese 小福州

East Broadway is a two-way east-west street in the Chinatown and Lower East Side neighborhoods of the New York City borough of Manhattan. East Broadway begins at Chatham Square (also known as Kimlau Square) and runs eastward under the Manhattan Bridge, continues past Seward Park and the eastern end of Canal Street, and ends at Grand Street. The western portion of the street is primarily populated by Chinese immigrants (mainly Foochowese from Fuzhou, Fujian), while the eastern portion is home to a large number of Jews. One section in the eastern part of East Broadway, between Clinton Street and Pitt Street, is unofficially referred to by residents as Shteibel Way, since it is lined with approximately ten small synagogues ("shteibels").

Contents

[edit] Transportation

The M9 bus runs on East Broadway in both directions between Chatham Square and Canal Street. The downtown M22 bus runs westward on East Broadway between Pike Street and Chatham Square.

The East Broadway station of the IND Sixth Avenue Line (F) is located near East Broadway.

[edit] Wall Street of Chinatown

East Broadway has been very well known to be in the middle of what is known as the Wall Street of Chinatown due to the significant number of financial banks owned by the Chinese concentrated on this street and surrounding streets. The banks that are located on this Wall Street of Chinatown are Asia Bank, United Orient Bank, and CitiBank(corner of Mott Street) on Chatham Square. First American International Bank(formerly Hong Kong Bank) and Abacus Federal Savings Bank on the Bowery.[1][2][3][4][5] Onto East Broadway are Bank of China,[6] Cathay Bank(formerly the Golden City Bank),[7] East West Bank(formerly the Hang Seng Bank),[8] a second Chinatown branch of First American International Bank and formerly named as Glory China Tower in the former spot of the Pagoda theater, the HSBC bank.[9][10][11] A Cantonese newspaper company named Wah May Press was also located on 9 East Broadway.[12]

[edit] Chinese Movie Theaters In The Past

In the past, East Broadway was very well known to the Chinese population for having two Chinese theaters as several other Chinese theaters were located in different parts of Chinatown. However, all the Chinese movie theaters have closed in Chinatown.

[edit] Sun Sing Theater

In 1911, the Florence theater with 980 seats opened under the Manhattan Bridge with the rumbling subways[13] on 75–85 East Broadway showing Yiddish entertainment. Next to the theater, there was also a furniture shop named Solerwitz & Law, est. 1886. It was then converted as the New Canton Theater in 1942. It featured Cantonese operas and other types of performances such as "Selling Rough", "Beauty on the Palm", and "The Beautiful Butterflies" to name on record. The performances often featured 1,400-year-old Chinese tradition usually based on folklore. Cantonese opera was very often looked down on by westerners as sounding annoying, inhuman and distasteful. A professional Cantonese opera troupe, Tai Wah Wing came from Hong Kong to New York in 1940 to perform and changed their name to Nau Joek Sen Zung Wa Ban Nam Ney Keik Tin (New York New China Mixed Opera Company) once arriving in New York. Being that they were stranded in New York by World War II with 20 male and 7 female actors along with six musicians, they kept the New Canton Theater active and going for 10 years with their nightly performances of classical Cantonese opera on Mondays-Saturdays from 7 pm-11:30 pm and on Sundays from 6 pm-10:30 pm. At one time in 1941 Claude Levi-Strauss witnessed their performance while he was in New York serving as a cultural adviser for the French Embassy. When the theater was renamed as Sun Sing theater in 1950, during that same time they once again changed their troupe name to Nam Ney Keik Tin (Mixed Opera Company). Once they discontinued during May 1950, the over-half-century-long tradition of Cantonese opera performances ended in the Chinatown neighborhood and then the Sun Sing theater during the same year began to feature Chinese films with English subtitles included sometimes. It was in danger of being torn down because of an additional deck being added onto the Manhattan Bridge, but it was saved when city engineers used bridge supports and seats had to be eliminated for the bridge supports. In 1972, the theater started to provide diverse entertainments of film and stage performances. Like many movie theaters, the theater also sold snacks with also Chinese snacks such as preserved plum, dried cuttlefish, and shrimp chips. During the last 15 years of the theater's existence under the Manhattan Bridge with the B, D, and Q trains rumbling loudly above, it featured wild films involving battles and violence. During its final years with 800 seats, the theater began doing outreach to attract more non-Chinese audiences by adding names of customers onto to their mailing list while handing out hard copies of synopsis translated in English about each movie being shown at the moment to customers. It was finally closed in 1993 with Robert Tam being the final owner.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]

[edit] Pagoda Theater

In 1964, Lucas Liang who was a restaurateur and the president of the Catherine enterprises opened the Pagoda theater at 11 East Broadway on the corner of Catherine Street after eight months of construction and after many directors, mostly restaurant operators all together raised $400,000 to build the theater. Paul R. Screvane, president of the City Council at the time was invited as a guest of honor to the ceremony on the opening of the theater. The seating capacities accommodated 492 seats. The theater featured Chinese films with English subtitles. On the weekend mornings, cartoons in English were shown to children. There was also a room facility where there was a coffee bar selling Chinese and American food products with a color television set. There was one incident in 1977 where there was a shootout in the crowded theater killing two members of the Ghost Shadows Gang. Michael Chen, a leader of the Flying Dragons of the 70s in Manhattan's Chinatown was convicted and later acquitted for those charges of that incident and he was eventually murdered in 1982. At the time, gang violence was very prevalent in the Chinatown neighborhood including the rivalry of the Ghost Shadows and Flying Dragons.[23] The theater then closed around the late 1980s to early 1990s. After it was closed, there was one plan by a local builder to build a hotel in the location, but it was later realized that it would not work due to not having the financial resources. In 1988,[10] Glory China Development Ltd., of Hong Kong bought the property land and opened Glory China Tower in 1991. The bank was a tenant of Ka Wah Bank from Hong Kong owned by CITIC Group located in China. However, it was converted into a HSBC bank much later on.[24][25][26][27][28]

[edit] Chinatown Expanding Onto East Broadway

In the beginning, East Broadway was home to the large Jewish community on the Lower East Side and then later on Puerto Ricans began to settle onto this street[29][30]and African Americans were also residing on this street.[31] During the 1960s, an influx of Hong Kong immigrants were arriving over along with Taiwanese immigrants as well into Manhattan's Chinatown and then the Cantonese people and businesses also began to settle onto this street as Manhattan's Chinatown was expanding into other parts of the Lower East Side and Manhattan's Chinatown Chinese population was very vastly Cantonese dominated at the time.[32] During the time period, Manhattan's Chinatown was being referred as a growing Little Hong Kong. Vietnamese people also began to settle on this street as well.[33] During this time, East Broadway has not evolved into a Little Fuzhou enclave yet, however small numbers of Fuzhou immigrants have existed around the area of Division Street and East Broadway as early as the 1970s and early 1980s, including the Fujianese gang named the Fuk Ching.[34] Although the Chinese population have been increasing in this portion of the Lower East Side since the 1960s, it was still not fully developed as part of Chinatown and it was still a mixed ethnic neighborhood during the 1970s and 1980s with The Bowery still being the boundary of Manhattan's Chinatown. [35] [36] During the 1970s and 1980s, East Broadway was one of the many streets east of The Bowery heading deeper onto the Lower East Side that many people, especially many Chinese people were afraid to walk through or even reside in due to poor building structures and high crime rates such as gang related activities, robberies, building burglaries, and rape as well as fear of racial tensions since other ethnic people were still residing in the area. Very often criminals many of them Hispanics and Blacks targeted Chinese immigrants to harass them.[37] [38] Chinese female garment workers heading home were often high targets of mugging and rape and many of them leaving work to go home often left together as a group for safety reasons.[39] [40][41]

It was during the 1980s when an influx of Fuzhou immigrants flooded East Broadway and a Little Fuzhou enclave evolved on the street, it became fully part of Chinatown or the New Chinatown of Manhattan.[42][43][44][45][46]

[edit] Chinese Gangs In The Past

East Broadway was once known to be one of the territories of Cantonese gangs of Manhattan's Chinatown. The Golden Star Bar, which was once located on 9 East Broadway, was a place that the Chinese gangs often hung out. A man named Herbert Liu, a former Hong Kong police officer had immigrated to Manhattan's Chinatown in the late 60s. After arriving, later on Herbert Liu had encountered a gang member of Chinatown named Benny Ong, who was the boss of the Hip Sing Gang at the time and trying to recruit Liu to be a gang member. Herbert Liu had some meetings with Ong, which influenced him during the 1980s to begin making East Broadway and Division Street from Chatham Square to Market Street as his territories with a promise of riches from Hong Kong. Liu recruited restaurateurs, merchants, and gambling house operators and enlisted former gang members that were forced out of the gangs of the old Chinatown on Mott Street and Pell Street. Chinatown then had gained another Tong(堂) or known as in English translation, gathering place. Liu named his gang organization as Freemasons, borrowing the name from the time period of 19th century when there was uprising against the Manchu. Liu had rented out a basement located on 52 East Broadway where it was a combination of headquarters and gaming hall. The Ghost Shadows Gang, which had dominance over Mott Street had expressed concern about this new gang that had emerged and eventually leading to gang violence in the Golden Star Bar on East Broadway in 1982 resulting in three members of the Freemasons gang murdered. The Freemasons gang then fell apart and their attempted dominance over East Broadway never continued to grow.[45] There was one incident 1977 where Nei Wong, the leader of the Ghost Shadows was hanging with a Hong Kong cop's girlfriend close to underneath the Manhattan Bridge on East Broadway in the Chinese Quarter Nightclub and that Hong Kong cop that had arrived over witnessed them and then pulled out his police gun and brutally murdered them. With Nei Wong gone, Nicky Louie took over his spot in the Ghost Shadows gang.[32][47][48][49]

Today, the most known recent gangs on East Broadway are now from Fuzhou, Fujian of China since this street is now the main gathering center for Fuzhou immigrants. The Fuzhou gangs that are known are the Fuk Ching, the Snakehead (gang), which are well known to smuggle illegal immigrants from Fuzhou to the United States and other countries and the Tung On Gang. The Tung On gang was established between the 1980s–90s on East Broadway where they ran a gambling parlor. Parallel to the Cantonese Tong Gangs that had dominated the long time established Cantonese community in the western section of Chinatown, the Fuzhou gangs were the same for the Fuzhou community that was emerging in the 90s, which made Manhattan's Chinatown expand past its original traditional borderlines further east onto the Lower East Side. A man named Alan Man Sin Lau, the leader of Tung On gang had a Fuzhou gang status like Benny Ong to the Cantonese. The Fuk Ching gang members are often the workers of the Snakehead gang where they would be the ones to collect money from the illegal Fuzhou immigrants who owed money to the Snakeheads, which they had borrowed to come over to the United States. Sometimes, the Fuk Ching gang members would hold the migrants hostage and even violently beat them until they paid up the loans they owed. Although they are more recent than the Cantonese gangs in Chinatown, they have been around as early as the 80s prior to the time when the Cantonese Freemasons gang were attempting to claim East Broadway as its own territories, which fell apart after three Freemason gang members were killed in gang violence.[50][51][52]

[edit] Little Fuzhou, Chinatown NYC

Chatham Square and Lin Zexu Statue
Fukien American Association at East Broadway

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, an influx of Fuzhou immigrants began to arrive and this street became a central hub for recently arrived Fuzhou immigrants. It further completed the full development of it being part of Chinatown, this street went from once being very quiet to a very full active lively business district scene,[46][53] and at the same time having their own separate language community from the Cantonese dominated community in the western portion of Chinatown or[54][55] known as the Old Chinatown.[56][57] The Bowery is the divider between the long time established Old Cantonese Chinatown and very recently established New Fuzhou Chinatown.[58] Originally, the Bowery was eastern borderline of Manhattan's Chinatown before the large Fuzhou influx. The Fuzhou part of Chinatown primarily concentrated on the East Broadway and Eldridge Street portion became what is known as the New Chinatown of Manhattan and contributed to Manhattan's Chinatown growing further east onto the Lower East Side in contrast to before when this portion was moderately Chinese populated.[59] More than half are illegal immigrants.[60] With a large Fuzhou population, East Broadway is often referred to as Little Fuzhou by Fuzhou immigrants.[61] A considerable number of Fujianese clan associations can be found in and around the street, many of which are even specified by clans from certain villages of Fuzhou region, for example, the members of "Fujian Fuqi Association" are from Fuqi Village, Changle County, Fuzhou, Fujian. The Fukien American Association is also located here. Restaurants, markets and intercity bus lines run by Foochowese concentrate in East Broadway.[61][62][63] A statue of Lin Zexu, who was also a Fuzhouese, was erected in Chatham Square in 1997.[64] During the 1980s, housing prices were dropping in Manhattan's Chinatown, but when the Fuzhou influx came in during the 1990s, property values increased very fast allowing landlords to make twice as much income. This also happened in Flushing, Queens and also very recently in Chinatown, Brooklyn, which is now on its way to become Brooklyn's Little Fuzhou.[65][66]

When the Fuzhou immigrants began to arrive during the 1980s and 1990s, they were entering into a Chinese community that was very vastly Cantonese dominated. With many of them being unable to speak Cantonese and because of their illegal statuses, many of them were denied jobs and many resulted in criminal activities to survive a living, which later began to dominate the crimes that were going on in Manhattan's Chinatown.[67]

Despite the Fuzhou population being large, the Cantonese population are still large on the Lower East Side, especially with the large Cantonese community established a long time ago in the western/historic(Chinatown's original size) portion of Chinatown also still being the main Chinese commercial business district for all of Manhattan's Chinatown and with the Chinatown Chinese businesses still mostly Cantonese owned along with Cantonese residing in more affluent areas also being important customers of Manhattan's Chinatown, the Lingua Franca of Chinatown still remains Cantonese even though Mandarin is becoming more common now as another Lingua Franca of Chinatown allowing Cantonese to dominate the cultural standards and economic resources of Chinatown. This influenced many Fuzhou people in Manhattan's Chinatown to learn the Cantonese language to maintain jobs and as advantages to bring Cantonese customers to additionally contribute to their businesses, especially the large businesses like the Dim Sum restaurants on East Broadway.

Parallel to Mott Street for the Cantonese, East Broadway is the same for the Fuzhou immigrants. Within the Fuzhou population throughout NYC, many of them illegally subdivide apartments into small spaces to rent to other Fuzhou immigrants and East Broadway has the most shocking results of it including having many bunk beds within one tiny space.[68] The earliest illegal Fuzhou immigrants came as early as the 1970s starting mostly with men. Similar to the early Cantonese male immigrants that had arrived over establishing New York's Chinatown in the late 1800s on Mott Street, Pell Street and Doyers Street and eventually being able to bring their families into America, the Fuzhou immigration pattern started out similarly with mostly men arriving first and then later on bringing their families over.[69][70][71][72][73]

[edit] East Broadway Mall

Under the Manhattan Bridge with the current loudly rumbling B, D, N and Q subways lies the "East Broadway Mall" across the street from the previous location of Sun Sing Theater. This mall is the main gathering commercial section for the Fuzhou immigrants in the United States including the 88 Palace Restaurant serving Hong Kong style dim sum meals upstairs of the Mall.[74] The mall is the center of contributing to the growth of Chinese restaurant businesses all over the United States. Many of the employment agencies are located at this mall sending many of the Fuzhou workers to all-you-can-eat buffets. The opening of Goyow, a Chinese prepaid debit card company, has also contributed to the popularity of this mall, as new Chinese immigrants visit the mall to buy a card that allows them to gain access to a Visa card, which they would be unable to otherwise achieve via traditional banks.[75] Chinese buses are also stationed at this mall to accommodate the Fuzhou restaurant workers to locations where they have been arranged by the employment agencies. In the past, there have been issues with the restaurant managers of 88 Palace taking advantage of the Fuzhou workers by taking their tips, making nasty insults and giving them responsibilities that they were not supposed to be assigned to, which then led to lawsuits. Since the managers knew many of them were undocumented, they used their advantage to terminate of their employment of the ones who threatened legal actions against them.[76] There has also been issues where the mall owners have been accused of illegally increasing the rents at very high rates on tenants who have been long time small businesses as an attempt to gentrify the mall. This resulted in protests against the mall owners. There have been accusations that the mall owners were prejudice against Fuzhou immigrant shopkeepers and threatened to clean them out of the mall.[77] One example was a female tenant named Mei Rong Song, originally paying rent less than $3,000 a month, it increased dramatically to $12,000 in 2008. Mei Rong Song went into disagreement with her new rent rate and began fighting the eviction proceedings in court. In retaliation, the mall’s managers closed Mei Rong Song's heat and water services to her 280-square-foot (26 m2) space.[78] The property is city-owned and it was once vacant until in 1985, the city signed a 50 year lease with a developer building the East Broadway Mall. It was originally owned by the Cantonese, the restaurant upstairs was originally named "Triple Eight Palace"[79][80][81] and the shops were primarily Cantonese. However, when East Broadway became the main gathering place for newly arrived Fuzhou immigrants, Fuzhou owned storefronts slowly grew at this mall and over time completely occupying the mall. Eventually the ownership of the mall was entirely sold to Fuzhou owners.[82][83][84][85][86]

[edit] New York Supermarket

Under the Manhattan Bridge, there is also a New York Supermarket serving to the Fuzhou community as the largest Chinese Supermarket selling different food varieties. There was also another large supermarket named Hong Kong Supermarket located on this street, however it was destroyed in a fire. Parallel to this newly established Fuzhou community, another New York Supermarket also opened up on Mott Street and as well as a new Hong Kong Supermarket opened on the corner of Elizabeth Street and Hester Street serving as the largest Chinese supermarkets within the long time established Cantonese community on the other side of Manhattan's Chinatown.[87][87][88][89]

[edit] Satellite Little Fuzhou emerging in Chinatown Brooklyn

In even more recent years, the number of new arriving Fuzhou immigrants to Manhattan's Chinatown have been declining due to increasing gentrification in Chinatown.[90] Chinese landlords in Manhattan's Chinatown are still mainly Cantonese descents and with many of them not wanting to rent to Fuzhou immigrants due to concerns of them being loud, not having money to pay rent because many Fuzhou immigrants are known to be in so much debt to gangs that smuggled them illegally into the United States, fears of gangs coming up to the apartments to cause problems, and many Fuzhou immigrants are well known to overcrowd apartments could be other possible reasons why their growth has slowed in Manhattan's Chinatown[91] [92]

The increasing Fuzhou influx to New York City has shifted to Brooklyn's Chinatown in the recent decade because Manhattan's Chinatown has also become overcrowded and because of their desire to live in a Chinese community, Brooklyn's Chinatown is now the most preferable Chinese community for them to settle especially with increasing influx of Fuzhou home owners that subdivided their homes into apartments like many other ethnic immigrants have done once they became successful home owners, it has opened the opportunities as well as a new nexus for new arriving Fuzhou immigrants to NYC to rent an apartment in Brooklyn's Chinatown by Fuzhou landlords with less housing discrimination in contrast to Cantonese landlords who are more likely to not want Fuzhou tenants in their properties. However, there has been cases where Fuzhou landlords as well have discriminated Fuzhou tenants by charging high rent prices.

Brooklyn's Chinatown is increasingly becoming the satellite Little Fuzhou in New York City and may soon surpass the one within Manhattan's Chinatown. Property values have doubled because of the rapidly increasing Fuzhou population concentration. It is also very possible at some later point, Fuzhou residents of Manhattan's Chinatown might start relocating to this new emerging Fuzhou community and/or other Chinese communities in NYC to flee away from the increasing rent prices in Manhattan's Chinatown.[66][93]

[edit] See also

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[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: East Broadway (Manhattan)
  • East Broadway Storefronts – photographs of buildings and stores along East Broadway from Chinatown through the Lower East Side.
  • Sun Sing Theater – a photo of the Sun Sing Theater under the Manhattan Bridge on East Broadway.
  • Pagoda Theater – a photo of the Pagoda Theater on East Broadway and Catherine Street.
  • Newspaper on Pagoda Theater – a photo of a newspaper article published by Sam Zolotow on May 29, 1964 on the opening of the Pagoda Theater.
North–South
East–West
Italics indicate streets no longer in existence.
See also: Commissioners' Plan of 1811 and List of eponymous streets in New York City.

Coordinates: 40°42′51″N 73°59′16″W / 40.71427°N 73.98790°W / 40.71427; -73.98790

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